Chapter One

JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER ONE
1 INTRODUCTION
Wireless human health monitoring systems allow an individual to closely monitor changes in
her or his vital signs and provide feedback to help maintain an optimal health status. It is
integrated into a tele-medical system; these systems can even alert medical personnel when life-
threatening changes occur. Since, Telemedicine is a recent clinical concept immensely
appreciated in the modern world. With rapid increase in population, and the restrained resources
causing serious problems for general public around the globe, the facility of being remotely
examined by the doctor is hailed by both, the doctors as well as the patients.
Providing easy medical support to the people is the basic concept behind the inception of this
project Wireless Health Monitoring System. The aim is to provide an affordable, portable and
easy to use monitoring system that determines the vital signs, and keeps the doctor updated about
the condition of the patient so that urgent help can be provided in critical situations. The
pulseoximeter sensor comprising of two LEDs , measures heart rate of the patient. The sensor is
built using easily available light emitting diodes , that has a spectral range wide enough to detect
red light. The signal obtained from the diode after passing through a body part is first converted
into a voltage signal using a trans-impedance stage. Since this signal is very small, an
amplification stage is used next. The other parameter for detecting the health condition of the
patient is the level of the body temperature. since all human beings have a certain temperature
range in their healthy condition. To determine this parameter we have used LM35 temperature
sensor directly senses 10mv for every 1degree centigrade directly, which is more advantageous
the patient under test should be provided so as to touch the sensor, Once the vital signs so
obtained is digitized using analog to digital convertor.
The output of the ADC is further used for signal processing and calculation heart rate. A DC
tracking alter estimates the DC component, which is fed into the DAC and the resulting signal is
subtracted from the signal obtained from the output of the trans-impedance stage so that only the
AC signal is obtained, is altered to remove the 60Hz component and to achieve the low
frequency signal of interest. This altered output is further processed to calculate heart rate. The
WIRELESS HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 1

calculated parameters are transmitted via UART 0 to a computer from where this data is read and
fed into a Web Application which keeps the patients record in a database. This application is
accessible by both the doctor and the patient.
If any of the parameter is below the safe level, a text message is sent via a GSM module
interfaced with UART 1 of microprocessor to the doctors mobile, so that he can be informed
about the critical condition of the patient
1.1 Principle of Operation
A pulseoximeter uses two light emitting diodes, one red of wavelength nearly 660nm, and the
other is infra-red with wavelength in the range 940-990nm. The operation requires a light source
that has an ability to penetrate a few centimeters in the tissues and yet be small enough to fit
inside a small clip. Light emitting diodes are the most suitable choice for the purpose. The LEDs
are multiplexed in time i.e., either red or infrared led is on at a time. The light of the LED falls
on a part of body that is translucent and has a good blood flow. A photo detector on the other
side determines the strength of both red and infrared signals. The photodiode used should have a
wide range of spectral responses so that both reed and infrared emission can be detected. The
current at the photodiode is directly proportional to the amount of light incident upon it. Since
the photo detector cant differentiate between the red and infrared signal, the LEDs are
multiplexed. The output of the photodiode is sampled when the red LED is on, when both the
LEDs are off, and when the infrared LED is on. The samples taken when neither of the LEDs is
on are used to detect and subtract ambient light.
Fig1.1 Basic Pulseoximeter Assembly

The distance between the LEDs and photodiodes is a major design consideration when designing
a reflectance pulseoximeter sensor.. However it is important not to place the photodiode too
close to the LEDs. If the photodiode is placed too close to the LEDs, the photodiode will be
saturated as a result of the large DC component obtained by the multiple scattering of the
incident photons by the blood free layers of the skin.
1.2 Types of Pulseoximeter
Depending on the physical location of photodiode, pulseoximeter can be classified as:

1.2.1 Transmittance Pulseoximeter
The transmission probe has both LEDs on one side and the photodiode on the other side, the
finger is inserted between the two. LEDs are powered alternately; the light of each wavelength
will pass through the tissue and the photodiode will detect the transmitted light, As the amount of
blood varies with the arterial pulse, transmission probes are used to give also information about
the heart rate. The light sources and the photo detector are placed facing each other so that the
maximum amount of light can be detected. The photodiode also is positioned as close as possible
to the skin without exerting force on the tissue.
1.2.2 Reflectance Pulseoximeter
The probe has both LEDs and photo detector on the same side facing the skin, light emitted by
the LEDs enters in the tissue, is scattered and is detected at the photo detector. The LEDs are
powered alternately; the light passes through tissue and blood vessels, is scattered by moving red
blood cells and non-moving tissue, a part of this backwards scattered light passes through the
tissues again and is then detected by the photo detector.

