| Chapter 20: Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering 20.1 Population size population s, living oA is a group of organisms of one species, living in a + A.group of mice in a farmyard, frogs in a lake or even bacteria is flask are all or ae «= There are several factors the affect growth of a population in an open environment like a forest: in the same area, at the same time of populations Food supply, predation, the spread of a disease, hunting and pollution (chapter: 26 sss | «+ In closed lab conditions where resources are limited the population growth goes over stages that shown in a sigmoid growth curve: tl Time Lag phase ‘Stationary phase Birth rate compared to death [Explanation [The population size grows slowly |The population Log phase fincreases rapial [Brith rate is sightly higher Birth rate is much higher > Organisms are adapting to new conditions and, still making enzymes + The population size is still small; although the ‘numbers are increasing at each generation, this does not result in a large increase in popylation size + Plenty of nutrients and oxygen Birth rate = death rate + Nutrients and oxygen start to become limited + Diseases (in case of animals and plants) start to spread through the dense population + Waste materials such as carbon dioxide start t build up which makes conditions more acidic {The population size decreases [Pith rate is lower }+ Lack of mutrients and oxygen + Spread of disease (in case of animals and plants) + Building up of waste materials such as carbon dioxide leading to a drop in pH + Building up of alcohol (in case of yeast) which is toxic Oo Scanned with CamScanner4 2 Bio pH : He Pa Lio (ety ln in ion Buffs) i : uz 4 b¢ fer Solu fon (h ufjer [elie ; iotechnology Biffes 48 y Fe) 20: Biotechnology Yon consitling a mixlire fg i a iS AVA Meganams to make products that help 10 improve Biotechnology is the use of biological pro id Org ey ee Conjugele Bise the quality of human life; there are many applications of biotechnology including f a. Production of biofuels: ee! vn water «Anaerobic respiration in yeast produces carbon | Same dioxide and ethanoP” : + Esthanol isan alcohol that stores good amounts of vow IA roma energy and can be used a fuel fae + A.device called the fermenter, like the one shown here, wien — = nce | Sree is used to grow yeast and produce ethanol as a biofuel =). _ yeas, gos ‘The following techniques are used to maintain an nd ammonite optimum growth conditions inside this fermenter: ar _ fan Saunton [eranage > : Ryeast can only produce ethanol Oxygen entering the fermenter Using an airlock eee eee [To prevent enzymes in the Fermenter heating up while yeasts ae respiring anes Tee ae FT maintain an optimum pH pH dropping because of carbon dioxide produced by yeast [pH buffers, See ees [Adding ammonium salts [Nitrogen is needed for yeast to Lack of nitrogen Jor bubbling ammonia gas make its proteins _) b. Bread making + ‘The making of bread uses carbon dioxide, another product of anaerobic respiration in yeast + Yeast can digest the starch found in flour into glucose with the help of the enzyme amylase + The produced glucose is used in anaerobic respiration and carbon dioxide produced gets trapped within the dough and makes it rise + The other product of anaerobic respiration, alcohol, evaporates once the risen dough is baked in the oven c. Production of enzymes Enzymes can be produced commercially in large amounts by using a fermenter like the one shown on the next page. Enzymes have many industrial applications: Frame [Use vantage PPectinase breaks down cell walls in the juiced fruits which helps to: + Maximise the amounts of the juice produced + Making the juice clearer by removing the cloudiness because of the presence of fibres [Insoluble stains made of proteins and fais are broken down into soluble products by the action of proteases and lipases respectively Proteases. P + The soluble products (amino acids fatty acids and glycerol) are Ligases | Bilogicd washing powders) esi washed with water and soap inthe washing powder + The temperature of the washing has to be adjusted so that, enzymes won't denature > Lactose intolerant people suller from digestive problems because they cannot break down lactose (milk sugar) into glucose Lactase | Production of lactose-ree milk}, 7 tase enzyme is normally produced by the body to digest lactose |: Lactose intolerant people can drink milk that is treated with lactase Pectinase |Production of fruit juice i Scanned with CamScanner Pal # #Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner