;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr

fVIi.kh
6

;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr

izLrqr ikB fo".kq'kekZ }kjk jfpr ^i×prU=ke~* uked izfl¼ dFkkxzUFk ls ladfyr gSA
blesa ladV osQ le; vukxrfo/krk] izR;qRiUuefr rFkk ;n~Hkfo"; uked (,d tyk'k;
esa jgus okyh) rhu eNfy;ksa osQ ijLij okrkZyki dk vR;Ur jkspd ,oa yksdksi;ksxh
o.kZu gSA bls i<+us osQ ckn fo|kFkhZ Lo;eso fu'p; dj losaQxs fd flj ij vkbZ foifÙk
ls vkRej{kk dk mik; fdl izdkj djuk pkfg,A osQoy HkkX; osQ Hkjksls ij cSBs jgus
okyk euq"; u"V gks tkrk gSA blfy;s loZnk nwjn`f"V ls dk;Z djuk pkfg,A

mn~ns';kfu
beka dFkka ifBRok Hkoku~@Hkorh
 iznÙkkfu okD;kfu iqu% dFkkØes.k ysf[k";fr_
 iznRrdFkuek/`R; iz'ufuekZ.ka dfj";fr_
 ;Fkkle;a ÑrL; fu.kZ;L; egÙoa ysf[k";fr_
 DRok&Y;i~ izR;;kUrkuka inkuka p;ua dfj";fr_
 leLrinkuka foxzga dfj";fr_
 O;×tulfU/;qDrkuka inkuka lfU/PNsna dfj";fr_
 la[;kinkuka :ikf.k ysf[k";frA

fØ;kdyki% 6-1
v/ksnRrfp=k};e~ vk/`R; okD;kfu fyf[krkfuA rkfu fp=kkuqlkja i`Fkd~ ÑRok fy[krAA