Fig1.2: Transmission vs. reflectance pulseoximeter
Probes and the position of their components
1.3 THERMOREGULATION
Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain
boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. This process is one aspect
of homeostasis: a dynamic state of stability between an animal's internal environment and its
external environment or If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it increases
significantly above normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs. This occurs when the
body is exposed to constant temperatures of approximately 55° C, any prolonged exposure at this
temperature and up to around 70° C death is almost inevitable. The opposite condition, when
body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia Different parts of the
body have different temperatures. Measurements taken directly inside the body cavity, are
typically slightly higher than oral measurements, and oral measurements are somewhat higher
than skin temperature. The commonly accepted average core body temperature taken internally
is 37.0 °C (98.6 °F). The typical oral (under the tongue) measurement is slightly cooler, at
36.8±0.7 °C, or 98.2±1.3 °F. Although some people think of these numbers as representing the
normal temperature, a wide range of temperatures has been found in healthy people. In samples

of normal adult men and women, the observed range for oral temperature is 33.2–38.2 °C (92–
101 °F), for rectal it is 34.4–37.8 °C (94–100 °F), for the Tympanic cavity it is 35.4–37.8 °C
(96–100 °F) and for auxiliary it is 35.5–37.0 °C (96–99 °F).
1.4 Problem Statement
The purpose of the project is to make the scrutiny of the vital signs of the patient by developing
a wearable monitoring device that measures these signs and transmits them to a remote base
station that records them in a database and uploads them on a web portal that is accessible to the
doctor and the patients. The requirements of the projects are that it should occupy as little space
as possible since it is designed to be a wearable device. Moreover the power consumption of the
device should be kept to a minimum in order to extend the battery life and the range of the
wireless mode of communication employed should be large enough to cover the far areas as well.

1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The major aim and objective of this design of a patient heartbeat and temperature
monitor through wireless vision is to help the doctors and persons to keep track of the heartbeat
condition and body temperature. In the case of an abnormality in the health condition of those
with heartbeat defects and those that run excessive high temperature beyond normal. If any
varied change takes place, it is notified. This notification through GSM network would to take an
appropriate action at an instance of time, thereby alerting the appropriate with the buzzer alarm
sound to the persons.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
There are various instruments available in the hospitals to keep track of the internal body
changes, but many of them have limitations regarding to maintenance, cost, size of
instruments, and mobility. This project is so significant because it is mobile, small in size,
cost effective, very easy to use, highly efficient performance, portable and light in weight etc.
It uses GSM network to help both the patient and the concerned doctor to take an appropriate
action.
It is beneficial in terms of cost. It saves time and is very helpful to patients who live alone. It
offers a freedom of movement to patients. It has low power consumption though the stability of
its wireless data communication is still to be enhanced.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 MOTIVATION
Health facilities in a developing country like Ethiopia are scarce, expensive and inaccessible to
masses. Most of the rural and many sub-urban areas of Ethiopia do not have access to a well
equipped hospital and as a result the hospitals established in large cities are under extreme strain
since these hospitals with their limited and insufficient facilities are unable to get the health
needs of such a large number of patients. A large number of beds in the hospitals can be vacated
if an efficient system of remote health monitoring is implemented such that the vital signs of
patients not in dire conditions can be monitored remotely while those with critical conditions and
urgent need of medical facilities and supervision are treated in the hospitals. Hence this project is
designed to help relieve the burden on the hospitals and to provide a health monitoring service to
people living in remote areas with no easy access to well-equipped hospitals. Moreover the
project also aims at introducing an inexpensive and efficient system of telemedicine in Ethiopia.
The purpose is to introduce mobility to the monitoring of the vital health parameters so that the
patients can be monitored round the clock in the comfort of their homes. The system not only
measures the parameter but records the patient history in a database that is accessible to not only
the doctor but also the patients themselves via a web portal. This way not only the doctor but the
patient too can keep track of his/her medical history. Such a service would greatly relieve the
strained medical resources in the hospitals while giving the patient the mandatory medical
surveillance.

