FOR MORE EXCLUSIVE CIVIL ENGINEERING E-TEXTBOOKS AND GATE MATERIALS, NOTES VISIT www.CivitEnccForALL.cOoM AN EXCLUSIVE WEBSITE BY AND FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS AND GRADUATESAug, aa Georgennscar Enginegring (12 marks) — Origin oF Sois 1 Bol wa akunally occuring wnton tolid ated earth reakeniah present above the bed nock. — Terzaghy Kavl: Terzaghy — Father of Soil Mechomice Oniginy ob olla i dus. t Dee. ‘ ANeathoring. of mocks omporition of ongonic, Gisintegatton) , < tk matte Coosa soil) Grganic soils’ or Sarat &: gnovel sand, dome Eg: Drm un, reek, poet ape. ob silts 5 clas > “Weathering of ‘Rocke Phasicak weathering, Chemical weath ont due to Prysical effects —due +0 chemical adions a) temperature Change 2) ovadatcon, by Alnosion. (4 grindion ackion b) Canbonatron. Blowing, ook B wind) 2 Uy oration bP CO Splitting action due to > 4 — / ; ice,nait, perutrabtom of, plant noste Beye: = Produces toils like grewel, Band, — produces veils lke ley, Non plastic silt: plaatic ite> Geological Cycle: Pedoganesis : Ft te a procews of formation of aoil > Tnanspontation of Foil : ge we dua to a Wind — Aeolian Soil + tramsported & depesital by wind. by Woden — Alluvial Soil : tromported, ra) water & depasitel ale or Glacier — Glacier deposit : tnomoporbad glacier niven a Gromitay _ Colluvial Soil : tnonropertal & depostol by Grant Lacustrine Soil r= tnomepo rte ly) wet & deporte im lakes Mavine Soil :- tnorsportel by caten & depot al rs toa, % Clarvificakton of oils a) Reriducl Soils.t— gol whidh remains ox or mean th (Sedentary Soil.) parent rock. by Tnamporcted. Boil t- tromaporctal envoy from ponent nook 5 Forces acting on the Soil Panticles : dy Gromstaktonal Foe on Bory Force. Gi Bonhoce force Rody Force. Girface Force Gade & proportional to mare GF te proportional to Soxhact uh By weight 00 &] r cdhetion, electrodhemical te is predorninant in growel Band Gir Ft te predominant wm cl (Hay bérarour ie main’ controlled by Surtpce force) cia~ Gr the cose ch ailky coil both body force amd sunhore fore é “4 § ee axe eysally important > Populan eld narnes of ils 1, Black Cotton sol (Be Foil)i—a nasidural clays ral - ay plastic —ondhibts nigh toelling & Arninkoge due 1 prodenea of & wontmorillonite” clay minenc = ponent nook te Basatt tnay 2. Loam t— a mix of fond, silk 8 clay. 3. Mosrum:— % grovel rmixed with red. doy 4. Bontonia:— a decompact volcamic ash -a cheesey gol, “nigh, plastic, highg coat abtonly = bentonite. sovey iw cabled ieee Mad 5. Vanved Clary ¢— containg abbonnake thin Layers of sith 8 cla — lacustrine cdoporibs- 6. Loess :— Aeolian daposit, — tortoine gith aigeol panti cles — wreak caxmenbeol by 00s paxticlas 4 1 Bond. dumes i: Aeolian deposit: S — particle tye is fame. ° g. Mhunus 1 Thal decormpared organic soil = amongh ae (conor hous 2 crystalline fo, Muck 1 contains fore Inenganic panics ith decompo organic matwnial, , — block m colour. 