IMAGE RECOGNITION USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT

ANALYSIS

A Dissertation (MAJOR PROJECT- PHASE I) submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements
for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
Submitted By
BCDEFGHFTYU
(09251A0401)

Under the esteemed guidance of

X.YZQQQQ
Designation, ECE Dept, GNITS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG

G. NARAYANAMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
(for women)
(AUTONOMOUS)
AN ISO 9001-2015 CERTIFIED INSTITUTION
ACCREDITED by NBA & NAAC
2021-2022
 DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG

CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE PROJECT ENTITLED

IMAGE RECOGNITION USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT

ANALYSIS

IS THE BONAFIDE WORK OF

SISTLA ANJANA JYOTI (00251A0458)

C. SIREESHA (02251A0484)

D. RAJANI (02251A0466)

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING DURING THE YEAR 2021-2022

Dr. B.Venkateshulu
PROF & HOD, ECE GUIDE
(Name & Designation)
 COMPANY CERTIFICATE
(Only for Central Government companies)
ORGANIZATION PROFILE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Internal guide
External guide
Coordinator
HOD
Principal
All faculty
Supporting staff
Friends
Parents etc
(All Names should be in bold)

Sistla Anjana Jyoti (00251A0458)

Chilakamarri Sireesha (02251A0484)
Devineni Rajani (02251A0466)
 INDEX
S. No Topic Page No
Abstract i
List of figures ii
List of tables iii
Acronyms iv
1.0 Introduction
1.1 About project in brief 1
1.2 Literature Survey 2
1.3 Formulation of the problem and objectives 4
1.4 Methodology 4
1.5 Hardware and software used 5
1.6 Organization of dissertation 6
2.0 Digital Signal Processing
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Definition 6
2.1.2 The Digital Signal 6
2.1.3 Sampling 6
2.1.4 Applications 8
2.1.5 The Sub Fields 8
2.2 Digital Image Processing
2.2.1 Introduction 9
2.2.2 Definition 10
22.3 Applications 11
2.3 Conclusions 13

3.0 Image Fundamentals

3.1 Introduction 15
 3.2 The Digital Image 16
3.2.1 Discretization 17
3.2.2 Quantization 18
3.2.3 The Digital Image Description 19
3.2.4 Image File Formats 20
3.2.4.1 The .jpg File Format 21
3.2.4.2 The .tiff File Format 22
3.2.4.3 The .gif File Format
3.2.4.4 The .png File Format
3.2.5 Bitmap Files
3.2.5.1 The .bmp File Format
3.2.5.2 The .dib File Format
3.2.5.3 The .rle File Format
3.3. Results and discussions
3.4 Conclusions
4.0 Flow chart for H/w, pseudocode for S/w
4.1…….(optional)
4.1.1 (optional)
5.0 Implementation
(optional and can be clubbed with pseudocode for S/W projects))
5.1 (Hardware working)……..
5.1.1
6.0 Results
7.0 Conclusions, Advantages, Disadvantages and Future extensions
REFERENCES
Include If any technical paper in Conference or Journal
Appendix 1 – Introduction to C language
(mention page Numbers as I to X)
Appendix 2 – Functions and Arguments used in the Code
Appendix 3 – Cardan’s Method of Solving a Cubic Equation
 ABSTRACT

Image Recognition is an important aspect of Digital Image Processing that provides

innumerable applications in the fields of security, databases and retrieval. This project aims
to create an efficient and flexible system that can recognize and categorize any image given
to it as an input by the user in a dynamic environment.
Principal Component Analysis is a tool popularly used in data analysis. It combines
concepts from statistics and mathematics and results in an algorithm that successfully
reduces the size of the image data while simultaneously summarizing the co variances or
invariant characteristics of the image into a single “principal component”.
Having derived the principal component, the input image is compared with the
images in the database assuming their principal components extracted. The comparison
is performed by making use of the Least Mean Square algorithm.
All the above concepts were implemented in the C language keeping in view the
eventual implementation of the code. Further enhancements to the developed code are in
the pipeline keeping in view the need for a user friendly, quick and efficient application.
 LIST OF FIGURES
S. No Fig No Name of the fig Page No
 LIST OF TABLES
S. No Table No Name of the table Page No
 ACRONYMS
S. No Abbreviations Full form
 REFERENCES
1. Author(s), Title of the book, Publisher with Edition. Volume no, page no, month
& year of publication

2. EXAMPLE: Hecht Nielson, “Robert, Neuro Computing & Application”, TMH,

2nd ed., Volume no.-III pp 240 to 300, September 2003.

3. Names of the authors should be written in alphabetical order. Say

A
B
C
D
------
------
---------
Z
4. If the same author writes 2 books in the same year, then month should be given
preference.
5. If month and year both are same then, the number for that reference is given as
2.a and 2.b
Note:
1. Paper Size: A4
2. Entire book left margin: 1.25 inches
Right margin: 1 inch
Top margin: 1 inch
Bottom margin: 1 inch
3. Color of Report: Black
4. Font size for running mater: 12
Font size for sub Title: 14, BOLD
Font size for main Title: 16, BOLD, CENTER
Font style: Times New Roman
Alignment of text should be JUSTIFIED
5. One tab space at the beginning of each paragraph.
6. 1 ½ line spacing between line –to-line and paragraph to paragraph.
7. No. of books (copies): 6 No.’s (if team size is 4) all are Spiral bound.
1 copy: Dept library (A4 paper)
1 copy: Internal Guide (A4 paper)
1 copy: each individual (A4 paper)
8. Each page should contain page no. (Bottom right side corner) and a Footer
at the bottom center “GNITS – ECE DEPT” with font size of 12 Times New
Roman.
9. Individual project copy should contain only one name and in all other
books all the group names should present.
10. Minimum number of pages in report: 40
11. Do Centre alignment for all figures. Name of the figure and its
corresponding number should be written below the figure. Refer figure
number in running text
12. Topics that are not important can be included in Appendix
13. “Page break” has to be inserted after every chapter and important figures.
 14. Abstract and conclusion should be synchronized
15. Chapter should have minimum of 5 pages
16. Chapter should not begin with pictures
17. Name of the table and its corresponding number should be written on top
of the table.
18. In the literature survey, you have to quote “the statements” (which are
useful to your dissertation)”.
Example:
Author’s name is XYZ, and year of publication is 2000, then we have to
write it as
XYZ (2000) has stated as
---
---
19. If we have more than 2 authors, then it should be given as ( say authors
are ABC, DEF and GHI , in 2004)
ABC et al., (2004) have analyzed as …….
20.If you are doing project in the dept., in place of “internal guide” you can
write only “Guide” and don’t include company certificate and organization
profile
21. All Page Numbers should be aligned in the Index Page