2.2 Literature Review
Pulseoximeter has been in use worldwide for extensive examination and monitoring of patients.
It finds an application in telemedicine, a revolutionary concept providing medical support and
health care facilities to the general public in distant areas.
There are many ready-made solutions available with different specifications and modes of
wireless media used for communication. Manufacturers like AVANT, Nellore and Philips
provide a range of battery-powered Pulseoximeter with digital displays, Bluetooth compatibility,
as well as point-to-point wireless connectivity. Wireless technologies like RFID tags and long
range LANs are implemented in hospitals to carry out easy patient monitoring. Lets briefly
review the work done in the field of telemedicine in the past
.2.2.1 WIRELESS PDA-BASED PHYSIOLOGICAL MONITORING
SYSTEM FOR PATIENT TRANSPORT
This project is an amalgamation of personal digital assistant technology and WLAN technology.
Patients are provided with a wireless PDA that acquires vital sign like ECG, oxygen saturation
and heart rate. The acquired parameters are transmitted via WLAN to a centralized base station
that can be accessed by certified medical staff either through the management unit through
wireless devices. A prototype of the proposed solution has been implemented. It is explained in
the following figure

Fig2.1: A Wireless PDA-Based Physiological Monitoring system for Patient
2.2.2 Advanced Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
In this paper, it is proposed to use Wireless sensor network topology to implement smart
healthcare. An experimental living environment is established at the department of Computer
Sciences in UVA. The system architecture is multi-layered comprising of light weight sensors
and mobile devices. The various devices integrated together determine vital parameters; a single
system might contain multiple body nodes. The system can be accessed either via a gateway or
its database can be directly viewed. Currently the system receives data from motion sensors,
accelerometer and GPS. Sensors include EKG, Pulseoximeter, temperature and a humidity
sensor. MYSQL is used for database management while PDA is used as GUI at the user end.

Fig 2.2 Current configuration of the medical test on bed
2.2 Our Implementation
Most of the above mentioned projects carried out use either Bluetooth, WLAN ; PDAs are used
for GUI at the user end. In this project of Wireless Human Health Monitoring System', WLAN
is not used because long range communication is required; Bluetooth is not used to avoid its
large overhead. GSM is used for communication instead since it is deployed nationwide and the
cheapest and easiest mode of communication available.

CHAPTER THREE
3 METHDOLOGY
The problem at hand has a wide range of solutions. The method followed in the design and
implementation of this project is dictated by the requirement of keeping the size and the power
consumption of the device to a minimum in order to make it an economical and efficient
portable, wearable device. Various problems were tackled as follows:
3.1 Simple sensor
The sensor used for the measurement heart rate comprises of a simple red and an Infrared LED.
The sensors are simple and cheap and readily available in the market. A simple Red LED and an
Infra-Red LED comprises the transmitting side. The wavelength of the Infra-Red LED can vary
over a relatively larger range around 940nm but that of the Red LED should be as close to
660nm as possible. Simple Red LED and a simple Infra-Red LED were used since they satisfy
these conditions on wavelengths. The Photodiode is selected such that it receives almost the
entire band of visible spectrum and the infra-red wavelength too.
3.2 Digital signal processing
The signal processing involved is almost entirely implemented in software which means that the
device can be updated easily without any significant change in the hardware. But a powerful
microprocessor is needed to carry out the signal processing. AT89C51 is a viable choice due its
high computation capability and the added advantage of configurable clocks, inbuilt 12 bit ADC,
multiple UARTs and ADC channels and hardware multiplier. Moreover this microcontroller is
an extremely low power device with a current consumption of only 165A/MHz at 8MHz in
active mode with all the clocks running. It also has 6 different low power modes that keep the
power consumption to a minimum.
3.3 Mode of communication used
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is selected as the mode for wireless
communication since it is a well-established system and its infrastructure is widely deployed in
Ethiopia. Moreover GSM with its 900/1800MHz band of frequency is reliable and has the added

advantage of a very large range. The mobile sensor node is attached to a GSM module,
SIM300DZ, which is easily available in the market and simple to configure. This node transmits
the data to the cell phone of the doctor if the patients oxygen level saturation drops to a
dangerous level indicating lower heart beat which needs immediate medical attention.
3.4 Database and Web Application
It was initially proposed to use a GSM module at the receiving end similar to the one used at the
transmitting side that is interfaced with the server and dumps the incoming data on the servers
database. However the project demonstrate the communication via one GSM module on the
transmitting side only that transmits the data to the doctors cell phone as a text message if the
patient's body temperature varies greatly from the range and the heart rate level drops below the
lower threshold. The server uploads this data dynamically on a web application designed to act
as a portal to keep the doctor as well as the patient updated about the medical history.