10 Peo 2- highly decomposed. ergamic matter. = four wm netune — donk brown to block coloun = bod odeoorin Fal eer depaitial soil. (a mam mode dapesit) 2. DEFINITIONS & PROPERTIES OF SOIL Ponriahy rkuraked toil + Judd teckanoded teil Bry til + Lolide + ain Solids + waknr + ain (3 phase syck 1 Molde + vb (2 phase sysbern) * Frozen solids + water + ice +ain.(4 phase aystem) Vg > volume of telids ] owe VY —> volume of geil w Ww oe W—> volume of voids \ solids VW = Vwt Va a Es Phase Diagram N= Ve + Yw + No. on 0 Bock agro. xy Noid Ratio, e os Ww Ns Porge re mine than 3mo , ik com have anys value (ro limit, —Jer coamre a wil, @ <1 genally, — Jer fone grant soil, @>1 gerorody -gJhe te of Fa sél gone allig, mane er the oe coonne. gprcfinach sal. SP Diagonal amv Cubical array ‘epee ey (loose st stato) Gensest stake)% Bpecific Gravity of Soil ks as Solids, & Fu dastiled, a WAKO (pune water) Mao called ‘Trae Specific gravity of Sil’ Jon acl, Gi 2.60 — 2.95 generally, Grongensc) % Mew Socthic Growity of Sil. (on) Bulk H. Ba, of soil: (or) Apparent Epecikic Gnawtdy of 20, Gm Yo Jen an one, tol, Gm = a gaa porttaMe, tokunatel til, Gen Gm = dor a fey Seakunatead soil, [en < 6]. Jor cement :- to Es oct bw Spusce Sp. granity > 6= 315 Apporent Sp. gey Gm = 144 Jor coment, ty = 3150 Yg = 1440 kg Flood n x 44% Important Relationships = 1 e = wG Sr 2 t= (Stes ite 3. Isat = Iw (Gte \ ite kge/et ) 4g = IwS +e 5 ta= 2% T4+W T¥s Vat Se(saie=a 6. t= a —na)bwG 1+. WG¥ Secrunoted unit woaight of Soils Tat on ge iw the bulk unit wocight of foil im a gatunated ce => Var >¥ Jor partially satwrestad #6, Vouk use F Yon july Batunotel soil, use sat * Bry Umit weight of Boil, Ya Ya = Ws _ Vv Gt combe used wrepective of sabinakcon wel of soils x Ue wooght of Sotide, % 1 = Ve ¥ uberorged. Vente Waght of Bal, Ish 2 VW howe the fubereng col we of foil pen umttr leat UV =grovdy orca To Bo bucyamt force. J volume of, Foil Y= Year — tw { Pass, Bulomongeh wnt oh Bil te based on Anthimedds Principle. MOONDAY . tw = unit voeig ht of water ° <1 glee = 1 tonfed = 1000 byl/nd Q = agi knee & 10 knfre 9 oO > eat > Tuk > 7% aaa Jara geen toil, Is rerrakns a tomobamt LYx Porosity (aleo cabled. “Porceringe voiela’ ) n= W_ x00 Romga : oc n weight of alice Ww — > weight of geil (wa te ngpligibte ) Or ane ob sel in ane condition (=ws). & Water Content, w w= Ws + Ww Reese OO) Ws =o =0 Jer doy ail, ¥100 We For a tatunated toil, wo re vooden corbantt have. omg) value gree than 30 Bomokimet >100 Yo Jomekivnss < 1007. ) ae weight of Boil, ¥ * ik uw the total weight of soil pen unit volume -it we of aeil. Y= sgSp a wnt Phase rt ain Na | dicgnarn, i | C, cut =] @ | ne wot of wa [he e= Wo Ve ity Solids ie Unit Phase diagram. Sh Vers, thon 3 Phase Diaggare e=W, @ Jo dae nr & e @ Jo denive = eSr 16 > e- wa 7 esr @ Jo dove Y= Vw (Gres \ \+e Yo Wet ww = Iss + tue v v Geeccoaness “ee. ; y= be (GteSr) 7 4 ite a > Before compaction Alen compactor, ee. Yaa» Ws @ , Ta» Wstoes Vv XG+e) Ms 1424 Y= Ws. sy tae J Na = A Ve Yao @, Dre to compackion , the void nabio of a gol rad ucad fom 1 to 0:6, Whok iw the PF Volume boas Ve 2 J4Ob = 16 M mH aon No =O8NVy A vol. Aduced to 80% vol. reduced \y 20% => volume lew w 20% » Jo ind ‘Wecter Convert of Soil : a) Quem drags Wlethod., > mosb accunate method by Pyonornekor Method a can be used only if 6’ is kmown © Sard beth methods qaick eld smethod. (approx. volue) « 4) Calan Candicla. mathod.> quick method. @ Tonsion balance method» to find Wie ck different dapths below Orb ) Oven. Drying method, ¢ woek soll. Tr oven avy soil > for 24 houns ——> = 105°- 110 Ww weg B- MOC, Wa awe wt: of usek soil nwa = wt of oy sol = Wsby Caleimrn Canlide method. yw calcium canbide —> acetylene gas (Cace) wet soil Armoumt of acabslere ge woken crtent of sort © Sond Barth method wetscil. Gs a cade method weal mm He produced uw dinectly proportionad, to youd. 7 Flarne. a Pyenometer Method. i : Wi Wa wa Woeter contend, 2 = We G-1)\_ Al oe i Wes ws \ G 4 GC @Fo fond Featic Gnomity 6, replace Second container. 1 Ndig —P volume of worker displaced, of ang soil Ye Wamewad, then Ndic =Vs (vole of solide) od pontiods Jodturated foil i immersed , Vais = Vs + Nw® Porc. ollyy fokuxokel soil with wor coating, then Vaig = total volume of 20 = y+ voli oh wo 4» Jo detearnine In-site Ya ond e dy) Cone Custer Method. > susbalsle or Clasp only, (cShesive ) ti Bond Replacement method > suitralste or ony ‘sil = Ww cone V cubker Y= 3 = wo lw +e a 2 rug, rvespay Pe Yahe gle ak M=Sh 2 Y alice € remains contact 29 ak eon= 0% Wet 3 I= Bd (140) = fo (140) ea ire 2 Foe (1409) (ew conthont) he = 1-05 — i hn1- 066 glee5@ Waker oddsd = 0 02 1 Sokol voeigit w= 02 bye Mors of toy =I oF Cantal volume arournel to be. constant: ) Y= = 22 = 2000 bye v on Ya = 100. by Ie! Ya = jaw. \e00 = 2000 _ rH (method we vadid only if Ni remains const aPien adding @& wortor) Sudeal vovigae, w = 018 bg, V= lote! 5 Yd = 1o00 kgf ta = We oe ee i Ww = 0.02 kg, le00 = Ws => Ws =0. (6 's. (wooden present dvi a 10 Awlacker. added odaitiorally, = 0.02 ky. . : Wes = 0:02 + 0102 =o. only, drrak woken content = 0,04 100 = Bae Ont w= 362g > V= Disb ant, WL ws = 20/3605 G=268' 3 e =? Sra Qwows x100 = 70% wa 8 ome pa our alee —0 & & y =e = S462 = 140 glec, 26.66 Y= fo(arew wao= 1 (2.68 + 0-7 22-68) ire ite. hoe = 225 Sr = 07 x268 E344, 225 @ Ya = Wet. 20:86 = 0.825 Ghee “ 20:36 24.66 Ya = GY ive 2.25 fo. WH le, Y= 205 