NBUD_BG U@GCBAPNPBG

KHC@_B F@UBNB

Cisusug dn`a <

HGCBA [B_H

M@NBYBSH

U 29225529 5:2

UDNHS@FGHF F@[@ABSBG F@M@GF@[ [P_BFB_SB

LP_P[BG F@U@_BYBSBG

U_DCH CHUNDMB

HHH 2525

NBUD_BG U@GCBAPNPBG KFO

B. C@JHGH[H
K`c`rb f`pbnb btbu trbumb fbpitis bcbnba subtu ibgiiubg trbumb cbri

dtbf cis`rtbi/tbgpb p`rcbrbabg igt`stigbn cbnbm suostbgsi dtbf, tbgpb ciifuti

t`rputusgyb fdgtiguitbs cbri dtbf.(Guirdad, 2522)
K`c`rb f`pbnb o`rbt bcbnba trbumb m`fbgif t`rabcbp f`pbnb, obif 
s`kbrb nbgisugi mbupug ticbf nbgisugi, ybgi m`gy`obofbg ibgiiubg jugisi
g`urdndiis (ibgiiubg jisif, fdigitij, jugisi psifdsdsibn) obif
t`mpdr`r  mbupug p`rmbg`g c`gibg p`gurugbg f`sbcbrbg
(Mbgsjd`r.cff,2523).

O. @SHDNDIH
U`gy`obo k`c`rb f`pbnb bgtbrb nbig<

2. F`k`nbfbbg, jbtua, f`k`nbfbbg f`gcbrbbg o`rmdtdr btbu s`p`cb, cbg mdoin.

2. F`k`nbfbbg pbcb sbbt dnba rbib, bgbf c`gibg f`t`ribgtugibg.
;. K`c`rb bfiobt f`f`rbsbg.
3. O`gcb tumpun, f`rusbfbg t`rjbci abgyb t`robtbs pbcb cb`rba cimbgb cbpbt
m`rdo`f dtbf.
0. F`rusbfbg m`gy`obr fbr`gb f`fubtbg o`gturbg, oibsbgyb n`oia
o`rbt sijbtgyb.
:. O`gcb tbjbm, f`rusbfbg t`rjbci abgyb t`robtbs pbcb cb`rba cimbgb cbpbt
m`rdo`f dtbf, misbngyb t`rt`mobf p`nuru btbu o`gcb tbjbm (Uurgbmb

2523).

K. UBSDJH[HDNDIH
Bcbgyb k`c`rb f`pbnb cbpbt m`gy`obofbg f`rusbfbg
struftur, misbngyb f`rusbfbg pbcb pbr`gfim dtbf, f`rusbfbg
p`mounua cbrba,
 p`rcbrbabg, `c`mb cbg ibgiiubg oidfimib dtbf s`p`rti
p`gurugbg bc`gdsis tripdspbt , p`ruobabg p`rm`boinitbs vbsfun`r.
Ubtdjisidndii k`c`rb f`pbnb cbpbt t`robii btbs cub prds`s ybitu k`c`rb
f`pbnb prim`r cbg k`c`rb f`pbnb s`fugc`r, k`c`rb f`pbnb prim`r
m`rupbfbg subtu prds`s

 oidm`fbgif ybgi t`rjbci s`kbrb nbgisugi sbbt f`pbnb t`ro`gtur cbg cbpbt
 m`mo`ri cbmpbf f`rusbfbg jbrigibg dtbf. Ubcb k`c`rb f`pbnb s`fugc`r 
t`rjbci bfiobt cbri k`c`rb f`pbnb prim`r, misbngyb bfiobt cbri aipdfs`mib,
isf`mib cbg p`rcbrbabg.

U`rcbrbabg k`r`orbn m`gimounfbg a`mbtdmb misbngyb pbcb

`picurbn a`mbtdmb, o`rfumpungyb bgtbrb p`ridst`ug t`gifdrbf
c`gibg curbm`t`r, suocurb a`mbtdmb bfiobt o`rfumpungyb cbrba
pbcb rubgi bgtbrb curbm`t`r c`gibg suobrbfgdic cbg igtrb k`r`orbn,
a`mbtdmb bcbnba
 o`rfumpungyb cbrba cicbnbm jbrigibg k`r`orbn. F`mbtibg pbcb p`gc`ritb
k`c`rb f`pbnb t`rjbci fbr`gb aipdt`gsi fbr`gb ibgiiubg
butdr`iunbsi, f`tifb t`rjbci butdr`iunbsi m`gimounfbg p`rjusi
jbrigibg k`r`orbn cbg
 o`rbfair pbcb isf`mib jbrigibg dtbf (Uurgbmb 2523).
Ubtdjisidndii k`c`rb f`pbnb cbpbt cij`nbsfbg s`obibi o`rifut <

2. K`c`rb Urim`r 
F`rusbfbg bfiobt nbgisugi trbumb, bgtbrb nbig jrbftur
tunbgi t`gifdrbf, rdo`f p`mounua cbrba (a`mbtdm), f`rusbfbg
jbrigibg dtbf  (t`rmbsuf rdo`fgyb curbmbt`r, nbs`rbsi, fdgtusid).

2. K`c`rb [`fugc`r 
F`rusbfbg nbgjutbg dn`a fbr`gb k`c`rb prim`r ybgi bcb o`rnbgjut m`nbmpbui
obtbs fdmp`gsbsi rubgi t`gifdrbf.
Aufum Mdgrd` F`nni` m`gibtbfbg obawb rubgi t`gifdrbf t`rtutup cbg vdnum`gyb
t`tbp. Zdnum` cip`gibruai dn`a tiib fdmpbrt`m`g ybitu cbrba, niqudr, cbg pbr`gfim
dtbf. F`mbmpubg fdmp`gsbsi ybgi t`rnbmpbui bfbg m`gibfiobtfbg f`gbifbg
SHF ybgi prdir`sij cbg t`rjbci p`gurugbg S`fbgbg U`rjusi [`r`orbn (KUU) ybgi
cbpbt jbtbn
 pbcb tigifbt s`nun`r.
K`c`rb [`fugc`r cbg S`fbgbg U`rjusi < KUU = MBU - HKU
KUU < K`r`orbn U`rjusidg Ur`ssur` MBU < M`bg Brt`ribn Ur`ssur`
HKU < Hgtrb Krbgibn Ur`ssur`
 U`gurugbg KUU furbgi cbri 95 mmAi m`gy`obofbg isf`mib
dtbf. Hsf`mib dtbf m`gibfiobtfbg `c`mb sitdtdfsif ‛ f`rusbfbg s`nun`r 
ybgi mbfig pbrba (irr`v`rsio`n). Cip`ro`rbt dn`a f`nbigbg `fstrbfrbgibn

aipdt`gsi/sydf, aip`rfbroi, aipdfsib, aip`rt`rmi, f`jbgi, cnn.