CHAPTER FOUR
4 DESIGN OF PROJECT
4.1 Block diagram of the project
Block diagram comprises of microcontroller, pulseoximeter, regulated power supply ADC

(analog to digital converter), GSM module, and a central monitoring PC. The signals from
pulseoximeter are processed and amplified to desired level with the help of signal amplifier.
Then the output given to analog to digital converter. These converted digital signals are then fed
to microcontroller. Microcontroller then compares these values with the internally stored values.
If measured values cross the limit of reference values an alarm gives a sound which indicates
abnormal condition measured. Then microcontroller will send SMS to doctor’s mobile number
stored in memory through GSM modem and through central monitoring system PC by RS232.
Microcontroller continuously does this work, thus providing a real time monitoring of heart rate
and body temperature.
Fig 4.1 Block diagram of health monitoring in wireless vision

4.2 CIRCUIT SCHEMATICS
The circuit schematic is divided in four modules
1. Pulseoximeter interfaced with AT89C52.
2. GSM interfaced with AT89C52.
3. Buzzer interfaced with sensors.
4. LM35 interfaced with AT89C52.
For the detailed design wireless human health monitoring system first we must design the
pulseoximeter sensor that measures heart beat rate and body temperature.
4.3 HEART BEATSENSOR
The Pulseoximeter sensor primarily consists of the Red and Infra-Red LED, a photodiode and an
amplification circuitry. The Red, Infra-Red LEDs and Photodiode are combined together in a
sensor probe. The following block diagram represents the sensor.

Fig 4.2 Block diagram of sensor board
4.3.1 SENSOR PROBE
The sensor probe comprises of the Red, Infra-Red LEDs and the photodiode. The red and infra-
red LEDs transmit light at different frequencies with red LED transmitting at 660nm and the
Infra-Red LED transmitting at 940nm. The wavelength of the Red LED should be as close to
660nm as possible while that of the Infra-Red LED can vary over a relatively wider range. The
two LEDs are time multiplexed and are sourced at different times by the microcontroller. The
square pulse applied at the two LEDs is shown in the diagram
Fig 4.3 Timing diagram of LED'S
There are two types of sensor probes used for the pulseoximeter: the reactance probe and the
transmittance probe. The two types differ in the positioning of the LEDs and the photodiode.

4.3.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN
The preliminary design of the sensor board was simple and consisted of a simple RED and an
Infra-red LED powered by the signal generator and a BPW24R photodiode connected to an
OPAMP. The OPAMP used was LM324. The signal generator was used to generate a 1 kHz
square waveform which was fed to the two LEDs and the photodiode was used to receive the
attenuated light signal after it passed through the finger. The photodiode was in turn connected to
the input of the frits trans-impedance stage which was cascaded with the second amplification
stage.
The trance impedance stage simply converted the incoming current signal from the photodiode to
a voltage signal. Since this signal is extremely low another amplification stage is added to
amplify the signal sufficiently... A current source was used to simulate a photodiode. It was
observed that the output of the signal stage was clipped. In order to keep the OPAMP from
saturating by blocking the DC component, a 0.01F capacitor and 4.7k resistor was added in
series between the output of the first stage and the input of the second stage. The resulting
schematic and waveforms are shown below.

Fig 4.4 Systematic of initial design
4.4 TEMPERATURE SENSOR:

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Celsius Centigrade temperature.. The LM35 does not require any
external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4°C at room temperature and
±3⁄4°C over a full −55 to +150°C temperature range. Low cost is assured by trimming and
calibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s low output impedance, linear output, and precise
inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be
used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 μA from
its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate
over a −55° to +150°C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a −40° to +110°C range.

The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while the
LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The
LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220
package.
FEATURES:
 Calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)
 Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor
 0.5°C accuracy guarantee able (at +25°C)
 Rated for full −55° to +150°C range
 Suitable for remote applications
 Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
 Operates from 4 to 30 volts
 Less than 60 μA current drain
 Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air
 Nonlinearity only ±1⁄4°C typical
 Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load

PIN DIAGRAM:
Fig 4.5: Pin Diagram of LM35
4.4.1 APPLICATIONS
The LM35 can be applied easily in the same way as other integrated-circuit temperature sensors.
This presumes that the ambient air temperature is almost the same as the surface temperature; if
the air temperature were much higher or lower than the surface temperature, the actual
temperature of the LM35 die would be at an intermediate temperature between the surface
temperature and the air temperature. This is especially true for the TO-92 plastic package, where
the copper leads are the principal thermal path to carry heat into the device, so its temperature
might be closer to the air temperature than to the surface temperature. To minimize this problem,
be sure that the wiring to the LM35, as it leaves the device, is held at the same temperature as the
surface of interest. The easiest way to do this is to cover up these wires with a bead of epoxy
which will insure that the leads and wires are all at the same temperature as the surface, and that
the LM35 die's temperature will not be affected by the air temperature.