glee. G=2.67 Ya- Gly = 4 +e 14s 267x1 _ 205 “Te be e= wh Sy = O1%X 2.67 ° BO => Sy ONE K2 ET 9g. 52% O54 = 34.3% , Gm = Ys — 194 (Sil vw sakun cote) Sur , e=wG_ ~ 03936 Sr Year = bw (6te) Ve wey = G+03%6 3 G= 2-70 ,e@ T0343 6 01343 G= 108Embankenert\ Ne Borrow [OO Boh | Yan = 1-65 glee B= 17S glee wa = (8% mee Ve e100 we wa? Ya = Ee = as MW Tao > 1gke = 1409/m 1 mat Mo uy +o a" Ti = 1.57 Ni = £88 x 1000 1457 Jo noite wc porn Wigwet ight water 40 be addled = Ad V (w2-™) owes % = 165x1000K 1000 (0 1@-0-12) glee v Lob Voruck = 11S Yeu = 82 bora = ‘ g we 6 wee wy = . 9 Ve = 2 Ve =1008 Ved ; = 2s bop = 1008 tags | Tg =H BG j Nee Te Ns 2 Ve =L28 yi00 = a7 = 24.6 nog = 25 nos BH dweim, d-4 - Gren 2 = 8 Sy = 0") aw Saahade du = = 25m 0:depth of voids, dy = 1-25 e = av ae de Ss Total depth of Boils d= de tdy = 3.15 m ER) baced on Unit Phase Digg ram. Greer depth of woah = 1m 2% = O5KOP =O4 mM I4e = eos =hSm makes bm depth Om depth of wo aka oh oh BOY satunaked . Doh of gal = a wb = 825m 4 40% » 25, w= 12"fo n= 2 we fey neem 0 10..Coe) =n 1-0-4 en 2G = we Co ft tah unadion). Sr wo = 2 = 266% 3x5 ‘s Ya = to G \te Dake Two= i tonne eee teed sto) cach ee = 1,6 x 100 (26:6=12 (2-655 > ta = us tm rweigee ob = 2ied_tons. a Yat C2 be void ratio at increascl volume of sol Ne = U4@e Ni \+e, Los = 1ee ww TF ObETYok wg be waster umttent ab inveared volume, 22 = WgG Sy OTS = $3x25 Sy=t => 93 = 30 Wa = Ws = 1S g We woeight , w= 195 5 Total va: of StL, v = 5%= 25 of ws Wend = 69 WoWa y100 x100 = 5 Wa 135 paca, e@= Ve 220446 ise =w os L “Wsade Sa ae = = 156 glee Veot = Iwo (Gre ) => 1sb = 1 (6+0.44G_ re 140-446, = 2.07 e=0.446= 9:92 V=125 ont AWE of voaken added = las —1a5 = 60g 2 Mol of water a =2 =o ee Nol. of voicl = vol. of water added => Ww =O I. Vg = 125-60 = 65 om? e= W = 0.92. Ns Yoo Ws = 85 = 2.07 G= Is S gla - ta109 4 ob due) soil homing, G=27 W& weed ath water omd TL of toil slave is praporad, What U the unit woaigh a Zoil doves im glee. o= Is_ => &= 27 glee = 962.983 ice Ys = Ws 2 Ve = Ws_- too Ws. a Ve = = =.37. Ve % aa 37.037 ce. V=1L =1000 end 3 Vw = V~Vs = 1000-32037 Yeo = Wo = Ws tWw = 1004 Wwxts Vv a aes = 100 + 462-948x1 1000 h monn gol hos seg ob whiols a2 2.7. ond void roto as ena easy gh me woot & 1083, calakeute Get of the aol. Jake Yo oH rk vosccken Ob FE1 ki for’, Gate => Boa Is = 27 glee e@= O88 hur = to GHA EGE! (ata only ob oe eee se Yoo = Mattes Vb Yo + Votsen water t Ne Ng + Notsen wate, v = 1x Glow + 2S x 10.1043 Ite = O27 x1 + 9-8X 1X10. 