;. @c`mb [itdtdfsif 
F`rusbfbg jbrigibg (dtbf) m`gy`obofbg p`n`pbsbg o`rn`oia s`j`gis
 G`urdtrbgsmitt`r ybgi m`gy`obofbg @fsitbsi (@xitbtdry Bmigd
Bkic b.n. inutbmbt, bspbrtbt). @BB m`nbnui r`s`ptdr BMUB (G-
M`tayn C- Bspbrtbt) cbg GMCB (Bmigd M`tayn Urdpidgbt Bkic)
m`gy`obofbg Kb igjnufs o`rn`oiabg ybgi m`gimounfbg `c`mb
cbg m`gibftivbsi
`gzym c`irbcbtij s`rtb m`gy`obofbg jbst c`pdnbrisbsi (fnigis f`jbgi-
f`jbgi).

3. F`rusbfbg M`morbg [`n

Cipiku Kb igjnufs ybgi m`gibfitvbsi `gzym c`irbcbtij
bfbg m`gy`obofbg f`rusbfbg CGB, prdt`ig, cbg m`morbg
jdsjdnipic s`n (OOO or`bfcdwg) m`nbnui r`gcbagyb KCU kadnig
(ybgi o`rjugisi s`obibi pr`fusdr ybgi obgybf cip`rnufbg pbcb
sigt`sb jdsjdnipic ugtuf  m`gjbib igt`iritbs cbg r`pbir m`morbg
t`rs`out). M`nbnui rusbfgyb jdsjdnipic bfbg m`y`obofbg
t`ro`gtufgyb bsbm brbfaicdgbt ybgi m`giabsinfbg rbcifbn o`obs
ybgi o`rn`oia.
0. Bpdptdsis

[igybn f`mbitbg s`n cit`rusfbg f` Gufn`us dn`a m`morbg odugc

bpdptdtik odci`s t`rjbci fdgc`gsbsi frdmbtig cbg pn`gdtif gukn`i,
jrbim`gtbsi CGB cbg bfairgyb s`n bfbg m`gif`rut (sarigfbi`).
UBSAYBX

F`k`nbfbbg nbnu nigtbs

Kic`rb f`pbnb

Kic`rb dtbf prim`r  Kic`rb dtbf s`fugc`r 

Fdgtusid k`r`ori
F`rusbfbg [`n dtbf 

Ibgiiubg butdr`iunbsi  rbgisbgibg simpbtis

 tbabgbg vbsfun`r 
Bnirbg cbrba f`dtbf 
[ist`mif & SC  

D2  ibgiiubg  t`f. U`mo.cbrba

m`tbodnism` Uunmdgbn

Bsbm nbftbt   t`f. Aicrdstbtif 

D`c`m dtbf  f`odkdrbg kbirbg

fbpin`r 

F`ticbf`j`ftijbg
p`rjusi jbrigibg d`c`mb pbru
k`r`orbn
  U`gumpufbg
s`kr`t

F`ticbf`j`ftij
o`rsiabg [umo`r< Uurgbmb (2523)
 jbnbg gbpbs
C. MBGHJ@[SB[H FNHGH[
M`gurut Uurgbmb (2523) mbgij`stbsi fnigis kic`rb f`pbnb o`rbt m`niputi <
2. Bmg`sib ticbf cbpbt m`giigibt p`ristiwb s`sbbt s`o`num cbg s`sucba

t`rjbcigyb p`gurugbg f`s`abtbg.

2. Uupin ticbf bftubn, p`m`rifsbbg mdtdrif ticbf bftubn, bcbgyb
k`c`rb t`roufb, jrbftur t`gifdrbf cbg p`gurugbg g`urdndiif.
;.  Gy`ri, m`g`tbp btbu s`t`mpbt, oibsbgyb m`gugjufbg jrbftur.
3. Jrbftur pbcb fuoba frbgibn m`gy`obofbg p`mo`gifbfbg pbcb
br`b t`rs`out.
0. U`ruobabg r`spdg ( oigiugi ).
:. Ibgiiubg gbjbs.
9. Mubn & mugtba ‛prdy`ftin.

1. Ibgiiubg p`giniabtbg.
8. U`ruobabg tbgcb vitbn.

@. FDMUNHFB[H
_dsjici (2559), f`mugcurbg pbcb fdgcisi fni`g cibfiobtfbg cbri p`rnubsbg
a`mbtdmb igtrbfrbgibn `c`mb s`r`orbn prdir`sij cbg a`rgibsi dtbf, fdmpnifbsi
cbri k`c`rb f`pbnb bcbnba<
2. @c`mb punmdgbn
Fdmpnifbsi ybgi s`rius bcbnba t`rjbcigyb `c`mb pbru, `tidndii mugifig

 o`rbsbn cbri ibgiiubg g`urdndiis btbu bfiobt sigcrdm cistr`ss p`rgbjbsbg

c`wbsb. @c`mb pbru t`rjbci bfiobt r`jn`fs kusaigi /p  `rnigcugibg
ybgi
 o`rusbab m`mp`rtbabgfbg t`fbgbg p`rjusi cbnbm f`bcbbg fdgstbg.
[bbt t`fbgbg igtrbfrbgibn m`gigifbt t`fbgbg cbrba sist`mbtif m`gigifbt
ugtuf  m`mkdob m`mp`rtbabgfbg bnirbg cbrba f`dtbf, oinb f`bcbbg
s`mbfig fritis, c`gyut gbci m`gurug orbcifbrci cbg obafbg jr`fu`gsi
r`spirbsi
 o`rfurbgi, t`fbgbg cbrba s`mbfig m`gigifbt.  Aipdt`gsi bfbg m`mouruf 
f`bcbg, abrus cip`rtbabgfbg t`fbgbg p`rjusi pbnigi s`cifit 95 mmAi,
ybgi m`moutuafbg t`fbgbg sistdn 255-225 mmAi, pbcb p`gc`ritb f`pbnb.

U`gigifbtbg vbsdfdgstrifsi tuoua s`kbrb umum m`gy`obofbg n`oia

  obgybf cbrba cibnirfbg f` pbru, p`ruobabg p`rmiboinitbs p`mounu cbrba
 pbru o`rp`rbg pbcb prds`s o`rpigcbagyb kbirbg f` bnv`dnus. F`rusbfbg
cijusi dfsii`g bfbg fbrodgcidfsicb cbri cbrba bfbg m`gimounfbg

 p`gigifbtbg SHF n`oia nbgjut.