laLÑre~ 89
 ;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr

fVIi.kh

fp=k 6-1% vkx yxus ij dq¡, ls ikuh ys tkdj vkx cq>krs gq,

fp=k 6-2% vkx yxus ij dq¡vk [kksnrs gq,

(i) tuk% tyk; owQia [kufUrA

(ii) tuk% tysu vfXua 'ke;fUrA

(iii) x`ga Toyfr] tuk% p i';fUrA

(iv) tuk% owQikr~ tya fu"dkl;fUrA

(v) x`ge~ vfXuuk iw.kZr;k u';frA

(vi) tysu ofÉ% 'kkE;fr x`ga p lqjf{kra fr"BfrAewyikB%

90 laLÑre~
 ;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr

6-1 bnkuha ewyikBa iBke%

fVIi.kh
izFke% ,dka'k% izFke% ,dka'k%
'kCnkFkkZ%
dfLeaf'pr~ tyk'k;s vukxrfo/krk] izR;qRiUuefr% ;n~Hkfo";'psfr dfLeaf'pr~ tyk'k;s ¾ fdlh ljksoj esa]
eRL;k% ¾ ePN
=k;ks eRL;k% izfrolfUr LeA vFk dnkfpr~ tyk'k;a n`"V~ok xPNn~fHk% izfrolfUr Le ¾ jgrs FksA
eRL;thfofHk% mDra ;n~ vgks cgqeRL;ks¿;a ßn% dnkfpnfi u dnkfpr~ ¾ fdlh le;]
xPNn~fHk% ¾ tkrs gq, (ds }kjk)]
vLekfHk%vUosf"kr%A rn| rkonkgkjo`fÙk% l×tkrk lUè;kle;% pkfi eRL;thfofHk% ¾ eNqvkjksa osQ }kjk]
lao`Ùk%A vr% 'o% izHkkrs v=kkxR; eRL;la{k;a dfj";ke bfrA ßn% ¾ rkykc]
vUosf"kr% ¾ [kkstk x;k]
vkgkjo`fRr% ¾ Hkkstu dk O;kikj]
rs"kka rr~ oqQfy'kikrksiea op% JqRok vukxrfo/krk lokZu~ eRL;ku~ l×tkrk] ¾ gks x;k gS]
vkgw;sne~ mokp] ^vgks] Jqra Hkof•;ZUeRL;thfofHk% vfHkfgre~A rn~ eRL;la{k;e~ ¾ ePNksa dk uk'k]
oqQfy'kikrksiee~ ¾ otzikr osQ leku]
jk=kkS ,o xE;rka fdf×pfUudVa lj%A mDr×p& vkgw; ¾ cqykdj] mokp ¾ cksyk
vfHkfgre~ ¾ dgk x;k gS]
v'kDrScZfyu% 'k=kks% dÙkZO;a iziyk;ue~A lj% ¾ ljksoj dks]
v'kDrS% ¾ lkeF;Zghu yksxksa }kjk]
Jf;rO;ks¿Fkok nqxksZ ukU;k rs"kka xfrHkZosr~AA1AA cfyu% ¾ 'kfDr'kkyh ('k=kq ls)]
Jf;rO;% ¾ vkJ; ysuk pkfg,]
rUuwua izHkkrle;s eRL;thfouks¿=k lekxR; eRL;la{k;a dfj";fUr] ,rUee lekxR; ¾ vkdj] eufl ¾ eu esa]
u ;qDre~ ¾ mfpr ugha gS]
eufl orZrsA rUu ;qDra lkEizre~ {k.keI;=k voLFkkrqe~A rnkd.;Z lkEizre~ ¾ vc]
izR;qRiUuefr% izkg] ^^vgks lR;efHkfgra HkorkA eekI;Hkh"Vesrr~A rnU;=k voLFkkrqe~ ¾ #duk@jguk]
izR;qRiUuefr% ¾ mfpr le; ij ftls Bhd
xE;rke~ bfrA ckr lw> tk,]
vHkh"Ve~ ¾ bPNk]
izksPpS% ¾ tksj ls] fogL; ¾ g¡ldj]
f}rh;% ,dka'k% efU=kre~ ¾ fopkj fd;k x;k]
lE;o~Q ¾ mfpr] Bhd ls]
rPNªqRok mPpS% fogL; ;n~Hkfo";% izksokp& ^vgks] u Hkon~H;ka efU=kra okÄ~ek=ks.kSo ¾ dgus ek=k ls gh]
rs"kka ¾ muosQ] fir`iSrkefgde~ ¾ iwoZtksa osQ
lE;o~Q ,rfnfrA ;r% fda okÄ~ek=ks.kSo rs"kka fir`iSrkefgde~ ,rr~ lj% (firk&nknk osQ)]
R;Drqa ;qT;rs\ ;fn vk;q%{k;ks¿fLr rnU;=k xrkukefi e`R;q% Hkfo";R;soA R;Drqe~ ¾ NksM+uk] R;kx djuk]
vk;q%& {k;% ¾ vk;q dk uk'k]
mDr×p& vU;=k ¾ nwljh txg]
xrkukefi ¾ x;s gq, yksxksa dk Hkh]
vjf{kra fr"Bfr nSojf{kra lqjf{kra nSogra fou';frA vjf{kre~ ¾ fcuk j{kk osQ]
nSojf{kre~ ¾ HkkX; ls jf{kr]
thoR;ukFkks¿fi ous folftZr% Ñriz;Ruks¿fi x`gs fou';frAA2AA nSogre~ ¾ HkkX; dk ekjk gqvk]
fou';fr ¾ u"V gks tkrk gS]
rnga u ;kL;kfeA Hkon~H;ka p ;RizfrHkkfr rRdrZO;e~A* rL; ra fu'p;a folftZr% ¾ NksM+k gqvk]
Ñriz;Ruks¿fi ¾ iz;Ru fd;s tkus ij Hkh]
KkRok vukxrfo/krk izR;qRiUuefr'p ifjokjtusu lg fu"ØkUrkSA ;kL;kfe ¾ tkÅ¡xk]
;RizfrHkkfr ¾ tks izrhr gksrk gS]
vFk izHkkrs eRL;thfofHktkZysu rTtyk'k;e~ vkyksM~; ;n~Hkfo";s.k lg KkRok ¾ tkudj]
fu"ØkUrkS ¾ nksuksa fudy x;s]
rRljks fueZRL;rka uhre~A vrks¿ga czohfe& vkyksM~; ¾ eFkdj]
fueZRL;rke~ ¾ eNfy;ksa ls jfgr]
vukxrfo/krk p izR;qRiUuefrLrFkk uhr% ¾ dj fn;k x;k]
czohfe ¾ dgrk gw¡]
}kosrkS lq[kes/srs ;n~Hkfo";ks fou';frA bfrAA3AA lq[ke~ ¾ lq[kiwoZd]
,/srs ¾ c<+rs gSa] (nks)

laLÑre~ 91
 ;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr

cks/iz'uk%
fVIi.kh
1- laLÑrHkk"k;k mRrja fy[krA
(d) eRL;thfouka op% dhn`'ke~ vklhr~\
([k) =k;k.kka eRL;kuka ukekfu fy[krA
(x) v'kDrS% cfyu% 'k=kks% le{ke~ fda drZO;e~\
(?k) dkS eRL;kS lq[ke~ ,/srs\
(Ä) d% eRL;% fou';fr\
2- dks"Bdkr~ 'kq¼e~ ina fofpR; fjDrLFkkuiwfrZa oqQ#rA
(d) vr% ------------------- izHkkrs v=k vkxR; eRL;la{k;a dfj";ke%A (v|@'o%@á%)
([k) u ;qDre~ ------------------- {k.ke~ vfi v=k voLFkkrqe~A (jk=kkS@fnus@lkEizre~A)
(x) vgks u Hkon~H;ka ------------------- lE;o~Q ,rfnfr (efU=kre~@voxre~@ifBre~)
(?k) vjf{kra fr"Bfr -------------------A (nSogre~@nSojf{kre~@nSookf×Nre~)

6-2 v/quk ikBe~ voxPNke%

6-2-1 izFke% ,dka'k%

dfLeaf'pr~ ------- xE;rke~ bfrA
cgqeRL;ks¿;a ßn%
eNqvkjs lksprs gSa fd ;g rkykc rks cgqr lh eNfy;ksa ls Hkjk iM+k gSA gesa vkt rd
bldk irk gh ugha pykA eNqvkjksa dh vkthfodk dk lk/u rks eNfy;k¡ gSa blfy,
ftruh vf/d eNfy;ksa okyk ljksoj mUgsa feysxk] mudks mruh gh vf/d izlUurk
gksxhA blh dkj.k os ml ljksoj dks vusd izdkj dh eNfy;ksa ls Hkjk ns[k cgqr izlUu
gq,A

v| vkgkjo`fRr% l×tkrk
tc eNqvkjs ml rkykc dks eNfy;k¡ idM+us osQ fy, mfpr le>rs gSa rks os vxys fnu
izkr% ogk¡ vkus dk fu.kZ; djrs gSa D;ksafd ml fnu osQ Hkkstu osQ fy, os vusd eNfy;k¡
dgha vkSj ls idM+ dj yk, FksA os Fkd Hkh x, FksA vr% os eNyh idM+us dk dke
ml fnu LFkfxr djrs gSaA
v'kDrScZfyu% 'k=kks% dÙkZO;a iziyk;ue~A
Jf;rO;ks¿Fkok nqxksZ ukU;k rs"kka xfrHkZosr~AA1AA
92 laLÑre~
 ;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr

vUo;%
v'kDrS% cfyu% 'k=kks% iziyk;ue~ dÙkZO;e~ vFkok nqxZ% Jf;rO;%A rs"kke~ vU;k xfr% u
Hkosr~A fVIi.kh