1043, \t+0.8 = 19.206 knifed Fam voaken ie cool | Yoeu = 1-03 9.9 = 10-1043 g Jer Ve=4 Vw=eSr\ a V =14e | phaseKY tf The mor af om ews pxemarnaker 0-498 kg Wher © complotels fUed, worth uae HS ae fer to be Lee Yt Pr oven drieol tel of mae ODE kay is placed mm the paerometar om wonton ty oad, fo fill the eee PAY pares spend to be. WEE by. Deteorwina. a grant, of sol particles Wy = OIE, Wes 00198, w= 'bS3 5 Wa =1528 ha " We -ol, soil = Www - Ge Meewi oe 2.112 walwy (we) = a4) Onlgg — 0.125 = ong A tawegle- 44 clyp woab cocked with poredhin wace oma the. total more of soil amo wane wos found to be 700 5 Fhe. saneple war Ummerred “Mm wath ond the vol Of water ainplaccol war purd tobe s5swmb dhe mans of the formple without cone was — 690 ornd coach content of the soil was 2, Betormine bulk cerity, Amy darcity, void ma amcl dagnae of rockin ation Sake 3 gn. of soil wAidg 8 207, om that of wore ad 9°84 : S55 x4 IO +8 aT met Weight eh war = 00 ~ 6q9 ~10 g Demeity oh wore = RK 1 = -89 glee, Nolume of wom = 10 211.286 ce 039 . Volume of geil = vol: of usaden oheplacad, — vob of, wree = 855 $123 = $43,697 ond Y= W =. $%_ 22.007 © Vv 343.71 gle Y= Y= 2007 _ to wag [tt Slee =Wwe = Yas om > e=o5s¢ e am ae S = 92.654. v a1 bugs SANIROAY 3, SOIL, STRUCTURES & CLAY POINERALOQGY t> Types of Srruckuves 1 Boog Qrained Peruckune —> in gravel & coarse sand. 2, Honey camb abnuckune—> in Fine sand & site Floceker sbrackuar—> in clays & Droporvat druckuna. >in remoulded clays Combinal thrudrure. —> soil mixtures tae 2. loosest (diag omok packir (cubical omroy) 3 @ Cray =O-N % Single grained. Cmin = 035 str uckune - very gersitive +o vibtadcons (demeoses in vol. due +o vibrations ) — HE collapacs on weetting (volume oleowasing ) Honey Comb Sbuckue — Covbapailvte soil. Ge loass, fone sandy abt Particle Lhapes @ Argulon s angel Rounded. a noma @ fond > The choy particle. is aleckni cally Chang ad as shoum beloro. a 7 (ve chonge on surbpce) ngoarid Fla 4 clog zoo P4rnug, X Tlocwlent Sructune ATURORY + > relatively more Hrength > stable 3 > edge 4 Face oniewttatron > net adkkn ackion% Dirpared Pnructure, > relekively low ab pe eer ow & aang _——— = > >> Jane—to- fee orientation SS ss eH epluion Thixotvopy + The Pheromenon of ay Pini ah poreage of bene umdan Const: worker oe er dee otro} Tv hixotroy,, 7 Flocukerrt Buponsed Poruchune. Bruck une, bn clog eT Bre remowldimas dena dacrackes Dus to Prxomory? Tenens neo Manime clay» Socotert ghruckune. (Sor we) O = clinparsed Borackure oh gakkt im seas amd clue to ta al! he manne, clas Lake oa, kaline (drank vsekl The prarence prectune, aoe acts ox Placeahalingy agente hos pleccabert ahruckure —> Minerals to Rock Minerale: —mo tunace achive =: Quontg, renies, felcbepan. iy Clo Minorohs « Mave surface abr) —&: Kaolivire , Site, & “Kaolinite (lke. cohusion, electrartabie,dhenieal Montmorillonite, Aelloysite cea) — comaed MO fue Rmo shamksge. we 4 tf on ka passent hm chime clays (used to naka canthen war udeniils)x HNite = — compas Median svvelli: @ ghunkage — passertt Ya most of Dang a ¥# Mortmonillonite : —conmas Longe swells omd, lange. zhrnkoge, — prserit, Bentonite ley, & Bc gail # Adlloysite : — giveilan to Kaolinite NOTE: @ Plostecty of Kaolinite < Plosticty of Slate < Plosbiaty ob, Montmorillonite of “Kaolinite < ssa ob Site < SSK of moreemariiomite @ SSA SSK — Bperikic Furlger Arca (SA par venik wosight ) > Bpacitic Bunbace Anes (ssn). 