2. U`gigifbtbg SHF 
S`fbgbg igtrbfrbgibn ciginbi o`robabyb jifb p`gigifbtbg aigiib
20 mmAi,cbg a`rgibsi cbpbt t`rjbci pbcb t`fbgbg cibtbs 20 mmAi.
S`fbgbg cbrba ybgi m`gibnir cbnbm dtbf cis`out s`obibi t`fbg  p`rjusi
r`r`orbn . Xbgi m`rupbfbg fdmpnifbsi s`rius c`gibg bfiobt a`rgibsi
c`gibg ibibn
 p`rgbjbsbg cbg ibibn jbgtugi s`rtb f`mbtibg.
;. F`jbgi
F`jbgi t`rjbci firb-firb 25% cbri fni`g k`c`rb dtbf bfut s`nbmb jbs`

bfut.U`rbwbt abrus m`moubt p`rsibpbg t`rabcbp f`mugifigbg

f`jbgi c`gibg m`gy`cibfbg spbt`n nicba ybgi cio`ri obgtbnbg btbu jbnbg
gbjbs drbn
cisbmpigi t`mpbt ticur fni`g, juib p`rbnbtbg p`giaisbp.
[`nbmb f`jbgi,p`rbwbt abrus m`mjdfusfbg pbcb upbyb
m`mp`rtbabgfbg, jbnbg gbjbs pbt`g cbg m`gk`iba k`c`rb nbgjut. [bnba
sbtugyb tigcbfbg m`cis ugtuf m`gibtbsi f`jbgi bcbnba p`mo`ribg dobt,
cibz`pbm m`rupbfbg dobt ybgi pbnigi obgybf ciiugbfbg cbg
cio`rifbg s`kbrb p`rnbabg s`kbrb igtbv`gb. Abti-abti t`rabcbp `j`f
pbcb syst`m p`rgbjbsbg, pbgtbu s`nbmb
 p`mo`ribg cibz`pbm, jr`fu`gsi cbg irbmb p`rgbjbsbg.

3. F`odkdrbg kbirbg s`r`ordspigbnis

Bcbgyb jrbftur ci cb`rba  jdssb bgt`ridr c`fbt  sigus jrdgtbn btbu cbri
jrbftur t`gifdrbf obsinbr obiibg p`trdsus cbri tunbgibg t`mpdrbn
bfbg m`rdo`f m`gigi`s, s`aigiib K[[ bfbg f`nubr. Br`b crbigbs` ticbf
odn`a cio`rsiafbg, ciiriibsi btbu ciaisbp, kufup cio`ri obgtbnbg st`rin ci
obwba aicugi btbu t`nigib. Hgstrufsifbg fni`g ugtuf ticbf m`mbgipunbsi
aicugi btbu t`nigib.
J. FNB[HJHFB[H
K`c`rb f`pbnb cbpbt cifnbsijifbsifbg cbnbm o`robibi bsp`f ybgi s`kbrb
c`sfripsi cbpbt cif`ndmpdffbg o`rcbsbr m`fbgism`, mdrjdndii, cbg o`rbtgyb

k`c`rb f`pbnb (Sbgcibg, 2522).

2. O`rcbsbrfbg m`fbgism`gyb k`c`rb f`pbnb cif`ndmpdffbg
m`gjbci cub ybitu<
b. K`c`rb f`pbnb tumpun.
K`c`rb f`pbnb tumpun oibsbgyb o`rfbitbg c`gibg f`k`nbfbbg nbnu
nigtbs, jbtua/pufunbg o`gcb tumpun. Ubcb k`c`rb tumpun
t`rjbci bfs`n`rbsi 9 cbg c`k`n`rbsi ybgi m`gy`obofbg dtbf
o`ri`rbf  cicbnbm rdgiib frbgibn cbg m`nbfufbg fdgtbf pbcb
prdtuo`rbs tunbgi t`gifdrbf.

 o. K`c`rb t`mous

K`c`rb t`mous cis`obofbg dn`a nufb t`mobf btbu tusufbg
(Sbgcibg, 2522).
2. O`rcbsbrfbg mdrjdndii k`c`rb f`pbnb
K`c`rb f`pbnb m`gurut Sbgcibg (2522). Cbpbt t`rjbci cibr`b tunbgi
t`gifdrbf ybgi m`niputi<
b. Nbs`rbsi funit f`pbnb
Nbs`rbsi funit f`pbnb s`rigi cicbpbtfbg pbcb pbsi`g
k`c`rb f`pbnb. Funit f`pbnb/skbnp t`rciri cbri nimb nbpisbg
(c`gibg

bfrdgim [KBNU) ybitu sfig, kdgg`ktiv` tissu` cbg

p`rifrbgii. Cibgtbrb ibn`b bpdg`urdsis cbg p`ridst`um t`rcbpbt
jbrigibg ifbt
ndgiibr ybgi m`mugifigfbg funit o`ri`rbf t`rabcbp tunbgi. Ubcb
jrbftur tunbgi f`pbnb, s`rigi t`rjbci rdo`fbg pbcb nbpisbg
igi. Nbpisbg igi obgybf m`gibgcugi p`mounua cbrba cbg
jbrigibg ifbt ndgiibr, mbfb p`rnufbbg ybgi t`rjbci cbpbt
m`gibfiobtfbg
 p`rcbrbabg ybgi kufup obgybf.
 o. Jrbftur tunbgi f`pbnb
Jrbftur tunbgi t`gifdrbf o`rcbsbrfbg pbcb ibris jrbftur ciobii

m`gjbci 0<
2) Jrbftur nigi`r 
Jrbftur nigi`r m`rupbfbg jrbftur c`gibg o`gtuf ibris
tugiibn btbu st`nnbtb pbcb tunbgi t`gifdrbf ybgi

m`gi`gbi s`nurua f`t`obnbg tunbgi f`pbnb. Jrbftur 

n`gi`r cbpbt t`rjbci jifb ibyb nbgisugi ybgi o`f`rjb
 pbcb tunbgi f`pbnb kufup o`sbr t`tbpi ticbf 
m`gy`obofbg tunbgi f`pbnb o`gcigi cbg ticbf
t`rcbpbt jrbim`g jrbftur ybgi mbsuf f`cbnbm
rdgiib igtrbfrbgibn.
2) Jrbftur cibstbsis

Jrbftur cibstbsis bcbnba j`gis jrbftur ybgi t`rjbci pbcb

suturb tunbmi t`gifdrbf ybgi m`gibobofbg p`n`obrbg

suturb-suturb tunbgi 1 f`pbnb. L`gis jrbftur igi s`rigi

t`rjbci pbcb obyi cbg obnitb fbr`gb suturb-suturb
 o`num m`gybtu c`gibg `rbt. Jrbftur cibstbsis
pbcb usib c`wbsb s`rigi t`rjbci pbcb suturb
nbmocdic cbg cbpbt m`gibfiobtfbg t`rjbcigyb
a`mbtum `picurbn.
;) Jrbftur fdmigutij 
Jrbftur fdmigutij bcbnba j`gis jrbftur tunbgi
f`pbnb ybgi m`inifi n`oia cbri sbtu jrbim`g cbnbm
sbtu br`b jrbftur.

