Abnormal Behaviors

Norm of Behavior

• Normal Behavior – the standard behavior, the

socially accepted behavior because they follow the
standard norms of society.
• Abnormal behavior – behaviors that are deviant from
social expectations because they go against the
norms or standard behavior of society.
 Model Description Possible Application to
Patients
Medical Model Suggests that physiological Examine the patient for medical
causes are root of abnormal problems, such as brain tumor,
behavior. chemical imbalance in the brain,
or disease.
Psychoanalytic Abnormality stems from Seek out information about the
Model childhood conflicts. patient’s past, considering
possible childhood conflicts.
Behavioral Model Abnormal behavior is a learned Concentrate on rewards and
response. punishment for patient’s behavior,
and identify environmental stimuli
that reinforce her behavior.

Cognitive Model Assumes people’s belief and Focus on patient’s perceptions of

thoughts are central to herself and her environment.
abnormal behavior.
Humanistic Model Emphasizes people’s control Consider patient’s behavior in
and responsibility for their own terms of the choices she has
behavior. freely made.
Socio-cultural Model Assumes behavior is shaped Focus on how societal demands
by family, society, and culture. contributed to patients’ disorder.
NEUROSIS

• The group of mild functional

personality disorders in which there
is no gross personality
disorganization and the individual is
not required for hospitalization.
• The patient is called psychoneurotic
• Neurosis was coined by the Scottish
doctor William Cullen in 1769 to
refer to "disorders of sense and
motion" caused by a "general
affection of the nervous system".
 Anxiety Disorder
• Anxiety disorder is a blanket term covering
several different forms of a type of mental
illness of abnormal and
• General Anxiety Disorder • Socialized Anxiety
pathological
• Panic Disorder
fear and anxiety.
Disorder
• Panic Disorder with • Obsessive
Agoraphobia Compulsive Disorder
• Phobia • Post Traumatic Stress
• Agoraphobia Disorder
• Somatoform Disorder • Separation Anxiety
• Conversion Disorder
 General Anxiety Disorder

• Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common

chronic disorder characterized by long-lasting anxiety
that is not focused on any one object or situation.
Those suffering from generalized anxiety experience
non-specific persistent fear and worry and become
overly concerned with everyday matters.
 Panic Disorder
• In panic disorder, a person suffers from brief
attacks of intense terror and apprehension,
often marked by trembling, shaking, confusion,
dizziness, nausea, difficulty breathing.
These panic attacks, defined by the APA as
fear or discomfort that abruptly arises and
peaks in less than ten minutes, can last for
several hours and can be triggered by stress,
fear, or even exercise; the specific cause is not
always apparent.
 Panic with Agoraphobia

• A person experiences an unexpected panic attack,

then has substantial anxiety over the possibility of
having another attack. The person fears and avoids
whatever situation might induce a panic attack. The
person may never or rarely leave their home to
prevent a panic attack they believe to be inescapable,
extreme terror.
 Phobia

• Sufferers typically anticipate

terrifying consequences from
encountering the object of
their fear, which can be
anything from an animal to a
location to a bodily fluid to a
particular situation. Sufferers
understand that their fear is
not proportional to the actual
potential danger but still are
overwhelmed by the fear.
PHOBIAFEARED OBJECT OR SITUATION
Acrophobia Heights
Aerophobia Flying
Agoraphobia Open spaces, public places
Aichmophobia Sharp pointed objects
Ailurophobia Cats
Amaxophobia Vehicles, driving
Anthropophobia People
Aquaphobia Water
Arachnephobia Spiders
Astraphobia Lightning
Batrachophobia Frogs, amphibians
Blennophobia Slime
Brontophobia Thunder
Carcinophobia Cancer
Claustrophobia Closed spaces, confinement
Cynophobia Dogs
Dementophobia Insanity
• Dromophobia Crossing streets
• Emetophobia Vomiting
• Entomophobia Insects
• Genophobia Sex
• Gephyrophobia Crossing bridges
• Herpetophobia Reptiles
• Homilophobia Sermons
• Linonophobia String
• Monophobia Being alone
• Musophobia Mice
• Mysophobia Dirt and germs
• Nudophobia Nudity
• Numerophobia Numbers
• Nyctophobia Darkness, night
• Ochlophobia Crowds
• Ophidiophobia Snakes
• Ornithophobia Birds
• Phobophobia Phobias
• Pnigophobia Choking
• Pogonophobia Beards
• Pyrophobia Fire
• Siderodromophobia Trains
• Taphephobia Being buried alive
• Thanatophobia Death
• Trichophobia Hair
• Triskaidekaphobia The number 13
• Trypanophobia Injections
• Xenophobia Strangers
• Zoophobia Animals
 Agoraphobia

• Agoraphobia is the specific anxiety about

being in a place or situation where escape
is difficult or embarrassing or where help
may be unavailable.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