1 Ge in he sumbpen onan por unit weigh > Ly a de ue Che gutbae ante por ust volume => A Vv A amy = a ne 4m => {ssa & age paricle, Gnrowel ——» leas SSA Sard Bite elegy > haghsoe SSK > Dilfuse Double Loyen ao +C>- oO wader mokcule —_Kevorane roolecule (Non polar) (Dipolon) imeneasing, onder Water (on Adsonbed “Werter) claybays Ge Beoe o> aS as Nida sia o'a Sao SoS Aimit of ro_ “<— SE Bln Souble “Leg aed Double ayor waka s — present only ve clay @ > strovgly held. layor of Bw wot @ — boaely held, deur gf wonton, ye double layer urate —clay particle hee ds Glows uncer Tnydes gradient — comes plosbiaty propoty ip Ue clay,23° Rug, GATURORY 4, INDEX PROPERTIES OF SOILS Soil Properties Indesc “Properties 2 Engineering Proportkies —indicakive of behawour of soil — wert for engg, applications % 5 pormeability 5 Shean renengt comprosiltt aby Sim Grown Bye distribution, relabive davai, atterberg livnita Grom Wye Bisbriburion _ by Gy Sieve conally etg iy Padimentoadkion. amalysig used if size <75 > used ih size > 754 4 Sieve Analysis Size (mm) | 7, retained. | curmalgtive 7, iran. 4.75 mm sieve T 4.75 aw " Pi=S x10) B= py |i00~ Py 2:36 mm sive 236 Lo we . E100 | PrepisPe | roo~ py 0.075 mm (7544) 0-078 ! size vs foo graph ia plotted & Bedimentection Analysis [oo am indined. method, bored om “shokte Principle” ey Sereling vdo city of particle, fe - 2 Ns = poe > Stoke's equaction Vs 900 ol* — > approximate stokes eqn (mm/s) (mon)Assumptions : I need laminar ftoua = pabticle settle dependently witho ud orto ipronce ee ae Haye te between -2H-O2" o 44 Bye >o.2mm, wwill comme turbulent condtitcor © dh fige < 0.2, Here wil be Broumian movement? Gig -z20g move ment), » Sedimentation Analysis rnethods: 1. Pipette Toethod. a > Connectors fpr Ajdorommesen reoding a Cy Fermporadure comeckion. (i tomp 27s) oO Gi) Merincus — conreckton O CODA poion agent connection (fodisern hercormetapheephas o oO wh 60 rain sige Distribukion avwe oO ‘50 (serni—log scale) 40 ~ 2% - 20: oe D0 gp Sse lr pon lag. seale‘Log Feale ie used becouse: oy Thare & lange nomge of alata. (J2.,= 10000 bss) by to gk atnoight line A> wal greet foil — has Ailhererrt sizes B—> unihorm™ nadad geil — Boerne 80 of ponticles Band dur <> gep gen foil artkain Hye are mining gee —> poorly grosed soil > Freponbart sige of Sil. Panticle a) Die —> eke Be of goil. ») Dso © Deo Di diameer & 10,30,60-—> Yo Hr Gere ocenenc Unifonmity (Cu) G& = Deo Dio Fon. walk