3) Jrbftur impr`si
Jrbftur impr`si tunbgi f`pbnb t`rjbci bfiobt o`gturbg
c`gibg t`gbib o`sbr ybgi nbgisugi m`gi`gbi tunbgi
f`pbnb cbg pbcb br`b ybgi f`kbn. Jrbftur impr`si pbcb
tunbgi f`pbnb cbpbt m`gy`obofbg p`g`fbgbg btbu
nbs`rbsi pbcb cur`mbt`r cbg jbrigibg dtbf, jrbftur 
impr`si cibgiibp o`rmbfgb t`rjbci, jifb tbounb `fst`rgb
s`im`g ybgi impr`si mbsuf ciobwba tbounb igt`rgb
s`im`g tunbgi ybgi s`abt.

0) Jrbftur obsis frbgii

Jrbftur obsis frbgii bcbnba subtu jrbftur
nigi`r  ybgi t`rjbci pbcb cbsbr tunbgi t`gifdrbf,
jrbftur igi s`rigifbni ci`rtbi c`gibg rdo`fbg pbcb
curbm`t`r ybgi

m`r`fbt `rbt pbcb cbsbr t`gifdrbf. Jrbftur obsis frbgii

 o`rcbsbrfbg n`tbf bgbtdmi ci obii m`gjbci
jrbftur  jdssb bgt`ridr, jrbftur jdssb m`cib cbg jrbftur
jdssb
 pdst`ridr. [`kbrb bgbtdmi bcb p`ro`cbbg struftur ci
cb`rba obsis frbgii cbg tunbgi fbnjbrib.
Curbm`t`r  cb`rba obsis frbgi n`oia tipis
ciobgcigifbg cb`rba fbnjbrib cbg curbm`t`r cb`rba
obsis m`n`fbt n`oia `rbt
 pbcb tunbgi ciobgcigifbg cb`rba fbnjbrib. [`aigiib oinb
t`rjbci jrbftur cb`rba obsis cbpbt m`gy`obofbg rdo`fbg

curbm`t`r. Abn igi cbpbt m`gy`obofbg f`odkdrbg

kbirbg k`r`ordspigbn ybgi m`gimounfbg
r`sifd
t`rjbcigyb igj`fsi s`nbput dtbf (m`gigiitis).
Ubcb p`m`rifsbbg fnigis cbpbt cit`mufbg raigdrra`b
cbg rbkkdg `y`s siig (jrbftur obsis frbgii jdssb
bgt`ridr), btbu dttdra`b cbg obtn`‘s siig (jrbftur
obsis frbgii jdssb m`cib). Fdgcisi igi juib 8
cbpbt m`gy`obofbg n`si sbrbj frbgibn ybgi pbnigi
s`rigi t`rjbci bcbnba ibgiiubg sbrbj
p`gkiumbg

(G,dnjbktdrius). [brbj wbjba (G.jbkibnis) cbg sbrbj 

 p`gc`gibrbg (G.v`stioundfdfan`bris). U`gbgibgbg cbri
jrbftur obsis frbgii m`niputi p`gk`ibabg p`gigifbtbg
t`fbgbg igtrbfrbgibn ybgi m`gcbcbf misbngyb c`gibg
m`gk`iba obtuf, m`gi`jbg, cbg mbfbgbg ybgi
ticbf  m`gy`obofbg s`mo`nit. Lbib f`o`rsiabg s`fitbr
nuobgi aicugi cbg t`nigib, jifb p`rnu cinbfufbg
tbmpdg st`rin (fdgsuntbsi bani SAS) pbcb
tbgcb onddcy/ dtdrra`b/dtdniqudrra`b.
Ubcb p`gc`ritb c`gibg tbgcb-

tbgcb onddcy/dtdrra`b/dtdniqudrra`b p`gc`ritb ticur 

 c`gibg pdsisi t`rn`gtbgi cbg f`pbnb mirigi f` pdsisi
ybgi s`abt.
k. K`c`rb f`pbnb ci br`b igtrbfrbgibn

M`gurut (Sdoigi, 2522) ybgi cifnbsijifbsifbg m`gjbci k`c`rb

dtbf jdfbn cbg k`c`rb dtbf cijus K`c`rb dtbf jdfbn ybgi
m`niputi<
2) U`rcbrbabg `picurbn btbu `picurbn a`mbtdmb
(@CA) @picurbn a`mbtdm (@CA) bcbnba bcbgyb cbrba
ci rubgi
`picurbn yitu rubgi pdt`gsibn bgtbrb tbounb
igt`rgb tunbgit`gifdrbf cbg curbm`t`r. @picurbn
a`mbtdm cbpbt m`gimounfbg p`gurugbg f`sbcbrbg
bcbgyb igt`rvbn nusic s`nbmb o`o`rbpb jbm cbg
f`mucibg t`rjbci c`jisit

g`drdndiis o`rupb a`mipbr`sis fdgtrbnbt`rbn cbg i`nbtbsi

 pupin itsinbt`rbn. I`jbnb nbig ybgi citimounfbg bgtbrb
nbig sbfit f`pbnb, mugtba, f`jbgi cbg a`mipbr`sis.
2) U`rcbrbabg suocurbn bfut btbu suocurbn a`mbtdm
([CA) bfut U`rcbrbabg suocurbn bfut bcbnba
t`rfumpungyb cbrba ci rubgi suocurbn ybgi t`rjbci bfut
(:-; abri). U`rcbrbabg igi t`rjbci bfiobt rdo`fgyb v`gb-
v`gb f`kin cip`rmufbbg fdrt`fs k`r`ori. U`rcbrbabg
suocurbn oibsbgyb m`gutupi s`nurua a`misjir dtbf.
Oibsbgyb f`rusbfbg dtbf ciobwbagyb

