Directive principles:

(1) The political objective of the State shall be to establish a public welfare
system of governance, by establishing a just system in all aspects of the national
life through the rule of law, values and norms of fundamental rights and human
rights, gender equality, proportional inclusion, participation and social justice,
while at the same time protecting the life, property, equality and liberties of the
people, in keeping with the vitality of freedom, sovereignty, territorial integrity
and independence of Nepal, and to consolidate a federal democratic republican
system of governance in order to ensure an atmosphere conducive to the
enjoyment of the fruits of democracy, while at the same time maintaining the
relations between the Federal Units on the basis of cooperative federalism and
incorporating the principle of proportional participation in the system of
governance on the basis of local autonomy and decentralization.
(2) The social and cultural objective of the State shall be to build a civilized and
egalitarian society by eliminating all forms of discrimination, exploitation and
injustice on the grounds of religion, culture, tradition, usage, custom, practice or
on any other similar grounds, to develop social, cultural values founded on
national pride, democracy, pro-people, respect of labour, entrepreneurship,
discipline, dignity and harmony, and to consolidate the national unity by
maintaining social cohesion, solidarity and harmony, while recognizing cultural
diversity.
(3) The economic objective of the State shall be to achieve a sustainable
economic development, while achieving rapid economic growth, by way of
maximum mobilization of the available means and resources through
participation and development of public, private and cooperatives, and to
develop a socialismoriented independent and prosperous economy while
making the national economy independent, self-reliant and progressive in order
to build an exploitation free society by abolishing economic inequality through
equitable distribution of the gains.
(4) The State shall direct its international relations towards enhancing the
dignity of the nation in the world community by maintaining international
relations on the basis of sovereign equality, while safeguarding the freedom,
sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence and national interest of
Nepal.

Article 234. Inter-State Council:

(1) There shall be an Inter-State Council as follows to settle political disputes
arising between the Federation and a State and between States:
(a) Prime Minister - Chairperson (b) Minister for Home Affairs of the
Government of Nepal- Member (c) Minister for Finance of the Government of
Nepal - Member (d) Chief Ministers of the concerned States - Member
(2) The Inter-State Council may meet as required.
(3) The Inter-State Council may invite to its meeting a Minister of the
Government of Nepal and a Minister of the concerned State who is responsible
for the matter of dispute and a concerned expert.
(4) The rules of procedures of the meeting of the Inter-State Council shall be as
determined by the Council itself.
235. Coordination between Federation, State and Local Level:
(1) The Federal Parliament shall make necessary laws in order to maintain
coordination between the Federation, State and Local level.
(2) The State Assembly may maintain coordination between the State and
Village Bodies or Municipalities and settle political disputes, if any, that have
arisen, in coordination with the concerned Village Body, Municipality and the
District Coordination Committee.
(3) The processes and procedures for the settlement of disputes under clause (2)
shall be as provided for in the State law.
236. Inter-State trade: Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this
Constitution, it is prohibited to make any kind of obstruction to the carriage of
goods or extension of services by a State or Local level to another State or
Local level or to the carriage of goods or extension of services to any State or
Local Level or to levy tax, fee or charge thereon or to make any kind of
discrimination on the carriage or extension of such services or goods.
Migration and Development 2021

 remittance flows to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were

projected to decline by 7.2 percent, to $508 billion in 2020, followed by a
further decline of 7.5 percent, to $470 billion in 2021.
 Remittance flows to LMICs touched a record high of $548 billion in
2019, larger than foreign direct investment (FDI) flows ($534 billion) and
overseas development assistance (about $166 billion).
 Despite the projected decline, the importance of remittances as a source
of external financing for LMICs is expected to increase further in 2020.
 According to these projections, in 2020, in current US dollar terms, the
top remittance recipient countries are expected to be India, China,
Mexico, the Philippines, and Egypt, unchanged from 2019 (figure 1.7).
When remittances are calculated as a share of GDP, the top five
recipients in 2020 are smaller economies: Tonga, Haiti, Lebanon, South
Sudan, and Tajikistan.
 Remittances to South Asia are projected to suffer a protracted decline of
around 4 percent in 2020 and 11 percent in 2021. Remittances to Nepal
and Sri Lanka are expected to decline by 12 percent and 9 percent,
respectively, in 2020.
 Nepal remittance (23% by share of GDP). India received 75.9 billion
USD while Nepal 7.4 billion USD remittance 2020.
 the India-Nepal corridor—had costs below the SDG target of 3 percent
 An estimated 88–115 million persons are thrown back into severe poverty
as a result of the economic crisis (World Bank 2020a).
 According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD), the share of the working-age population with jobs
fell by 4.0 percentage points, to 64.8 percent, in Q2 2020, the lowest
figure since Q4 2010 (OECD 2020a).2 High-frequency data are not
available on the employment levels of foreign workers in most countries.
Anecdotally, however, foreign workers have lost jobs in relatively large
numbers.
 According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), global labor
income losses (before considering income support measures) declined by
10.7 percent during the first three-quarters of 2020 compared to the same
period in 2019. The estimated income losses amounted to $3.5 trillion, or
5.5 percent of global gross domestic product (GDP) (ILO 2020). The loss
of wages and earnings was likely higher for migrant workers.
 Migrants working in the informal sector and irregular (undocumented)
migrants are particularly vulnerable during this crisis. Not only are they
suffering from a loss of income and employment, but also are excluded
from social security and cash transfer programs implemented by host
country governments.
 According to the International Migration Outlook 2020, issuances of new
visas and permits in OECD countries fell by 46 percent in the first half of
2020 compared with the same period in 2019, registering the largest drop
ever recorded (OECD 2020c).
 The high recruitment costs faced by many low-skilled migrant workers
reduce the overall benefits from migration and its impact on reducing
poverty in poor countries. n the recruitment cost indicator has seen
relatively more progress in Asian countries.