HkkokFkZ%& nqcZyS% tuS% cy'kkfyu% 'k=kks% le{ka iyk;ue~ ,o drZO;e~ vFkok nqxZL;
vkJ;% xzghrO;%A rs"kka Ñrs vU;% mik;% ukfLrA
v'kDrS% cfyu% 'k=kks% iziyk;ua drZO;e~
;fn 'k=kq cyoku~ gks rks detksj O;fDr dk Hkyk blh esa gS fd og ogk¡ ls Hkkx tk,A
fdlh vkSj lqjf{kr LFkku dk vkJ; ys ysA vukxrfo/krk rFkk izR;qRiUu uked eRL;
bl rF; ls ifjfpr FksA os tkurs Fks fd ^eNqvkjs 'kfDr'kkyh gSa vkSj ge det+ksj gSaA
vxj ge ;gk¡ ls ugha Hkkxsaxs rks cpus dk dksbZ vkSj mik; ugha gSA ;s 'kfDr'kkyh
eRL;thoh izkr% gksrs gh gesa idM+dj ekj nsaxsA* ;gh lkspdj os nksuksa lifjokj jkrksa&jkr
ogk¡ ls Hkkxdj fdlh nwljs ljksoj esa pys tkrs gSa vkSj lqjf{kr gks tkrs gSaA

O;kdj.kfcUno%
lfU/foPNsn%
cgqeRL;ks¿;e~ ¾ cgqeRL;% $ v;e~
vLekfHkjUosf"kr% ¾ vLekfHk% $ vUosf"kr%
pkfi ¾ p $ vfi
v=kkxR; ¾ v=k $ vkxR;
vkgw;sne~ ¾ vkgw; $ bne~
mDr×p ¾ mDre~ $ p
v'kDrScZfyu% ¾ v'kDrS% $ cfyu%
{k.keI;=k ¾ {k.ke~ $ vfi $ v=k
rnkd.;Z ¾ rr~ $ vkd.;Z
eekI;Hkh"Vesrr~ ¾ ee $ vfi $ vHkh"Ve~ $ ,rr~
lekl%
izHkkrle;s ¾ izHkkrL; le;s ("k"BhrRiq#"k%)
eRL;la{k;e~ ¾ eRL;kuka la{k;e~ ("k"BhrRiq#"k%)
izR;qRiUuefr% ¾ izR;qR;izUuk efr% ;L; l% (cgqozhfg%)
cgqeRL;% ¾ cgo% eRL;k% ;fLeu~ l% (ßn%) (cgqozhfg%)

laLÑre~ 93
 ;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr

inifjp;%
xPNn~fHk% ¾ xe~ $ 'kr`] r`rh;k cgqopu (iqa-)
fVIi.kh
vUosf"kr% ¾ vuq $ b"k~ $ f.kp~ $ Dr iz- ,dopu (iqa-)A
l×tkrk ¾ le~ $ tu~ $ Dr iz- ,dopuA (L=kh-)
vkxR; ¾ vk $ xe~ ¾ Y;i~] vO;;
vkgw; ¾ vk $ às $ Y;i~] vO;;
vfHkfgre~ ¾ vfHk $ /k $ Dr iz- ,dopu (uiqa-)
voLFkkrqe~ ¾ vo $ LFkk $ rqequ~] vO;;A
vkd.;Z ¾ vk $ d.kZ~ $ Y;i~] vO;;A
lekxR; ¾ le~ $ vk $ xe~ $ Y;i~] vO;;A
drZO;e~ ¾ Ñ $ rO;r~ deZokP; iz- ,dopu (uiqa-)
Jf;rO;% ¾ fJ $ rO;r~ deZokP; iz- ,dopu (iqa-)

ikBxriz'uk% 6-1
1- js[kkfÄïrinkfu vk/`R; iz'ufuekZ.ka oqQ#rA
(d) cgqeRL;% v;a Én%A
([k) rs 'o% izHkkrs eRL;la{k;a dfj";fUrA
(x) eRL;thfofHk% mDra loSZ% Jqre~A
(?k) ,rr~ ee eufl orZrsA
(Ä) Hkork lR;e~ vfHkfgre~A
) bfr fpÉsu vfÄïra oqQ#rA
) bfr fpÉsu v'kq¼a p (
2- 'kq¼a dFkua (
(i) tyk'k;s vukxrfo/krk] izR;qRiUuefr% ;n~Hkfo";% p fuolfUr LeA
(ii) 'o% lk;e~ v=kkxR; eRL;la{k;a dfj";ke%A
(iii) v'kDrS% cfyu% 'k=kks% iziyk;ua u drZO;e~A

(iv) rUu ;qDra lkEizra {k.ke~ vfi v=k voLFkkrqe~A

(v) izHkkrs ,o xE;rka fdf×pr~ fudVa lj%A

94 laLÑre~
 ;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr

3- (i) v=k lIreh foHkfDr% ukfLr

(d) eufl ([k) tyk'k;s (x) orZrs (?k) jk=kkS
fVIi.kh
(ii) v=k Y;i~ izR;;% ukfLr

(d) vkd.;Z ([k) lekxR; (x) vkgw; (?k) ikB;