n`oia o`rbt cbg 25 prdigdsisgyb jbua n`oia ouruf ciobgcigi

 pbcb p`rcbrbabg `picurbn.
;) U`rcbrbabg suocurbn frdgif btbu [CA frdgif 
[uocurbn a`mbtdm frdgif bcbnba t`rfumpungyb
cbrba cirubgi suocurbn n`oia cbri ; migiiu
s`t`nba trbumb. [uocurbn a`mbtdm frdgif cibwbni cbri
[CA bfut c`gibg jumnba cbrba ybgi s`cifit. Cbrba ci
rubgi suocurbn bfbg m`miku t`rjbcigyb igjnbmbsi s`aigiib
bfbg t`ro`gtuf 
 o`fubg cbrba btbu kndt ybgi o`rsijbt tbmpdgbc`. Cbnbm
 o`o`rbpb abri bfbg t`rjbci igjbsi jiordonbst f` cbnbm kndt
 cbg m`mo`gtuf gdum`morbg pbcb nbpisbg cbnbm (fdrt`fs)
cbg nbpisbg nubr (curbm`t`r). U`mo`gtufbg g`dm`morbg
t`rs`out bfbg ci ifuti c`gibg p`mo`gtufbg fbpin`r obru cbg

t`rjbci jiorigdnitif s`aigiib t`rjbci prds`s c`irbcbsi

btbu nifd`jbfsi o`fubg cbrba s`aigiib t`rbfumunbsigyb
kbirbg
aip`rtdgis ybgi cinbpisi m`morbg s`mi p`rm`bo`n. Lifb
f`bcbbg igi t`rjbci mbfb bfbg m`gbrif nifudr cinubr 
m`morbg mbsuf f`cbnbm m`morbg s`aigiib kbirbg
suocurbn o`rtbmoba obgybf. I`jbnb fnigis ybgi cbpbt
citimounfbg dn`a [CA frdgis bgtbrb nbig sbfit f`pbnb,
 oigiugi, f`sunitbg o`robabsb cbg i`jbnb ybgi m`gy`rupbi
SHB (trbgsi`gt iska`mik bttbkf).cisbmpigi itu cbpbt t`rjbci

c`jisit g`drdndii ybgi o`rjbribsi s`p`rti f`n`mbabg dtdrif 

cbg f`jbgi.
3) U`rcbrbabg igtrb k`r`orbn btbu igtrbk`r`orbn a`mbtdm (HKA)
Hgtrb k`r`orbn a`mbtdm bcbnba br`b p`rcbrbabg
ybgi admdi`g cbg fdgjnu`g ybgi t`rcbpbt cicbnbm
pbr`gfim dtbf. Hgtrb k`r`orbn a`mbtdm oufbg
cis`obofbg dn`a
 o`gturbg bgtbrb pbr`gfim dtbf c`gibg
tunbgi t`gifdrbf, t`tbpi cis`obofbg dn`a ibyb
bfs`n`rbsi cbg c`s`n`rbsi bfiobt trbumb ybgi
m`gy`obofbg p`kbagyb

 p`mounua cbrba ybgi t`rn`tbf n`oia cbnbm, ybitu ci

 pbr`gfim dtbf btbu p`mounua cbrba fdrtifbn
cbg suofdrtifbn. I`jbnb fnigis ybgi citimounfbg dn`a HKA
bgtbrb nbig bcbgyb 22 p`gurugbg f`sbcbrbg. C`rbjbt
p`gurugbg f`sbcbrbggyb cip`gibruai dn`a m`fbgism` cbg
`g`rii cbri trbumb ybgi cibnbmi.
0) U`rcbrbabg suobrbagdit trbumbtifb ([BA)
U`rcbrbabg suobrbagdit cibfiobtfbg dn`a p`kbagyb
 p`mounua cbrba fdrtifbn obif brt`ri mbupug v`gb cbnbm

 jumnba t`rt`gtu bfiobt trbumb cbpbt m`mbsufi rubgi

 suobrbagdit cbg cis`out s`obibi p`rcbrbabg suobrbagdit
(U[B). Nubsgyb U[B m`giibmobrfbg nubsgyb f`rusbfbg
 p`mounua cbrba, juib m`giibmobrfbg ourufgb prdigdsb.

U[B ybgi nubs bfbg m`miku t`rjbcigyb vbsdspbsm`

 p`mounua cbrba cbg m`gy`obofbg isf`mib bfut nubs
c`gibg mbgij`stbsi `c`mb k`r`ori.
;. Fnbsijifbsi k`c`rb f`pbnb o`rcbsbrfbg o`rbtgyb
K`c`rb f`pbnb o`rcbsbrfbg o`rbtgyb k`c`rb, m`gurut
(Mbgsjd`r, 2525) cbpbt cifnbsijifbsifbg p`ginbibggyb o`rcbsbrfbg
sfdr IK[ cbg cif`ndmpdffbg m`gjbci<
b. K`c`rb f`pbnb rigibg c`gibg ginbi IK[ 23 ‛ 20
2) Ubsi`g sbcbr, m`guruti p`rigtba tbpi cisdri`gtbsi.

2) Sicbf bcb f`ainbgibg f`sbcbrbg

;) Sicbf bcb igtdfsifbsi bnfdadn btbu dobt t`rnbrbgi
3) Ubsi`g cbpbt m`gi`nua gy`ri f`pbnb cbg pusigi
0) Ubsi`g cbpbt m`gc`ritb nbs`rbsi, a`mbtdmb funit f`pbnb
 o. K`c`rb f`pbnb s`cbgi c`gibg ginbi IK[ 8 ‛ 2;
Ubsi`g oisb btbu ticbf oisb m`guruti p`rigtba, gbmug ticbf 
m`mo`ri r`spdg ybgi s`subi c`gibg p`rgybtbbg ybgi
ci
 o`rifbg
2) Bmg`sib pbsfb trbumb

2) Mugtba
;) Sbgcb f`mugifigbg jrbftur krbgium (tbgcb Obttn`,
mbtb rboug, a`mdtimpbgum, dtdr`b btbu rigdr`b kbirbg
s`r`ord spigbn)
3) F`jbgi
k. K`c`rb f`pbnb o`rbt c`gibg ginbi IK[ sbmb btbu furbgi cbri 1.
2) U`gurugbg f`sbcbrbg sbkbrb prdir`sij 
2) Sbgcb g`drdndiis jdfbn
;) K`c`rb f`pbnb p`g`trbsi btbu t`rbob jrbftur c`pr`si

krbgium. (mbgsjd`r, 2525)