graded. greeks Cure den cool. grod ed Bond, Cud6 oo blo 182 tb vw called “Ueriforrmnly Groded g —> Coef fecient of Cunvectune ) : Co = Dad Deo x Dro > der a walt grodled. wl, 1 Ce represents — dhape 04 cure, NOTE: Grain size disvibutzon, cuwe U useful onl $n cokesiomles tl (gnowol, tama). Sn the case of clay gnaim sige Goainibubion cane & nob wrebal the oly behoniown a mainly corstnpliaol bye comsiston yy livnitemoe —> mare . void notio Ww te lociert thote Smin—> Tn. void Ratto m the olersest a1 2 — > hotural oi insitu void hreckio GL we til ww the loosest trate (C=emax) heo Gh Ye rol Ul te densert Goke (enemin), 7 a a 100% O©< Ip < 100% © Inc 15% > vow lowe Zechote loose abace. 85< Ip < 65% > medium dense atade, o5< be e5% —> dense shake Tp 85%. > very dense stote. he mow the Ip value, mone wi be the: deneity wo -1 = 6tw o= Cie Goma a. = Consistency Limits or Attterberg Limits ~ erick only {or cohesive toil = dlapen ding upam woabr content of soils 1, quid Stare. 2. Plosktc stote 3. Semin solid thate 4, Polil stot.ah Au —__|—___ paler ope neon Los opment Tue spay x Rittorbens imits + these one tHe boundary wf ‘bles two differ shat of soil. oi % Types of Attoborg- Limits: 1 iguid Lint, LL ot OL 2, Plostic Writ, PL 0% 3. Shrinkage Vrotts SL % O% yy ' | Ligpid 1 Plastic) sate semi ee soliel | Sora ' I ~ Conagnamale Liquid Lint wee OY water, w w no.of blows (n), ae Glow » Te = Min We 5 slope of the lou came \ mes oan (8) val We wile ak which 25 10 of blows cam. cl the. vs ™ (log) oe Grove He apparatus Flak Flow canse “hos rekadinely mone sheon Bbromng th componed to a seep flo cure (mene én, mone no oh blows “ requned te clare the groove - hao shrarggth ob AL BSC ) ndond . # Grevecd of rubber sheet, th Vand rubber sheet te uscl, then 1 dacreanet. J soft rubber chest in used then Ba invreasesus AG Ugquid Umit condition, shean gbrenyth gf gol te ait KN[re amd ka tare for alk soil2.Bhean sbnength ve gino efor al toils in, the Uguicl shake ) —> Plastic Kireit Skee. (or Thread Test ) Plastic Wei iv the mina wie at which. tpcko a thneed off Bem ameter without foil com be raled cruernblingy > Phrvokage Kimi mB ag the Tankmumn wle hak con make Ghrinkage Vth aL garurated (Sy=f0o%}>) » O% Tk the ins w]e “se ee im the voids of sl with, 10h de garrurctior fawk care be Na pavtiall — Kcatuval ee voids, 7 a Tip a3 y Sr=0 Seatoo'e Si= 1007. 1 \ ! | | \ avy Samnple, wa wet sample. we 1 ws = (Va-Vs) tu wah x 100 = 1 \Yw xo we = (bE - 7 * Ya 9)e= Ws6 4 ga ws = aca Pale) 9 es) Cb ary Ol pees Lowel ar avy comiition. 