• Obsessive–compulsive
disorder (OCD) is a type
of anxiety disorder
primarily characterized
by
repetitive obsessions (dis
tressing, persistent, and
intrusive thoughts or
images)
and compulsions (urges
to perform specific acts
or rituals
 Post- traumatic
Stress Disorder
• Post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) is an anxiety disorder which
results from a traumatic experience.
Post-traumatic stress can result from
an extreme situation, such as combat,
natural disaster,
rape, hostage situations, child
abuse, bullying or even a serious
accident. It can also result from long
term (chronic) exposure to a severe
stressor, for example soldiers who
endure individual battles but
cannot cope with continuous combat.
Common symptoms include hyper
vigilance, flashbacks, avoidant
behaviors, anxiety, anger and
depression.
 Separation Anxiety Disorder
• Separation anxiety disorder (SepAD) is the feeling
of excessive and inappropriate levels of anxiety
over being separated from a person or place.
Separation anxiety is a normal part
of development in babies or children, and it is only
when this feeling is excessive or inappropriate
that it can be considered a disorder.
 Somatoform Disorders

• Somatoform Disorders - Complains of bodily

symptoms that suggest the presence of physical
problem but no organic basis can be found.
Somatoform disorders are grouped as:
– Hypochondriasis
– Psychogenic Pain Disorder
– Conversion Disorder
 Somatoform Disorders
• Hypochondriasis – the excessive concern about state of health or
physical condition (multiplicity about illness).
• Psychogenic Pain Disorder – characterized by the report of severe
and lasting pain. Either no physical basis is apparent or the reaction is
greatly in excess of what would be expected form the physical
abnormality.
• Conversion Disorders – a neurotic pattern in which symptoms of some
physical malfunction or loss of control without any underlying organic
abnormality.
Manifestations of Conversion Disorders
• Sensory Symptoms of Hysteria:
▫ Anasthesia – loss of sensitivity
▫ Hyperesthesia – excessive sensitivity
▫ Hypesthesia – partial loss of sensitivity
• Motor Symptoms of Hysteria
▫ Paralysis – selective loss of function
▫ Astasia-abasia – inability to control leg when
standing
▫ Aphonia – partial inability to speak
• Visceral Symptoms of Hysteria
 Dissociative Disorder
• Amnesia – partial or total inability to recall or identify past experiences.
– brain pathology amnesia
– psychogenic amnesia
• Multiple Personality – also called “dual personalities”. The person
manifests two or more symptoms of personality usually dramatically
different.
• Depersonalization – loss of sense of self or the so called out of body
experience.
 Sexual Disorders
• Sexual dysfunctions affecting males
– Erectile Insufficiency (Impotency)
– Pre-mature Ejaculation.
– Retarded Ejaculation
• Sexual dysfunctions affecting females
– Arousal Insufficiency (Frigidity) – a failure to attain sexual
excitement by the female partner.
– Orgasmic Dysfunction – a sexual disorder characterized by
the difficulty in achieving orgasm
– Vaginismus – involuntary spasm of the muscles at the
entrance to the vagina that prevent penetration of the male
sex organ.
– Dyspareunia – called painful coitus/painful sexual acts in
women
 Sexual Reversals/ Paraphilia
• Homosexuality “lesbianism or tribadism”
– Overt or Latent
• Transvestism –the achievement of sexual excitation
by dressing as a member of the opposite sex such a
man who wears female apparel.
• Fetishism – sexual gratification is obtained by looking
at some body parts, underwear of the opposite sex
or other objects associated with the opposite sex.
 Based on choice of partner
• Pedophilia – a sexual perversion where a person has the
compulsive desire to have sexual intercourse with a child of
either sex.
• Bestiality – the sexual gratification is attained by having
sexual intercourse with animals.
• Auto-sexual – “sexual self abuse”; sexual satisfaction is
carried out without the cooperation of another
• Gerontophilia – is a sexual desire with an elder person.
• Necrophilia – an erotic desire or actual intercourse with a
corpse
• Incest – a sexual relation between person who, by reason of
blood relationship cannot legally marry.*manceres
 Based on sexual urge

• Satyriasis – an excessive (sexual urge) desire of men

to have sexual intercourse
• Nymphomania – a strong sexual feeling of women with
an excessive sexual urge
 As to mode of expression
• Oralism – the use of mouth or the tongue as a way of sexual
satisfaction
– Fellatio – male sex organ to the mouth of the women
coupled with the act of sucking that initiates orgasm
– Cunnilingus – sexual gratification is attained by licking
the external female genitalia
– Anilism (anillingus) – licking the anus of the sexual
partner
• Sadism – achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification
through the infliction of physical pain on the sexual partner.
Masochism – infliction of pain to oneself to achieve sexual pleasurE
• Sado-Masochism (Algolagnia) – pain/cruelty for sexual gratification
 As to parts of the body

• Sodomy – is a sexual act through the anus of the

sexual partner.
• Uranism – sexual gratification is attained through
fingering, holding the breast of licking parts of the
body.
• Frottage – the act of rubbing the sex organ against
body parts of another person.
• Partialism – it refers to the sexual libido on any part
of the body of a sexual partner.
 Based on visual stimulus

• Voyeurism – the person is commonly called “the

peeping Tom”, an achievement of sexual pleasures
through clandestine peeping
• Scoptophilia – the intentional act of watching people
undress or during sexual intimacies.
 Based on Number of Participants in the
Sexual Act