I. U@M@_HF[BBG CHBIGD[SHF 
2. U`m`rifsbbg nbodrbtdrium < cbrba n`gifbp, urig`, fimib cbrba, bgbnisb

ibs cbrba.
2. KS-[kbg (c`gibg btbu tbgpb fdgtrbs< m`giic`gtijifbsi nubsgyb n`si,
 p`rcbrbabg, c`t`rmigbg v`gtrifun`r, cbg p`ruobabg jbrigibg dtbf.
;. M_H < ciiugbfbg sbmb s`p`rti KS-[kbg c`gibg btbu tbgpb
fdgtrbs rbcidbftij.
3. K`r`orbn Bgiidirbpay< m`gugjuffbg bgdmbni sirfunbsi k`r`orbn, s`p`rti
 p`ruobabg jbrigibg dtbf s`fugc`r m`gjbci uc`mb, p`rcbrbabg cbg
trbumb.
0. Q-_by < m`gc`t`fsi p`ruobabg struftur tunbgi (jrbftur), p`ruobabg

struftur ibris (p`rcbrbabg, `c`mb), jrbim`g tunbgi. _dgs`gt S`gifdrbf 

mbupug tadrbf.
:. K[J, Numobn Uugfsi < cbpbt cinbfufbg jifb cicuib t`rjbci
p`rcbrbabg suobrbkagdic.
9. BOIs < M`gc`t`fsi f`o`rbcbbg v`gtinbsi btbu mbsbnba
p`rgbjbsbg (dfsii`gbsi) jifb t`rjbci p`gigifbtbg t`fbgbg igtrbfrbgibn.
1. Fbcbr @n`ftrdnit < Pgtuf m`gifdr`fsi f`s`imobgibg `n`ftrdnit
s`obibi bfiobt p`gigifbtbg t`fbgbg igtrbfrbgibn (Uurgbmb, 2523).

A. U@GBSBNBF[BGBBG
2. F`p`rbwbtbg <
b. M`ginbi jbnbg gbjbs < o`rsiafbg jbnbg gbjbs cbri c`oris
cbg mugtbabg, n`pbsfbg iiii pbnsu, p`rtbabgfbg tunbgi s`rvifbn
s`ibris c`gibg obcbg c`gibg m`mbsbgi kdnnbr k`rvifbn,
pbsbgi iu`c`n/mbyd oinb cbpbt citdn`rir. Lifb k`c`rb drdjbsibn
m`giibgiiu
 jbnbg gbjbs,mbfb pbsi`g abrus ciigtuobsi.
 o. M`ginbi p`rgbjbsbg < t`gtufbg bpbfba pbsi`g o`rgbjbs
spdgtbg/ticbf. Lifb ticbf o`ri D2 m`nbnui mbsf`r D2. Lifb
pbsi`g

 o`rgbjbs spdgtbg s`nicifi cbgbtbsi k`c`rb cbcb o`rbt spt

  pg`umdtdrbfs t`gsij, a`mdpg`umdtdrbfs. Ubsbgi dfsim`t`r
gbci ugtuf m`gjbib sbturbsi D2 migimum 80%. Lifb jbnbg gbjbs
pbsi`g ticbf t`rnigcugi obafbg t`rbgkbg/m`mp`rdn`a D2 ybgi
bc`fubt

( Ub D2 780% cbg Ub KD2>35% mmAi s`rtb sbturbsi D2

780%)btbu mugtba mbfb pbsi`g abrus ciigtuobsi s`rtb civ`gtinbsi
dn`a bani bg`st`si.
k. M`ginbi sirfunbsi < dtbf yi rusbf ticbf m`gtdn`rir
aipdt`gsi. A`gtifbg s`mub p`rcbrbabg c`gibg m`g`fbg brt`rigyb.
U`rabtifbg bcbgyb k`c`rb igtrbbocdm`g/cbcb.Pfur cbg kbtbt
jr`fu`gsi c`gyut
 jbgtugi cbg t`fbgbg cbrba pbsbgi @FI.Ubsbgi jbnur
igtrbv`gb ybgi o`sbr. O`rifbg nbrutbg fdndic s`cbgifbg nbrutbg
fristbndic m`gimounfbg `fsbs`robsi `c`mb.

c. Dobti f`jbgi < F`jbgi fdgvunsij cbpbt t`rjbci s`t`nba k`c`rb

f`pbnb cbg abrus cidobti munb-munb cio`rifbg cibz`pbm 25mi
igtrbv`gb
 p`rnbabg-nbabg cbgcpt ciunbgii 2x jifb mbsia f`jbgi. Oinb ticbf 
 o`rabsin cio`rifbg j`gitdig 20mi/fiOO.
`. M`ginbi tigifbt f`pbrbabg < KF_,KF[,KFO :.Ubcb s`mub
pbsi`g c`gibg k`c`rb f`pbnb cbg/btbu n`a`r,nbfufbg jdtdtunbgi
o`nbfbgi s`rvifbn ( prdy`fsi B-U,nbt`rbn cbg dcdgtdic ),fdnbr
s`rvifbn obru cin`pbs s`t`nba cipbstifbg obawb s`nurua
f`s`rvifbn K2- K9gdrmbn9.Ubcb s`mub pbsi`g c`gibg k`c`rb
f`pbnb s`cbgi cbg

 o`rbt <- Ubsbgi igjus c`gibg nbrutbg gdrmbn sbnig ( Gbkn 5,8%
) btbu _N kbirbgisdtdgis n`oia `j`ftij m`giibgti
vdnum`
igtrbvbsfunbr cbripbcb kbirbgaipdtdgis cbg nbrutbg igi
tcf  m`gbmoba `c`mb k`r`ori- Nbfufbg
p`m`rifsbbg < At, p`rifsb cbrba p`rij`r n`gifbp, trdmodsit, fimib
cbrba. Nbfufbg KS skbg. Ubsi`g c`gibg KF_, KF[, KFO abrus
ci`vbnubsi bcbgyb <
- A`mbtdmb `picurbn.
- Cbrba cbnbm suo brbkagdic cbg igtrbv`gtrif`n.
- Fdgtusid cbg p`rcbrbabg jbrigibg dtbf.

- @c`mb k`r`ori.
 - U`ri`s`rbg ibris t`giba.
- Jrbftur frbgium.
- Ubcb pbsi`g ybgi fdmb ( sfdr IK[ >1) btbu pbsi`g c`gibg

tbgcb-tbgcb a`rgibsi nbfufbg < @n`vbsi f`pbnb

;5, Aip`rv`gtinbsi, O`rifbg mbgitdn 25%
2ir/fiOO igtrbv`gb cnm
25-;5 m`git. Cdsis unbgibg cbpbt cio`rifbg 3-: jbm f`mucibg
ybitu s`o`sbr ¾ cdsis s`munbs`tibp : jbm sbmpbi mbfsimbn 31
 jbm H- Ubsbgi fbt`t`r jdn`y-Fdgsun o`cba sbrbj oinb
t`rcbpbt igcifbsi dpd`rbsi (a`mbtdm `picurbn
o`sbr,a`mbtdm suo curbn,k`c`rb f`pbnb t`roufb,jrbftur
impr`si 72 cipnd).
2. Jbrmbfdndiis <
b. C`xbm`tabsdg/ fbnm`tbsdg s`obibi p`gidobtbg bgti `c`mb

s`r`orbn, cdsis s`subi c`gibg o`rbt rigibggyb trbumb.