(iii) v=k yV~ydkj% ukfLr

(d) ;qT;rs ([k) dfj";ke% (x) orZrs (?k) izfrolfUr

(iv) bna vO;;ina ukfLr

(d) lkEizre~ ([k) xE;rke~ (x) uwue~ (?k) vr%

6-2-2 f}rh;% ,dka'k%

rPNzqRok mPpS% fogL; -------------------- ;n~Hkfo";ks fou';frA

O;k[;k
okÄ~ek=ks.kSo fir`iSrkefgoaQ lj% u R;Drqa 'kD;rsA
;n~Hkfo";%& tSlk fd blosQ uke ls gh izrhr gksrk gS fd ^tks gksxk lks ns[kk tk,xkA*
og eRL; izR;qRiUuefr rFkk vukxrfo/krk dh Hkk¡fr cgqr nwj dh ckr ugha lksprkA tc
mlosQ nksuksa fe=kksa us og ljksoj NksM+ dgha vkSj tkus dks dgk rks mldk mRrj Fkk fd
^^eNqvkjksa osQ dgus ek=k ls fd dy ge bl rkykc dk vkyksMu djsaxs] D;k ge nknk
ijnknk ls pyh vk jgh iSr`d lEifRr :i bl rkykc dks NksM+ nsaxs\ rqe nksuksa tkvks]
eSa rks bl rkykc esa gh jgw¡xkA*

vk;q%{k;ks¿fLr rnk e`R;q% Hkfo";R;soA

;n~Hkfo"; dk fopkj ml rkykc dks NksM+ vU;=k tkus dk ugha gSA mldk dguk gS fd
gksuh osQ }kj vR;Ur izcy gksrs gSaA ;fn HkkX; esa vk;q dk u"V gksuk gh fy[kk gS rks dksbZ
cpk ugha ldrkA dgha Hkh pys tk,¡] e`R;q vo'; gh vkdj idM+ ysxhA e`R;q osQ
fodjky i×tksa ls dksbZ ugha cp ldrkA
vjf{kra fr"Bfr nSojf{kra lqjf{kra nSogra fou';frA
thoR;ukFkks¿fi ous folftZr% Ñriz;Ruks¿fi x`gs fou';frAA2AA

laLÑre~ 95
 ;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr

vUo;%
(2) vjf{kre~ nSojf{kre~ fr"Bfr] lqjf{kre~ nSogre~ fou';fr] ous folftZr% vukFk%
fVIi.kh vfi thofr] x`gs Ñriz;Ru% vfi fou';frA

HkkokFkZ%
ous dsukfi vjf{krks¿fi tu% nsoS% jf{krRokTthofr fdUrq ;% x`gs lqjf{krks Hkofr lks¿fi
nSogr% u';fr rL; j{kk dsukfi drq± u 'kD;rsA

vjf{kra fr"Bfr nSojf{kre~

ftldh j{kk djus okyk dksbZ ugha gksrk] Hkxoku~ mldh j{kk vo'; djrs gSaA ;fn HkkX;
esa fouk'k fy[kk gS rks fdruh Hkh lqj{kk osQ izca/ fd;s tk,¡] og cp ugha ldrkA jktk
ijhf{kr dks can yksgs osQ lanwd esa Hkh lk¡i us Ml fy;k FkkA blh izdkj ;fn fdlh vukFk
dks taxy esa NksM+ fn;k tk, rks og Hkh thfor jg tkrk gS tcfd ;fn HkkX; foijhr
gks rks ?kj esa vusd izdkj osQ lqj{kk osQ mik; djus ij Hkh mldk fouk'k gks tkrk gSA
vr% HkkX; esa fy[kh js[kkvksa dks dksbZ ugha cny ldrkA ,slk ;n~Hkfo"; dk fopkj gSA

;n~Hkfo";s.k lg fueZRL;rka uhre~

;n~Hkfo"; HkkX;oknh Fkk vr% og ljksoj NksM+ dgha ugha x;kA ifj.kker% vxys fnu
izkr% gh eNqvkjs vk,] ml rkykc esa tky Mkyk vkSj ;n~Hkfo"; lesr leLr eNfy;ksa
dks idM+dj ys x,A muosQ ,slk djus ls og ljksoj fcYoqQy eNfy;ksa ls jfgr gks x;kA
vukxrfo/krk p izR;qRiUuefrLrFkk
}kosrkS lq[kes/srs ;n~Hkfo";ks fou';frA bfrAA

vUo;%
(2) vukxrfo/krk rFkk izR;qRiUuefr% p] }kS ,rkS lq[ke~ ,/srs] (ija) ;n~Hkfo";%
fou';frA
HkkokFkZ%& ^vukxrfo/krk* ^izR;qRiUuefr%* p lq[ksu o/sZrs] fdUrq ^;n~Hkfo";%* bfr
uked% eRL;% e`R;qa izkIuksfrA
O;k[;k& vukxrfo/krk vkSj izR;qRiUuefr nksuksa lq[k vkSj o`f¼ dks izkIr djrs gSa D;ksafd
os nksuksa le; jgrs rkykc cny ysrs gSa] fdUrq ;n~Hkfo"; u"V gks tkrk gS D;ksafd og
HkkX; ds lgkjs ogha iM+k jg tkrk gSA HkkX;okn dks blh fy, vPNk ugha ekuk x;k gSA
le; jgrs mfpr deZ u djus okys dh ;gh xfr gksrh gSA