4.5 MICROCONTROLLER
Microcontrollers as the name suggests are small controllers. They are like single chip
computers that are often embedded into other systems to function as processing/controlling unit.
For example the remote control you are using probably has microcontrollers inside that do
decoding and other controlling functions. They are also used in automobiles, washing machines,
microwave ovens, toys ...etc., where automation is needed.
Micro-controllers are useful to the extent that they communicate with other devices, such as
sensors, motors, switches, keypads, displays, memory and even other micro-controllers. Many
interface methods have been developed over the years to solve the complex problem of balancing
circuit design criteria such as features, cost, size, weight, power consumption, reliability,
availability, manufacturability. Many microcontroller designs typically mix multiple interfacing
methods. In a very simplistic form, a micro-controller system can be viewed as a system that
reads from monitors inputs, performs processing and writes to control outputs. Embedded system
means the processor is embedded into the required application. An embedded product uses a
microprocessor or microcontroller to do one task only. In an embedded system, there is only one
application software that is typically burned into ROM. Example: printer, keyboard, video game
player.
Microprocessor - A single chip that contains the CPU or most of the computer
Microcontroller - A single chip used to control other devices
FEATURES:
 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

 Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
 32 Programmable I/O Lines
 Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
 Eight Interrupt Sources

 Programmable Serial Channel

 Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes.
4.5.1 MICROCONTROLLER AT89C52
DESCRIPTION:
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8Kbytes of

Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The on-chip Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory
programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Philips
AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer, which provides a highly flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications.
By the mid-1980s, most of the previously external system components had been integrated into
the same chip as the processor, resulting in integrated circuits called microcontrollers, and
widespread use of embedded systems became feasible.
 Product specification.
 Partitioning of the design into its software and hardware components.
 Iteration and refinement of partitioning.
 Independent hardware and software design tasks
 Integration of hardware and software components.
 Product testing and release.

Fig 4.6: Pin Diagram of AT89C51
PIN DESCRIPTION:
VCC - Supply voltage.
GND - Ground.
Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. When 1s are written to port 0 pins,
the pins can be used as high. Impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the
multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In
this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash
programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are
required during program verification.

Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be
configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2
trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively.
PORT PIN ALTERNATE FUNCTIONS:
P1.0 T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2), clock-out
P1.1 T2EX (Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger and direction control
Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2output buffers
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being
pulled low will source current (I IL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order
address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data
memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong
internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit
addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2
also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and
verification.
Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (I IL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various
special features of the AT89C51. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash
programming and verification.

PORT PIN ALTERNATE FUNCTIONS:
P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe).
RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device.
PSEN: Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the
AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each
machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data
memory.
EA/VPP: External Access Enable (EA) must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device
to fetch code from external pro-gram memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.
However, if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be
strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12V programming
enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming when 12V programming is selected.
XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2:it is an output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Fig 4.7 circuit diagram in proteus
In this circuit both push buttons are off state so the person should active push button
one to measure heart beat and active push button 2 of the proper measurement of body
temperature.

Fig 4.8 running circuit
This is the final circuit that measures both the heart beat rate and the body temperature
of the person, since both buttons are on state the may be required to insert his thump
on radiating led's and sense his body temperature through LM35 temperature sensor.

4.6 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

The mobile sensor node communicates with the server and the doctor via GSM network. A GSM
module connected to the sensor will repeatedly transmit data to another GSM device that is
serially interfaced with the servers system. This received data is captured into a text file and is
uploaded to a web application. In case the sensors value falls below a specified normal threshold
level, indicating irregular or insufficient oxygen level in patients' blood or a reduced heart rate
level, an alert SMS is sent to the doctor on his cellular phone. In the prototype implementation,
the server is directly interfaced with the sensor nodes processor through its UART hence
bypassing the GSM network from the path. This implementation is shown in the following flow
diagram.
Fig 4.9 Communication diagram

4.6.1 SERIAL COMMUNICATION
Patient’s record is to be kept on a database and uploaded on a web application. For this purpose,
the information is sent to the server via serial (bit-by-bit) communication. Serial capability is
available in PCs in the form of serial port. The standard serial interface used in computers is RS
232
4.6.2 RECOMMENDED STANDARD (RS-232)
RS-232 (Recommended standard-232) is a standard interface approved by the Electronic

industries Association (EIA) for asynchronous serial communication between serial devices with
computers. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning
of signals, and the physical size and pin out of connectors.
4.6.3 RS232 BIT STREAM SPECIFICATIONS
Length: The length of a data stream can be between five to eight bits. For accurate transmission
additional bits are augmented to the data bits for synchronization and error detection. The
transmitter and receiver must use the same length.
Baud rate: Serial ports use binary signaling, so the data rate in bits per second is equal to the
symbol rate in bauds. Hence baud rate defines the speed of data. It is important that both
transmitter and receiver use the same baud rate.
Parity: extra bit (parity bit) can be added to the data word for detection of errors. The transmitter
calculates the value of the bit depending on the information sent. The receiver performs the same
calculation and checks if the actual parity bit value corresponds to the calculated value.
Start bit: The start bit (attention bit) indicates the beginning of a data stream.
Stop Bit: The stop bit indicates the end of the data stream. All data and parity bits are framed by
start and stop bits. Usually a single stop bit is used.