 o. Sa`rbpi aip`rv`gtinbsi (trbumb f`pbnb o`rbt) ugtuf
m`giurbgii vbsdcinbtbsi.
k. U`mo`ribg bgbni`tif.
c. U`gidobtbg bgti`c`mb c`gibg nbrutbg aip`rtdgis ybitu6
mbgitdn 25%, inufdsb 35% btbu inis`rdn.
`. Bgtioidtif ybgi m`gibgcugi obri`r cbrba dtbf (pigikinig)
btbu ugtuf igj`fsi bgb`rdo cio`rifbg m`trdgicbzdn`.
j. Mbfbgbg btbu kbidrbg igjus c`xtrds` 0%, bmigdusig, bmigdj`n (21

 jbm p`rtbmb cbri t`rjbcigyb f`k`nbfbbg) 2-; abri f`mucibg

cio`rifbg mbfbgbg nugbf.
i. U`mo`cbabg (Uurgbmb, 2523).

H. B[PABG F@U@_BYBSBG S@D_HSH[

2. U`gifbjibg
b. Hc`gtitbs Fni`g
 Gbmb, usib, j`gis f`nbmig, bnbmbt, gd.t`n`pdg, stbtus p`rgifbabg,

bibmb, sufu, p`gcicifbg, p`f`rjbbg, nbmb o`f`rjb, Gd. _M,

 tbgiibn mbsuf, tbgiibn p`gifbjibg, sumo`r igjdrmbsi,
gbmb f`nubrib c`fbt ybgi oibs ciauougii, stbtus, bnbmbt,
gd.t`n`pdg,
 p`gcicifbg, cbg p`f`rjbbg.

 o. F`nuabg utbmb< ybgi cif`nuafbg p`rtbmb fbni

k. _iwbybt p`gybfit s`fbrbgi
_iwbybt fni`g s`o`num mbsuf _[ sbmpbi mbsuf _[
c. _iwbybt f`s`abtbg t`rcbaunu
_iwbybt fni`g p`rgba m`gibnbmi p`gybfit f`turugbg. Sbgybfbg
bn`rii dobt cbg r`bfsi bn`rii bpb ybgi timoun.
`. _iwbybt f`nubrib
M`gbgybfbg p`gybfit ybgi p`rgba cibnbmi dn`a f`nubrib s`rtb oinb
bcb bgiidtb f`nubrib ybgi m`gigiibn, tbgybfbg p`gy`obo

f`mbtibggyb.
j. U`m`rifsbbg jisif 
2) F`bcbbg umum<
Ubcb f`bcbbg k`c`rb dtbf umumgyb m`gibnbmi
p`gurugbg f`sbcrbg ( k`c`rb dtbf rigibg IK[ 2;-20, k`c`rb
dtbf s`cbgi IK[ 8-22, k`c`rb dtbf o`rbt IK[ >1 ) cbg
t`rjbci p`ruobabg
 pbcb tbgcb-tbgcb vitbn.
2) O2 (Or`btaigi)
[ist`m p`rgbjbsbg o`ribgtugi pbcb irbcbsi cbri p`ruobabg

 jbrigibg s`r`orbn bfiobt trbumb f`pbnb. Bfbg cicbpbtfbg absin<

Hgsp`fsi < Cicbpbtfbg fni`g obtuf. U`gigifbtbg
prdcufsi
sputum, s`sbf gbjbs, p`giiugbbg dtdt obgtu gbjbs, cbg
 p`gigifbtbg jr`fu`gsi p`rgbjbsbg.
Ubnpbsi < Jr`mitus m`gurug ciobgcigifbg c`gibg sisi
ybgi nbig bfbg cicbpbtfbg bpboinb m`niobtfbg trbumb pbcb
rdgiib tadrbfs.
U`rfusi < Bcbgyb subrb r`cup sbmpbi p`fbf pbcb f`bcbbg
m`niobtfbg trbumb pbcb tadrbfs.
 Busfuntbsi < Ougyi gbjbs tbmobabg s`p`rti gbjbs
o`rougyi, rdgfai pbcb fn`ig c`gibg p`giigifbtbg prdcufsi
s`fr`t cbg f`mbmpubg obtubf ybgi m`guurg s`rigi
cicbpbtfbg pbcb

fni`g k`c`rb f`pbnb c`gibg p`gurugbg tigifbt

f`sbcbrbg fdmb.
Fni`g oibsbgyb t`rpbsbgi @SS c`gibg v`gtinbtdr cbg oibsbgyb
fni`g cirbwbt cirubgi p`rbwbtbg igt`gsij sbmpbi fdgcisi fni`g
m`gjbci stboin pbcb fni`g c`gibg k`c`rb dtbf o`rbt cbg sucba
t`rjbci cisjugisi p`rgbjbsbg.
;) O2 (Onddc)
Ubcb sisit`m fbrcidvbsfun`r cicbpbtfbg sydf
aipdvdn`mif  ybgi s`rigi t`rjbci pbcb fni`g k`c`rb dtbf
s`cbgi sbmpb

k`c`rb dtbf o`rbt. Cbpbt cit`mufbg t`fbgbg cbrba gdrmbn btbu

 o`ruoba, orbcifbrci, tbfifbrci, cbg britmib.
3) O; ( Orbig )
K`c`rb dtbf m`gy`obobfbg o`robibi c`jisit
g`urdndii t`rutbmb cis`obofbg p`gibrua
p`gigifbtbg t`fbgbg igtrbfrbgibn bfiobt bcbgyb
p`rcbrbabg obif o`rsijbt igtrbs`r`orbn a`mbtdmb,
suocurbn a`mbtdmb, cbg `picurbn a`mbtdmb.
U`gifbjibg tigifbt f`sbcbrbg c`gibg m`giiugbfbg
IK[.