96 laLÑre~
 ;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr

O;kdj.kfcUno%
lfU/foPNsn%
fVIi.kh
rPNªqRok ¾ rr~ $ JqRok
Hkfo";R;so ¾ Hkfo";fr $ ,o
thoR;ukFkks¿fi ¾ thofr $ vukFk% $ vfi
eRL;thfofHktkZysu ¾ eRL;thfofHk% $ tkysu
vrks¿ge~ ¾ vr% $ vge~
}kosrkS ¾ }kS $ ,rkS
leklk%
vk;q%{k;% ¾ vk;q"k% {k;% ("k"BhrRiq#"k%)
vjf{kre~ ¾ u jf{kre~ (u×k~rRiq#"k%)
nSojf{kre~ ¾ nSosu jf{kre~ (r`rh;krRiq#"k%)
vukFk% ¾ u vfLr ukFk% ;L; l% (cgqozhfg%)
Ñriz;Ru% ¾ Ñr% iz;Ru% ;su l% (cgqozhfg%)
nSogre~ ¾ nSosu gre~ (r`rh;krRiq#"k%)
inifjp;%
JqRok ¾ Jq $ DRok
fogL; ¾ fo $ gl~ $ Y;i~
R;Drqe~ ¾ R;t~ $ rqequ~
jf{kre~ ¾ j{k~ $ Dr
gre~ ¾ gu~ $ Dr
KkRok ¾ Kk $ DRok
vkyksM~; ¾ vk $ yksM~ $ Y;i~

ikBxriz'uk% 6-2
1- iz'ukuke~ mRrjkf.k ,dinsu ,o laLÑrHkk"k;k fy[krA

laLÑre~ 97
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(d) oSQ% lj% fueZRL;rka uhre~\

([k) ous folftZr% vfi d% thofr\
fVIi.kh
(x) dL; uk'k% Hkofr\
(?k) eRL;kS fda R;DRok vU;=k fu"ØkUrkS\
(Ä) d% eRL;thfouka okÄ~ek=ks.kSo lj% R;Drqa u bPNfr\
2- funsZ'kkuqlkja fHkUuizÑfroaQ ina fpuqrA
(d) fogL;] rL;] vkyksM~;] vkgw; (izR;;kuqlkje~)
([k) mPpS%] ;fn] lg] }kS (vO;;inkuqlkje~)
(x) ;kL;kfe] fou';fr] ,/srs] czohfe (ydkjkuqlkje~)
(?k) lj%] ;n~Hkfo";%] vukxrfo/krk] vukFk% (fyaxkuqlkje~)
(Ä) ;n~Hkfo";s.k] eRL;thfofHk%] Hkon~H;ke~] xrkuke~A (foHkfDr&vuqlkje~)
3- v/ksfyf[kr;qXes"kq fo'ks"k.kina fo'ks";ina p i`Fko~Q ÑRok fy[krA
fo'ks"k.ke~ fo'ks";e~
(d) fir`iSrkefgde~ lj% --------------------------- ---------------------------
([k) ra fu'p;e~ --------------------------- ---------------------------
(x) vukFk% oufolftZr% --------------------------- ---------------------------
(?k) vkxrS% eRL;thfofHk% --------------------------- ---------------------------
4- vFkkZu~ esy;rA
(d) ljksoja (1) JqRok
([k) bekS (2) yHksrs
(x) vkd.;Z (3) lj%
(?k) ej.ke~ (4) mDre~
(Ä) izkr%dkys (5) ,rkS

98 laLÑre~
 ;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr

(p) fopkfjre~ (6) e`R;q%

(N) dfFkre~ (7) efU=kre~
fVIi.kh
(t) izkIuqr% (8) izHkkrs

fdef/xre~\
 vLekfHk% foiÙks% iwoZeso rfUuokj.kk; mik;k% fpUruh;k%A
 ;n~Hkfo";or~ thoua u ;kif;rO;e~A
 rRiq#"klekls mÙkjina iz/kua HkofrA
 DRok&rqequ~&izR;;kUrkuka iz;ksxS% fufeZrkfu inkfu vO;;kfu HkofUrA
 fo'ks"k.ks fo'ks";kuqlkja foHkfDrfyÄõopuiz;ksx% HkofrA

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
(d) xzUFkifjp;%
i×prUÂ osQ ys[kd ia- fo".kq'kekZ gSaA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd nf{k.k Hkkjr osQ (fdlh
jkT; esa) efgykjksI; uked uxj osQ jktk osQ ew[kZ iq=kksa dks f'kf{kr djus osQ fy,
fo".kq'kekZ us uhfrxr mins'kksa dks lax`ghr djosQ ika¡p Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k ftuosQ uke
gSa& fe=kHksn%] fe=klaizkfIr%] dkdksywdh;e~] yC/iz.kk'k%] vijhf{krdkjde~A ;g vR;Ur
mi;ksxh xzaFk gSA fo'o dh yxHkx leLr Hkk"kkvksa esa bldk vuqokn gks pqdk gSA blesa
i'kq&if{k;ksa dh dFkkvksa osQ ekè;e ls xw<+ uhfr;ksa rFkk O;ogkjksa dh f'k{kk nh x;h gSA
bl dFkkxzUFk esa vusd ,slh dgkfu;k¡ gSa tks O;fDr dks nwjn'khZ cuus dh izsj.kk nsrh gSaA
laLÑr osQ dFkklkfgR; osQ varxZr i×prU=k osQ vfrfjDr xq.kk<~; dk c`gRdFkklfjr~lkxj]
cYykylsujfpr HkkstizcUèk%] osrkyiapfoa'kfr%] flagklu}kf=ka'kr~iqÙkfydk rFkk fgrksins'k
vkfn izUFk izeq[k gSaA