4.7 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)
It is required that the doctor be promptly alerted in case of acute condition. For this purpose, the
mode of communication selected is GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication). GSM is a
global cellular phone network standard. Following features make GSM the most favorable and
cost-effective approach then other communication systems for this project:
1. Mobility: Due to its widespread wireless network, GSM allows great mobility. It can be easily
accessed through any one of the GSM operators available. Use of SIM cards also provides
flexibility as they can be transferred easily from one GSM device to the other without loss of
data and identity.
2. Quick and Simple Implementation: GSM can be implemented in a shorter time and without
much complexity. The required hardware consists of a GSM modem that is easily available in
market. Alternatively, a mobile phone handset can also be employed. A SIM that is also
obtainable at a minimal cost is inserted into the modem/handset and its software is configured
using a simple standard command set.
3. Easy Availability: GSM network has spread around the world. This makes it easily accessible
from any location. The hardware required can also be readily obtained.
4. Suitable for short data transmission via SMS Since the data to be transmitted consists of just a
small string of characters; therefore, it can be sent through the SMS feature of GSM. Hence for a
negligible cost critical information can be sent to the doctor to his cell phone in the form of a text
message.
5. Simultaneous Connection with Multiple Remote Data Access Points: As several patients will
be provided with the sensor device so each module must be able to communicate with the
doctor’s cell phone independently in case of critical condition. This requirement is also fulfilled
with the use of SMS.
6. High Uptime: Reliability is extremely critical to this project. GSM has a high uptime as
compared to other communication media. Also, since it is wireless there is little chance of
loss/distortion of information during transmission.

7. Low Cost: The cost of setup and implementation of GSM is very reasonable compared to
other modes of communication. The GSM module and SIM are a one- time expense. The SMS
charges are also nominal.
4.7.2 GSM MODULE
Although an old mobile phone handset could have been easily interfaced with the controller, a
stand-alone GSM modem is more convenient to use as old handsets that are capable of serial
interface are not available in market any more.
SIM300DZ
The GSM modem that has been used is SIM300DZ. It is tri-band GSM/GPRS engine that works
on frequencies, GSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and PCS1900 MHz.
SIM300DZ Features
This module has been chosen because of the following features.
_ Easily available in market.
_ Supports the required SMS capability.
_ With a tiny configuration of 33mm x 33mm x 3 mm, it can _t the space requirement of the
application.
_ With the charge circuit integrated inside the SIM300DZ, it is very suitable for then battery
power application.
_ Designed with power saving technique, the current consumption is as low as 2.5mA in SLEEP
mode.
_ Easily configurable using AT commands.

4.7.3 Interfacing SIM300DZ with Microcontroller
The GSM module is designed as a DCE (Data Communication Equipment), following the
traditional DCE-DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) connection, the module and the
microcontroller (DTE) are interfaced by cross-connecting their RX and TX pins. The data to be
transmitted is placed at the TX pin of the microcontroller and is received at the RX file of the
GSM module.

4.7.4 GSM MODULE CONFIGURATION (AT COMMANDS)
AT commands are instructions that are used to communicate with and control the GSM modem.
AT is the abbreviation of Attention.
Fig 4.10: GSM and Microcontroller Interfacing
SETUP COMMANDS
AT Command Format
A command line is a string of characters sent from a DTE (the controller) to the modem (DCE)
while the modem is in a command state. A command line has a prefix, a body, and a terminator.
Each command line (except A/ command) must begin with the character sequence AT and must
be terminated by a carriage return. Commands entered in upper case or lower case, are accepted,
but both the A and T must be of the same case, i.e., AT or at. The default terminator is the
ENTER key <CR> character. Characters that precede the AT prefix are ignored. The command
line interpretation begins upon receipt of the ENTER key character.

INITIAL SETUP AT COMMANDS
Following commands are AT commands to setup and check the status of the GSM modem.
4.4.6.3 AT commands for SMS
AT + CMGF
This command is used to select message format. Its syntax is AT+CMGF=index<CR>. In this
project, we have used the Text format.
AT + CMGS
This command is used to send message. Its syntax is as follows:
AT+CMGS="xxxxxxxxxxx"<CR>
text is entered
<ctrl-Z >
where the x0s represent the receivers number.