0) O3 ( Onbcc`r )
Fbji f`bcbbg urig m`niputi wbrbg, jumnba, cbg fbrbft`ristif.
U`gurugbg jumnba urig` cbg p`gigifbtbg r`t`gsi urig` cbpbt
t`rjbci bfiobt m`guruggyb p`rjusi iigjbn. [`t`nba
k`c`rb f`pbnb, fni`g mugifig m`gibnbmi igfdgtig`gsib urigw
fbr`gb fdgjusi, f`ticbfmbmpubg m`gifdmugifbsifbg
f`outuabg, cbg f`ticbfmbmpubg ugtuf m`giiugbfbg
urigbn fbr`gb f`rusbfbg fdgtrdn mdtdrif cbg pdsturbn.
:) O0 ( Odw`n )
 Cicbpbtfbg bcbgyb f`nuabg f`sunitbg m`g`nbg, gbjsu mbfbg
m`gurug, mubn, mugtba pbcb jbs` bfut. Mubn sbmpbi mugtba
ciauougifbg c`gibg bcbgyb p`gigifbtbg prdcufsi
bsbm

nbmougi. Udnb c`j`fbsi oibsbgyb t`rjbci fdgstipbsi bfiobt

 p`gurugbg p`ristbntif usus.
9) O: ( Odg` )
Cisjugisi mdtdrif pbnigi umum bcbnba f`n`mbabg
pbcb s`nurua `fstr`mitbs. Fbji wbrgb funit, suau,
f`n`mobobg, cbg turidr funit. ( Brij Muttbqig, 2551 ).

2. Cibigdsb f`p`rbwbtbg (GBGCB,2525)

b. F`ticbf`j`ftijbg p`rjusi jbrigibg k`r`orbn o/c `c`mb s`r`orbn cbg

 p`gigifbtbg t`fbgbg igtrbfrbgibn.

o. F`ticbf `j`ftijbg o`rsiabg jbnbg gbjbs o/c bfumunbsi p`gumpufbg s`kr`t

;. Hgt`rv`gsi (GHK GDK

252:)
Sujubg cbg
 Gd Cibigdsb
Hgt`rv`gsi
frit`rib absin
F`p`rbwbtbg
 2. F`ticbf`j`ftijbg [`t`nba cinbfufbg tigcbfbg 2. Dos`rvbsi tbgcb-tbgcb
 p`rjusi jbrigibg f`p`rbwbtbg s`nbmb ; x 23 vitbn.
s`r`orbn o/c  jbm, ciabrbpfbg p`ruobabg 2. Ubgtbu stbtus
`c`mb s`r`orbn  p`rjusi jbrigibg ainbgi g`urdndiis s`kbrb
cbg p`gigifbtbg c`gibg krit`rib < t`rbtur.
t`fbgbg ;. Bgjurfbg fni`g ugtuf 
-Sbf bcb p`gigifbtbg SHF 
igtrbfrbgibn. m`gigiiifbg f`pbnb 20-
-Sbgcb vitbn gdrmbn ;5¼ btbu f`pbnb
cis`jbjbrfbg.
3. Fdnbodrbsi c`gibg tim
m`cis ugtuf p`mo`ribg
2. F`ticbf`j`ftijbg Sujubg < dobt.
 o`rsiabg jbnbg [`t`nba cinbfufbg tigcbfbg 2. Fbji SSZ cbg

f`pbt`gbg jbnbg gbpbs

 gbpbs f`p`rbwbtbg s`nbmb ; x2. O`rifbg t`rbpi Dfsii`g
 o`rauougibg 23jbm,jbnbg gbpbs  G_M 25 npm
c`gibg bc`qubtcbgticbfbcb;. Nbfufbg p`giisbpbg

bfumunbsi tbgcb-tbgcbbspirbsi. n`gcir o`rfbnb

 p`gumpufbg 3. Fdnbodrbsi c`gibg
Frit`rib Absin <
s`fr`t. cdft`r cbnbm p`mo`ribg
2. Sicbf t`rc`gibr ougyi dobt.
gbpbs tbmobabg

2. Sicbf bcb tbgcb-tbgcb

sibgdsis

;. __ cbnbm obtbs

gdrmbn

3. Hmpn`m`gtbsi
M`nbfsbgbfbg tigcbfbg s`subi r`gkbgb tigcbfbg ybgi t`nba
cisusug.
0. @vbnubsi
M`gi`vbnubsi pbsi`g s`tibp s`t`nba tigcbfbg cbg `vbnubsi s`t`nba ;x23 jbm
bpbfba mbsbnba t`rbtbsi, o`num t`rbtbsi btbu t`rbtbsi s`obiibg
s`subi tujubg ybgi t`nba cisusug.
 CBJSB_ UP[SBFB

Bri`j Mbgsjd`r. (2525). Fbpitb [`n`ftb F`cdft`rbg, `cisi 3. Lbfbrtb < M`cib

B`skunbpius.

Bri`j Mbgsjd`r. (2523). Fbpitb [`n`ftb F`cdft`rbg. Lbfbrtb < M`cib

B`skunbpius

Oun`ka`f, I.M., Outka`r A.F., Cdtka`rmbg L.M. (252:). Gursigi Hgt`rv`gtidgs

Knbssijikbtidg (GHK) :ta Hgcdg`sibg @citidg.@ns`vi`r. [igibpdr`.

Cbvic Sbgcibg. (2522). [igdpsis Hnmu O`cba [brbj. Lbfbrtb < KZ [biugi [`td.

A`rcmbg, S.A. (2521). GBGCB Hgt`rgbtidgbn Gursigi Cibigds`s<  C`jigitidgs

bgc
Knbssijikbtidg 2521-2525. Lbfbrtb< @IK.

Mddra`bc, [u`., Ldagsdg, Mbridg., Mbbs, M`ric`bg N., [wbgsdg, @nizbo`ta.

(252:).  Gursigi Dutkdm`s Knbssijikbtidg (GDK) 0ta Hgcdg`sibg
 @citidg.@ns`vi`r. [igibpdr`.

Muttbqig, B. (2551). Oufu Bjbr Bsuabg F`p`rbwbtbg Fni`g C`gibg Ibgiiubg

[ist`m U`rsybrbjbg. Lbfbrtb< [bn`mob M`cifb.
 Guirdad, Sbujbg. (2522). Bsuabg F`p`rbwbtbg Mbt`rgitbs,Bgbf,O`cba,U`gybfit 
 Cbnbm. Xdiybfbrtb < Guab M`cifb.

Uurgbmb, @nfbgb. (2523).  Fbryb Sunis Hnmiba „Bsuabg F`p`rbwbtbg pbcb Fni`g
c`gibg Kic`rb F`pbnb cbg Srbumb Dtbf”.  [`mbrbgi <
Pgiv`rsitbs Muabmmbciyba [`mbrbgi. Cibfs`s tbgiibn 3 Mbr`t
2525 (attps<// attp<//ciiinio.ugimus.bk.ic).

_dsjici, K. A. (2559). Bsuabg F`p`rbwbtbg Fni`g c`gibg K`c`rb F`pbnb.

Xdiybfbrtb. Brcbgb M`cib.

Sdoigi, A.I. (2522). [igdpsis Hnmu O`cba [brbj C`pbrt`m`g O`cba [brbj JFPH-
 _[KM.  Lbfbrtb < [biugi [`td.