([k) Hkkf"kdi{k%

I. i;kZ;okfpinkfu
ßn% ¾ ljksoj%] lj%] tyk'k;%

laLÑre~ 99
 ;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr

JqRok ¾ Jo.ka ÑRok] fu'kE;] vkd.;ZA

efU=kre~ ¾ fopkfjre~] fpfUrre~] dfFkre~A
fVIi.kh ;kL;kfe ¾ xfe";kfe] ,";kfe] pfy";kfeA
cfyu% ¾ cy'kkfyu%] 'kfDr'kkfyu%] lkeF;ZoUr%A
lkEizre~ ¾ v/quk] bnkuhe~] vfLeu~ dkysA
op% ¾ opua] dFkua] okrkZe~A

II. ÑnUrizR;;k%
rqequ~ & bl izR;; dk iz;ksx /krq osQ lkFk ^osQ fy,* vFkZ esa gksrk gS rFkk rqe~ 'ks"k jg
tkrk gSA
;Fkk iB~ $ rqequ~ ¾ ifBrqe~ ¾ i<+us osQ fy,
xe~ $ rqequ~ ¾ xUrqe~ ¾ tkus osQ fy,
vo $ LFkk $ rqequ~ ¾ voLFkkrqe~ ¾ Bgjus osQ fy,
ewy/krq $ izR;;
iB~ $ rqequ~ ¾ ifBrqe~ (i<+us ds fy,)
(mnkgj.k μ l% ifBrqa xPNfrA og i<+us ds fy, tkrk gSA)
'kqp~ $ rqequ~ ¾ 'kksfprqe~
R;t~ $ rqequ~ ¾ R;Drqe~
[kkn~ $ rqequ~ ¾ [kkfnrqe~
Hkw $ rqequ~ ¾ Hkforqe~
gu~ $ rqequ~ ¾ gUrqe~
ik $ rqequ~ ¾ ikrqe~
op~ $ rqequ~ ¾ oDrqe~
xe~ $ rqequ~ ¾ xUrqe~
Jq $ rqequ~ ¾ Jksrqe~
Kk $ rqequ~ ¾ Kkrqe~
nk $ rqequ~ ¾ nkrqe~
rqequ~ izR;;kUr 'kCn vO;; gks tkrs gSa ftudk :i ifjofrZr ugha gksrkA
100 laLÑre~
 ;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr

III. O;kdj.kfcUno%
O;×tu&lfU/μ Loj ;k O;×tu o.kks± ds dkj.k O;×tu o.kZ esa tks ifjorZu gksrk gS mls
O;×tu&lfU/ dgrs gSaA blds izeq[k fu;e fuEufyf[kr gSa%& fVIi.kh

(d) eks¿uqLokj%μ ^e~* dk vuqLokj (&)μ

;fn 'kCn ds vUr esa ^e~* gks vkSj mlds ckn dksbZ Hkh O;×tu vk, rks ^e~* dk
vuqLokj gks tkrk gSA ;Fkk&
xzkee~ $ ;kfr ¾ xzkea ;kfr] i=ke~ $ fy[k ¾ i=ka fy[k
gfje~ $ oUns ¾ gfja oUns le~ $ o`Ùk% ¾ lao`Ùk%
([k) t'Ro (t'k~) lfU/ & oxhZ; izFke o.kks± dks r`rh; o.kZ & ;fn izFke in ds
vUr esa oxks± ds izFke o.kZ gks vkSj mlds ckn dksbZ Hkh Loj gksa ;k fdlh Hkh oxZ
dk r`rh;] prqFkZ ;k i×pe o.kZ gksa ;k ^;~*] ^j~*] ^y~*] ^o~* g esa ls dksbZ o.kZ
gks rks oxZ ds izFke o.kZ dks mlh oxZ dk r`rh; o.kZ gks tk,xkA ;Fkkμ
d~ dk x~ μ i`Fkd~ $ mP;rs ¾ i`FkxqP;rs_ okd~ $ bZ'k% ¾ okxh'k% lE;d~ $
,rr~$bfr ¾ lE;xsrfnfr
p~ dk t~ & vp~ $ vUr% ¾ vtUr%] vp~$vkfn ¾ vtkfn
r~ dk n & dnkfpr~ $ vfi ¾ dnkfpnfi] rr~ $ v| ¾ rn|
izFke oxZ dk i×pe o.kZ esa ifjorZu μ ;fn oxZ ds izFke o.kZ ds ckn oxZ dk
i×pe o.kZ gks rks izFke o.kZ dks mlh oxZ dk i×pe o.kZ gks tkrk gSA ;Fkkμ
"kV~ $ uofr% ¾ "k..kofr%] "kV~ $ uke~ ¾ "k..kke~
lr~ $ uke ¾ lUuke] lr~ $ ukfldk ¾ lUukfldk
,rr~ $ ee ¾ ,rUee] rr~ $ uwue~ ¾ rUuwue~
(x) NRo lfU/% ('k'Nks¿fV)
rdkj dks pdkj rFkk 'k~ dks fodYi ls N~μ
fdlh Hkh oxZ ds izFke] f}rh;] r`rh;] prqFkZ o.kZ ds] 'kCn ds vUr esa gksus ij
vkSj mlds ckn 'k~ gksus ij rFkk mlds ckn esa ;fn dksbZ Loj ;k g~] ;~] o~] j~
esa ls dksbZ o.kZ gks rks 'k~ dks fodYi ls N~ gks tkrk gS vkSj ('pqRo lfU/) ds
fu;ekuqlkj rdkj dk pdkj gks tkrk gSA ;Fkkμ
,rr~ $ ÜkzqRok ¾ ,rPNªRok rr~ $ f'ko% ¾ rfPNo%
rr~ $ Ük`.kksfr ¾ rPN`.kksfr rr~ $ Ükh% ¾ rPNªh%