4.7.5 COMMUNICATION ASSEMBLY
The availability of two UART channels in the micro controller used in this project, allows both
the GSM module and the computer to be interfaced with it simultaneously. The TX and RX of
GSM module SIM300DZ are connected to UCA0RXD and UCA0TXD respectively while the
TX and RX of the FT232BL chip are connected to UCA1RXD and UCA1TXD respectively. The
FT232BL is then connected to a USB connector.

Fig 4.11: Communication Assembly
4.8 WINDOWS SERVICE
The values of heart level and body temperature and patient’s condition corresponding to these,
being transmitted to the serial interface of the server and the patient himself that loads are written
into a text file using the Capture Text functionality of Hyper Terminal. A windows service reads
the text file after a fixed interval. This data is then saved into a data base. This is shown in the
following diagram:
capture text red save

hyper terminal text file window server data
base
Fig 4.12 Window service
For development of data base SQL server has been used.

CHAPTER FIVE
5 SIMULATION AND SYSTEM TEST
5.1 SYSTEM TEST
After the design and implementation phase, the system has to be tested for
durability, efficiency, and effectiveness and to ascertain if there is need to modify
the design. The system is tasted using protues software. When the patient wants to
know the health statues he/she must first powered (switched) ON and the sensor
nodes. As the of the heart beat varies from the critical range, an alarm was sounded
, indicating that the patient is got not in healthy condition.
The other determining factor is a patient’s body temperature, as the same way if
the temperature range is out of a known critical value an alarm connected gives a
sound which notices the patient for his un healthy condition.

Fig 5.1 Initial circuit off state of the project
Fig 5.2 Active circuit measuring heart beat and body temperature

5.2 WEB APPLICATION
A web application has been developed to keep a visual record of patients using the device and
their basic and medical information. Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 has been used for web
development. Two roles have been defined in this web application i. e; Admin and Depending on
the role the user is directed to different home pages.
sign in
search user info basic

and medical
create
view change
all password
data base
Fig 5.3 web application
5.2.1 LOG IN
The first page displayed on accessing the web application is the Log in page where the user has
to provide his User Name and Password. For the sake of easy identification User Names have
been kept the same as the SIM numbers of the SIMs inserted in the devices that has been allotted
to each user. The admin can simply log in by his user name .

Fig 5.4: Log In page
5.2.2 ADMIN
Admin can be the doctor or any other person assigned to maintain the web application. When the
admin signs in, he is directed to his home page where he can perform the following activities:
Create:
This functionality allows the admin to create a new account of a patient. On this page the admin
has to enter the Account Information of the user, which includes the SIM number, email address
and password of the user, and his Basic Information, i. e; Name, Age, Gender and Address of the
user.
5.2.3 VIEW ALL
The View All functionality lets the admin view a list of all the users that have been allotted the
wireless health monitoring device. The list displays each users SIM number, Name, Age , gender
and address.

table 5.1 All patients in the database server

5.2.4 CREATE USER
This page requests the user to fill the basic account information.
Fig 5.5 create account page
User:
User refers to the person/patient who has been allotted a wireless health monitoring device. Each
user is identified by the SIM number of the SIM contained in the device given to that user. When
a user signs in he can view the following pages.

5.2.5 PATIENT INFORMATION PAGE

This page displays the medical status of the persons with their respective data
Table 5.2 medical information
5.3 FUTURE PROSPECTS

5.3.1 Improvements
Portability
In the developed prototype data is being dumped on server via a direct serial interface.
However, it can easily be sent to the server via GSM network allowing portability. This
implementation is shown in the following flow diagram.

Fig 5.6 future perspective diagram
5.3.2 ADDITINAL SENSORS
Availability of a number of analogue channels allows integration of additional noninvasive

sensors. Sensors such as diabetes sensors, blood pressure and ECG electrodes etc. can be added
to facilitate measurement of greater number of health parameters, hence leading to a better and
more reliable monitoring system. The electrocardiogram is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that is
used to reflect underlying heart conditions by measuring the electrical activity of the heart.
Electrocardiogram electrodes are readily available in market and can be easily integrated to this

projected. A three to five electrical sensing devices are required to be connected to patients body
positioned on the body in standardized locations, and signal from these can be acquired and
analyzed by implementing simple hardware filters and software signal processing. The
information about many heart conditions can be attained from the characteristic patterns of the
ECG. A non-invasive sensor designed to measure human blood pressure can also be included.
It can be used to measure systolic and diastolic blood. In order to add this sensor in this project a
pump bulb, pressure transducer and an adjustable cuff is required.
WEARABLE AND COMPACT DESIGN
Since most of the signal processing has been done at software level, the hardware is highly
compact. The hard-coded units when manufactured in bulk can be easily fit into a wearable
design. A clip housing the LEDs and the photodiode can be worn by the patient on his finger and
the rest of the hardware can be worn on the patient’s wrist.

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUISION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 CONCLUSION
From this project we can conclude that this can be one of the best methods for health care
application where the doctors can analyze the subject condition from the place where they are
sitting and hence proper and timely Medical care to the patient can be given .The planning,
design, implementation and execution of this project has really been executed using protues,
micrC, SQL server and Visual Studio 2010. The configuration of the various units into one unit
to obtain a desired output of detecting the heartbeat rate through pulses from the blood vessels on
the wrist/thumb, and monitoring of the body temperature took a lot of courage. Thus, this device
integrated with modern technology have been initiated to help in regularizing the health
condition of most individuals by keeping track of their heartbeat rate condition as well as a
constant monitoring of their body temperature.
6.2 RECOMMENDATION
This project, though a prototype design, is recommended for use at the hospitals and at homes for
certain individuals who are prone to cardiac arrests or any form of cardio-vascular
infection/disease. Patients who occasionally develop an excessive body temperature can as well
make use of this device to help them to know their temperature status at a given instant.
For long life usage of the device must be placed is away from dust particles. Because
sensors are easily affected by such things.

6.3 REFERENCE
BOOKS
1. Biomedical Instrumentation and measurements - Cromwell and Weibell
2. Introduction to biomedical Equipment Technology - Carr Brown
3.National Semiconductor Corporation,
4.LM35 datasheet,
5 Developing a Heartbeat Monitoring System Using PIC Microcontroller”. B. KUiTTHO pub.
WEB SITES
www.sensorcompany.com
http://www.smm.org/heart/lessons/lesson1

6.4 APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY
LED-Light emitting diode
ADC-Analog to digital converter
DAC-digital to analog convertor
GSM-Global system for mobile communication
LAN-Local area network
WLAN-Wireless local area network
PDA-Personal digital assistant
ECG-Electrocardiogram
WSN-Wireless sensor network
GUI-Graphical user interface
OPAMP-Operational amplifier
SIM-Subscriber identity module
RAM-Random access memory
CMOS-Complementary metallic oxide semiconductor
DC-Direct current
AC-Alternating current
TPO-transmitter pulseoximeter
RPO-receiver pulseoximeter
IR-Infra-red

GPS-Global positioning system
EIA-Electronic industries association
DCE-Data communication equipment
DTE-Data terminal equipment

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JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

WIRELESS HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 1

1.1 Principle of Operation

Fig1.1 Basic Pulseoximeter Assembly

WIRELESS HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 2

1.2 Types of Pulseoximeter

Depending on the physical location of photodiode, pulseoximeter can be classified as:

WIRELESS HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 3

Fig1.2: Transmission vs. reflectance pulseoximeter

Probes and the position of their components

WIRELESS HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 4

1.4 Problem Statement

WIRELESS HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 5

1.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

WIRELESS HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 6

WIRELESS HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 7

2.2 Literature Review

WIRELESS HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 8

Fig2.1: A Wireless PDA-Based Physiological Monitoring system for Patient

2.2.2 Advanced Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

WIRELESS HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 9

Fig 2.2 Current configuration of the medical test on bed

2.2 Our Implementation

WIRELESS HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 10

3.1 Simple sensor

3.2 Digital signal processing

3.3 Mode of communication used

WIRELESS HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 11

3.4 Database and Web Application

WIRELESS HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 12

4.1 Block diagram of the project

Block diagram comprises of microcontroller, pulseoximeter, regulated power supply ADC

Fig 4.1 Block diagram of health monitoring in wireless vision

WIRELESS HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 13

4.2 CIRCUIT SCHEMATICS

The circuit schematic is divided in four modules

1. Pulseoximeter interfaced with AT89C52.

2. GSM interfaced with AT89C52.

3. Buzzer interfaced with sensors.

4. LM35 interfaced with AT89C52.

4.3 HEART BEATSENSOR

WIRELESS HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 14

Fig 4.2 Block diagram of sensor board

4.3.1 SENSOR PROBE

Fig 4.3 Timing diagram of LED'S

WIRELESS HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 15

4.3.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN

WIRELESS HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 16

Fig 4.4 Systematic of initial design

4.4 TEMPERATURE SENSOR:

WIRELESS HUMAN HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM Page 17

 Calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)

 Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor

 0.5°C accuracy guarantee able (at +25°C)

 Rated for full −55° to +150°C range

 Suitable for remote applications

 Low cost due to wafer-level trimming

 Operates from 4 to 30 volts

 Less than 60 μA current drain

 Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air

 Nonlinearity only ±1⁄4°C typical

 Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load