• Troilism – three person participate in sex orgy such as

two women versus on man or vice versa
• Pluralism – group of persons in sexual orgies such as
couple to couple sexual relations. It is also called
“sexual festival”
 Other sexual disorders
• Exhibitionism – it is called “indecent exposure”, intentional exposure of
genitals to members of the opposite sex under inappropriate
conditions.
• Coprolalia – the use of obscene language to achieve sexual
satisfaction.
• Coprolagnia- sight of women defecating
• Mysophilia- response to filth or excretion
• Urolgania- sight of urine
• Don Juanism – the act of seducing women as a career with out
permanency of sexual partner or companion.
 Eating Disorders

• Anorexia Nervosa- the refusal to maintain minimally

normal weight, intense fear of gaining weight and
extreme disturbance in perception of shape and size.
• Bulimia Nervosa- characterized by repeated episodes
of binge eating followed by purging behaviors.
 PSYCHOPATHY
• Typically stemming from immature and distorted personality
development, resulting in persistent maladaptive ways of perceiving and
thinking.
• These are persons who do not have any neurotic or psychotic symptoms
but are not able to conform to prevailing customs and standards of
conduct of his social group. Some common characteristics are:
• absence of a conscience
• emotional immaturity
• absence of a life plan
• lack of capacity for love and emotional involvement
 Personality Disorders
• Odd or Eccentric Disorder
– Paranoid PD
– Schizoid PD
– Schizotypal PD
• Dramatic, emotional erratic
– Anti social PD
– Borderline PD
– Histrionic PD
– Narcissistic PD
• Anxious, Fearful PD
– Avoidant PD
– Dependent
– OCD
 Anti- Social Personality Disorder
• Disregards the feelings and rights of other people.
• Often break the law, and they may use or exploit other
people for their own gain.
• They may lie repeatedly, act impulsively, and get into
physical fights. They may mistreat their spouses, neglect or
abuse their children, and exploit their employees.
• Sociopaths or psychopaths.
• Antisocial behavior in people less than 18 years old is called
conduct disorder.
• Guilt, remorse, shame, and anxiety are unpleasant feelings,
but they are also necessary for social functioning and even
physical survival.
 Borderline Personality Disorder
• Experience intense emotional instability, particularly in
relationships with others;
• They may make frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined
abandonment by others. They may experience minor
problems as major crises;
• They may also express their anger, frustration, and dismay
through suicidal gestures, self-mutilation, and other self-
destructive acts. They tend to have an unstable self-image or
sense of self.
• Borderline personalities are at high risk for developing
depression, alcoholism, drug dependence, bulimia,
dissociative disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder
 Avoidant Personality Disorder
• Avoidant personality disorder is social
withdrawal due to intense, anxious shyness.
• People with avoidant personalities are
reluctant to interact with others unless they
feel certain of being liked.
• They fear being criticized and rejected. Often
they view themselves as socially inept and
inferior to others.
 Dependent Personality Disorder
• Dependent personality disorder involves
severe and disabling emotional dependency
on others.
• People with this disorder have difficulty
making decisions without a great deal of
advice and reassurance from others.
• They urgently seek out another relationship
when a close relationship ends. They feel
uncomfortable by themselves.
 Histrionic Personality

• People with histrionic personality disorder constantly

strive to be the center of attention.
• They may act overly flirtatious or dress in ways that
draw attention.
• They may also talk in a dramatic or theatrical style and
display exaggerated emotional reactions.
 Narcissistic Personality

• People with narcissistic personality disorder have a

grandiose sense of self-importance.
• They seek excessive admiration from others and
fantasize about unlimited success or power.
• They believe they are special, unique, or superior to
others..
 Paranoid Personality Disorder

• People with paranoid personality disorder feel

constant suspicion and distrust toward other people.
• They believe that others are against them and
constantly look for evidence to support their
suspicions.
• They are hostile toward others and react angrily to
perceived insults.
 Schizoid Personality

• Schizoid personality disorder involves social isolation

and a lack of desire for close personal relationships.
• People with this disorder prefer to be alone and seem
withdrawn and emotionally detached.
• They seem indifferent to praise or criticism from other
people.
 Schizotypal Personality
Disorder
• People with schizotypal personality disorder
engage in odd thinking, speech, and behavior.
• They may ramble or use words and phrases in
unusual ways, and they may believe they have
magical control over others.
• They feel very uncomfortable with close personal
relationships and tend to be suspicious of others.
Some research suggests this disorder is a less
severe form of schizophrenia.
 Other personality disorders

• Many psychiatrists and psychologists use two

additional diagnoses. Depressive personality disorder
is characterized by chronic pessimism, gloominess,
and cheerlessness. In passive-aggressive personality
disorder, a person passively resists completing tasks
and chores, criticizes and scorns authority figures, and
seems negative and sullen.
 Three different types of
multiple murder
• Serial murder - several victims in three or more
separate incidents over weeks, months or years.
• Mass murder - the killing of four or more victims at
one location within one event (en masse- in group)
• Spree murder - involves killing at two ore more
locations with almost not time to break between
murder.
END OF PRESENTATION