laLÑre~ 101
 ;n~Hkfo";ks fou';fr

IV. folxZ lfU/%μ

mRoe~μ
fVIi.kh
folxZ dks ^m* djus dk fu;eμ
;fn folxZ ls iwoZ ^v* gks vkSj mlds ckn ^v* ;k fdlh Hkh oxZ dk r`rh;] prqFkZ]
i×pe o.kZ ;k ^;~*] ^j~*] ^y~* ^o~* rFkk g o.kZ gksa rks folxZ dk ^m* gks tkrk gS ,oa
^v* vkSj ^m* feydj ^vks* gks tkrk gSA ;Fkkμ
v $ % $ v ¾ v $ m $ v ¾ vks $ v ¾ vks¿
izFke% $ vè;k;% ¾ izFkeks¿è;k;_ l% $ vfi ¾ lks¿fi
eu% $ gj% ¾ euksgj% d% $ vonr~ ¾ dks¿onr~
d% $ vfi ¾ dks¿fi Ükzf;rO;% $ vFkok ¾ Ükzf;rO;ks¿Fkok
eRL;thfou% $ v=k ¾ eRL;thfouks¿=k] Ñriz;Ru% $ vfi ¾ Ñriz;Ruks¿fi
cgqeRL;% $ v;a ¾ cgqeRL;ks¿;a] {k;% $ vfLr ¾ {k;ks¿fLr
thoR;ukFk% $ vfi ¾ thoR;ukFkks¿fi] vr% $ vge~ ¾ vrks¿ge~
/eZ% $ j{kfr ¾ /eksZ j{kfr

IV. la[;kokpd 'kCnksa ds :i

1- ,d% ¾ ,d (,dopu)
foHkfDr ,dopu (iqa-) L=kh- uiqa-
izFkek ,d% ,dk ,de~
f}rh;k ,de~ ,dke~ ,de~
r`rh;k ,dsu ,d;k ,dsu
prqFkhZ ,dLeS ,dL;S ,dLeS
i×peh ,dLekr~ ,dL;k% ,dLekr~
"k"Bh ,dL; ,dL;k% ,dL;
lIreh ,dfLeu~ ,dL;ke~ ,dfLeu~
2- f} ¾ nks (f} 'kCn lHkh fyaxksa esa fuR; f}opukUr gksrk gS)
fofHkfDr iqafYyax L=khfyÄõ uiqaldfyÄõ
izFkek }kS }s }s

102 laLÑre~
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f}rh;k }kS }s }s
r`rh;k }kH;ke~ 'ks"k iqafYy} dh rjg
prqFkhZ }kH;ke~ fVIi.kh

i×peh }kH;ke~
"k"Bh };ks%
lIreh };ks%
3- f=k ¾ rhu (cgqopu)
foHkfDr iqafYyax L=khfyÄõ uiqaldfyÄõ
izFkek =k;% frlz% =khf.k
f}rh;k =khu~ frlz% =khf.k
r`rh;k f=kfHk% frl`fHk% 'ks"k iq¡fYyÄõ dh rjg
prqFkhZ f=kH;% frl`H;%
i×peh f=kH;% frl`H;%
"k"Bh =k;k.kke~ frl`.kke~
lIreh f=k"kq frl`"kq
lEcks/u gs =k;% gs frlz%
4- prqj~ ¾ pkj (cgqopu)
foHkfDr iq¡fYyÄõ L=khfyÄõ uiqaldfyÄõ
izFkek pRokj% prlz% pRokfj
f}rh;k prqj% prlz% pRokfj
q
r`rh;k prqfHkZ% prl`fHk% 'ks"k :i iqfYyÄõ ds leku
gksxa s
prqFkhZ prqH;Z% prl`H;%
i×peh prqH;Z% prl`H;%
"k"Bh prq.kkZe~ prl`.kke~
lIreh prq"kqZ prl`"kq
lacks/u gs pRokj% gs prlz% gs pRokfj
laLÑre~ 103
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5- i×pu~ ¾ ik¡p (cgqopu)

foHkfDr iq¡fYyÄõ L=khfyÄõ uiqaldfyÄõ
fVIi.kh izFkek i×p
f}rh;k i×p
r`rh;k i×pfHk%
prqFkhZ i×pH;% ;gh :i L=khfyÄõ o uiqaldfyÄõ esa gksrk gSA
i×peh i×pH;%
"k"Bh i×pkuke~
lIreh i×plq
lacks/u gs i×p

ikBkUriz'uk%
1- v/ksfyf[krkfu dFkukfu d% oaQ izfr dFk;fr
(d) vgks cgqeRL;ks¿;a Én% dnkfpnfi
u vLekfHkjUosf"kr%A
([k) vgks] Jqra Hkon~fHk% ;r~ eRL;thfofHk%
vfHkfgre~A
(x) lR;efHkfgra HkorkA
rnU;=k xE;rke~A
(?k) u Hkon~H;ka efU=kra lE;o~Q ,rr~A
2- lfU/;qDrins"kq@lfU/PNsns"kq fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r
(d) vLekfHk% $ ----------------- ¾ vLekfHkjUosf"kr%
([k) ----------------- $ ----------------- ¾ vkgw;sne~

104 laLÑre~
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(x) v'kDrS% $ cfyu% ¾ -----------------

(?k) rr~ $ uwue~ ¾ -----------------
(Ä) ----------------- $ v=k ¾ eRL;thfouks¿=k fVIi.kh

3- ikBkr~ vO;;inkfu fofpR; fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r

(d) jk=kkS ----------------- xE;rke~A
([k) ----------------- dnkfpr~ eRL;thfofHk% l% tyk'k;% n`"V%A
(x) ;n~Hkfo";% ----------------- fogL; izksokpA
(?k) vukxrfo/krk izR;qRiUuefr% ----------------- lq[ke~ ,/srsA
(Ä) ----------- vk;q{k;ks¿fLr ---------- vU;=k xrkuke~ vfi e`R;q% Hkfo";fr ,oA
(p) ----------------- lR;efHkfgra HkorkA
p] vgks] mPpS%] ,o] vFk] rnk] ;fn
4- foykseinkfu dks"Bdkr~ fpRok fy[kr
(d) 'o% (v|@ á%)
([k) lukFk% (vukFk%@foukFk%@xrukFk%)
(x) nq%[ke~ (lq[ke~@vkuUn%@g"kZ%)
(?k) leFkSZ% (vuU;S%@vuFkSZ%@v'kDrS%)
(Ä) vuHkh"Ve~ (dFkue~@vHkh"Ve~@fiz;e~)
5- ?kVukØekuqlkja dFkka iqu% fy[kr]
(d) ,dnk eRL;thfofHk% r=kkxR; fpfUrre~] ^^'o% eRL;la{k;a dfj";ke%A**
([k) izR;qRiUuefr% vukxrfo/krk p lq[ke~ ,/srs LeA
(x) ,dfLeu~ tyk'k;s vukxrfo/krk] izR;qRiUuefr% ;n~Hkfo";% p olfUr LeA
(?k) bRFka ;n~Hkfo";% fouk'ke~ vkIuksr~A
(Ä) rs"kka opuS% Hk;HkhrkS izR;qRiUuefr% vukxrfo/krk p jk=kkS ,o lifjokje~
vU;=k ljksoja xroUrkSA

laLÑre~ 105
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(p) ;n~Hkfo";% rr% u vxPNr~A

(N) izkr% eRL;thfofHk% rRlj% ;n~Hkfo";s.k lg fueZRL;rka uhre~AA
fVIi.kh
(t) l% vfpUr;r~] ^^;fn vk;q% {k;% vfLr vU;=k xrkukefi rq e`R;q%
vkxfe";fr ,oA**

mRrjrkfydk
cks/iz'uk%
1- (d) oqQfy'kikrksiee~] ([k) vukxrfo/krk] izR;qRiUuefr%] ;n~Hkfo";% p]
(x) iziyk;ue~] (?k) vukxrfo/krk] izR;qRiUuefr% p] (Ä) ;n~Hkfo";%A
2- (d) 'o%] ([k) lkEizre~] (x) efU=kre~] (?k) nSojf{kre~A
ikBxriz'uk% 6-1
1- (d) dhn`'k%] ([k) fda] (x) oSQ%] (?k) dL;] (Ä) osQuA
2- (i)  (ii)  (iii)  (iv)  (v) A
3- (i) x (ii) ?k (iii) [k (iv) [kA
ikBxriz'uk% 6-2
1- (d) eRL;thfofHk% ([k) vukFk% (x) ;n~Hkfo";L; (?k) ljksoje~
(Ä) ;n~Hkfo";%A
2- (d) rL; ([k) }kS (x) ;kL;kfe (?k) lj% (Ä) xrkuke~A

fo'ks"k.kkfu fo'ks";kf.k
3- (d) fir`iSrkefgde~ lj%
([k) ra fu'p;e~
(x) oufolftZr% vukFk%
(?k) vkxrS% eRL;thfofHk%
4- (d) d $ 3] [k $ 5] x $ 1] ?k $ 6] Ä $ 8] p $ 7] N $ 4] t $ 2

106 laLÑre~
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ikBkUriz'uk%
1- d%&oaQ izfr
fVIi.kh
(d) eRL;thfou%&ijLije~ ([k) vukxrfo/krk&eRL;ku~
(x) izR;qRiUuefr%&vukxrfo/krkje~
(?k) ;n~Hkfo";%&vukxrfo/krkje~] izR;qRiUuefra p
2- (d) vUosf"kr% ([k) vkgw; $ bne~ (x) v'kDrScZfyu% (?k) rUuwue~
(Ä) eRL;thfou%
3- (d) ,o ([k) vFk (x) mPpS% (?k) p (Ä) ;fn] rnk (p) vgks!
4- (d) 'o% & v|] ([k) lukFk% & vukFk%] (x) nq%[ke~ & lq[ke~
(?k) leFkSZ% & v'kDrS%] (Ä) vuHkh"Ve~ & vHkh"Ve~
5- (i) ,dfLeu~ tyk'k;s vukxrfo/krk] izR;qRiUuefr%] ;n~Hkfo";% p olfUr LeA
(ii) ,dnk eRL;thfofHk% r=kkxR; fpfUrre~] 'o% eRL;la{k;a dfj";ke%A
(iii) rs"kka opuS% Hk;HkhrkS vukxrfo/krk izR;qRiUuefr% p jk=kkS ,o lifjokje~
vU;=k ljksoja xroUrkSA
(iv) ;n~Hkfo";% rr% ukxPNr~A

(v) l% vfpUr;r~] ;fn vk;q% {k;% vfLr rfgZ vU;=k xrkukefi e`R;q% vkxfe";fr
,oA
(vi) izkr% eRL;thfofHk% rr~ lj% ;n~Hkfo";s.k lg fueZRL;rka uhre~A

(vii) bRFka ;n~Hkfo";% fouk'ke~ vkIuksr~A

(viii) vukxrfo/krk izR;qRiUuefr% p lq[ke~ ,/srs LeA

laLÑre~ 107