WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Water treatment for power generation is a vital process

that requires a dependable technology. High purity water
ensures proper operation of steam generation system and
reduces blowdown frequency and use of boiler chemicals. High
purity water is also able to better protect against erosion and
damage to equipment.

PROCESSING OF WATER:

1. Multi grade filter:

Raw water passed through the Multi Grade Filter, it
consists of a multi layers of filter media consisting graded sand,
white sand, fine sand, activated carbon and pebbles layers,
which retain the suspended particles and activated carbon
adsorbs onto its surface free chlorine, organic compounds,
colour and odour. During the filtration cycle the filter bed retains
the dirt and suspended particles from the water and
accumulates within the filter bed. As the filtration progress the
filter media gets loaded with the retained particles, this results
in a continuous increase of pressure drop across the filter,
when a predetermined pressure drop level is achieved the filter
is shut down for cleaning.

2. Ultra filter:
Ultrafiltration (UF) is a membrane filtration process similar
to Reverse Osmosis, using hydrostatic pressure to force water
through a semi-permeable membrane. The pore size of the
ultrafiltration membrane is usually 103 - 106 Daltons.
Ultrafiltration (UF) is a pressure-driven barrier to suspended
solids, bacteria, viruses, endotoxins and other pathogens to
produce water with very high purity and low silt
density.Ultrafiltration (UF) is used to remove essentially all
colloidal particles (0.01 to 1.0 microns) from water and some of
the largest dissolved contaminants. The pore size in a UF
membrane is mainly responsible for determining the type and
size of contaminants removed. In general, membrane pores
range in size from 0.005 to 0.1 micron.
Benefits:
No need for chemicals (coagulants, flocculates, disinfectants,
pH adjustment)
Size-exclusion filtration as opposed to media depth filtration
Good and constant quality of the treated water in terms of
particle and microbial removal
Process and plant compactness
Simple automation
Environmently friendly.

3. Reverse osmosis:
Reverse Osmosis works by using a high pressure pump to
increase the pressure on the salt side of the RO and force the
water across the semi-permeable RO membrane, leaving
almost all (around 95% to 99%) of dissolved salts behind in the
reject stream. The amount of pressure required depends on the
salt concentration of the feed water. The more concentrated the
feed water, the more pressure is required to overcome the
osmotic pressure.

The desalinated water that is demineralized or deionized, is

called permeate (or product) water. The water stream that
carries the concentrated contaminants that did not pass
through the RO membrane is called the reject (or concentrate)
stream.
As the feed water enters the RO membrane under pressure
(enough pressure to overcome osmotic pressure) the water
molecules pass through the semi-permeable membrane and
the salts and other contaminants are not allowed to pass and
are discharged through the reject stream (also known as the
concentrate or brine stream), which goes to drain or can be fed
back into the feed water supply in some circumstances to be
recycled through the RO system to save water. The water that
makes it through the RO membrane is called permeate or
product water and usually has around 95% to 99% of the
dissolved salts removed from it.

4. Degrasser tank:
For a small amount of entrained gas in a drilling fluid, the
degasser can play a major role of removing small bubbles that
a liquid film has enveloped and entrapped. In order for it to be
released and break out the air and gas such as methane, H2S
and CO2 from the mud to the surface, the drilling fluid must
pass degassing technique and it can be accomplished by the
equipment called degasser which is also a major part of a mud
systems.

5.Strong acid cation:

Strong acid cation exchanger is a vessel in which an ion
exchange process takes place. The cations (calcium,
magnesium and sodium ,chloride, sulphates ,carbonate and
bicarbonate salts) present in the water gets converted into their
equivalent acid in this unit. Strong acid cation resin will replace
all the cations in raw water with hydrogen ions, thus reducing
the dissolved solids in raw water

When the cation exchanger gets exhausted, it is regenerated

with acid to restore hydrogen ions. It is suitable for both manual
and automatic operation. They are available as both co-flow
and counter current regeneration units.

6. Strong base anion:

Strong base anion unit is a vessel in which an ion
exchange process takes place. OH¯ ions replace the anions
present in TDS to produce demineralized water. The anions
present in the water i.e. Cl, SO4, HCO3 and silica etc. are
exchanged with OH¯ ions available in the resin and water is
demineralized. Therefore, water becomes demineralized
resulting in a solution of pure water. When the anion exchanger
gets exhausted, it is regenerated with caustic solution to
replenish OH¯ ions. They can be operated manually or
automatically. They are available as co-flow and countercurrent
regeneration units.

7. Mixed Bed:
Mixed bed is better than using first one ion exchange resin
to remove cations and then another to remove anions because
having both resins in very close proximity creates a stronger
driving force as the hydrogen ion exchanged at one resin
attracts a hydroxyl ion from the other resin to form water.