4. Ws = G - & “Ade ) a0 wd. w, > initial watr content = wrwa Wd. _y Shrinkage Ratio (sR) SR = v | " wayVe HL Na = Vd » Wem WE, or = WANd)/\y, x100 oe amc —»5 Volremetnic Drninkage (vs) n X 100 Abo sR = XA , Yaa Wee Nae Two the math. 3p% fe grey ro dey con dition SR> Platkaty Index, Ip rw gh Ipro from plastic soil <7 5 low plastic soil. 7-17 3 medium ploottc Foil >i i high plostic gol 5 Rrrmkege > Joughness Shean > Cori steno ® H TL >t, the oll we Wr Nquid state ( woo > Vauic tate ) O © Th te es the: hl & either in semi-solid or solid sta > C ws wp)> A chivity Newabar, & KA=Ip ; c=% ha anticles.. c “o ? @ de a gave wil, A & costar. ‘R indicates tocllbyg, md. drnimkage Dhancrctonusltes « dA $018 5 mMactive soil 0615-25 3 nonmal active soil. >125 } active soil. (Bentonite & Bc geil ) —> Effect of Sige of Particle. © dh ag2 of ponticle ceowaseh, WL inmreases oy Bone cuas 21 tore: io S ak on \ ode Ve added “clay, WL decreased 2h cecree non — ploatte Wp darcases @ consistency ; Testome ques deformation, depends 0» _ cooker cortent. Mone the wes los the consiate wont low — mone conrittent consistent wet Clay any clay war sol Lactic. © plasticity + propery due to She & ee plostioatly. without muspkune collec p Dd Y= Sond wet clay OA lime ie odelad. te clay, WL decreases, wp increases anol Tp decneares@ P-i7 ® 2 Fok Clo —> highly cormmpnemible clog. Wi >5oy ® Steep 22 Plast Hongontal G Si" Aug, Quowy ee Oo %W= L - 1746 _ kaind 5 Is = 2.6 gl Tome cocoate lca 7 i +e. Tp = Cmax =E = 0.642~-0-%6 = 13, Cmax Emin. 0-642- 0.462 Op. W=45% ; wp = 3b NUN xi00 = 30% : MP=VA Ji99 a4 Va Vol oaeva TI ‘a o O:3bNA—O-24Vd. 0424 Veh : SENET Nad = 24 Vol Ma 1 oO wi wp — Ws 1 Q ou2 5 24 eee ett 7 83-Ws od ae. &too Neck = Yu ( Gre ore egr= GtO ae 140-46 e= WG = O46 Sv Coen == ws=(2— - — 2 \t00 = 23% ; Gen 24 esa) oR = Xd = 74 ~ =< W = 45.6 a JOY) = 68.5 ce WA A859 5 VA = 241 cer Smitial coator eontert of, sil, voy = Tr) x100 = UQ7TT% Bhotnkage Weviles aye -e ~ Wevat ova rhe = Gar — Ges woe 43.5 1.7 Yohi Jo fork iwtth void nob, ey ¢ { us) A = WS ATK 265 Sr 7 YQ 265+ 2 = 95.6 (+e Che No = MS = 43:5 = 16.42 ent ¥ Xs Stu bw VW = VANy = 52:08 en? = $2.08 ler 42 aolids Ns Jo rd foal void rekto, ce: Qa = 56 = 17.7 x2 65 = O47 100) Yao = Ms = eo Ve 4 glee Yao = woo= Iter Vy es 2a ae, "= 14308 en = 047 10. ok a be vetl natty eb wr eb 30%. : Oy WE = 034272 _ ogi, BT ee . ta Ws Vy = 100 con ten &m) os Sok en ba void nakto ot Ws bh Cpa We = 0484, Bi = 14h Na. Vee Joo = 140-8 oy yy Ne. oraes Jor alk WSs, Ve ava ws = oy — Q ave Cheng tay ) weal Woh = S90 = 1, no Wa= id = BE = 1789 ge, Ya= Iw S 6, = 0.56 4 void ratio ot increased volume. NS SC eS en i Ny Tos Mi +056C2 = 2G Ls igre wrx QF S “4% = 4 Dio } Doo = 4210 c= De = 1 De0x Dio Os 2, > Osxo_ao Zo Dio — 3. Tp = Wo -~p Is = Bb- Wp 1 Wp =Affe tp given retunal wor umbent (w=4ete) lies blo Uguicl Limite & plostte Uerity the sol t tr plastic sete5. SOIL CLASSIFICATION > Is Particle Size Classification Systern ¥ Groin Bige only ~ ovtteta uy 754 415 rom RO 800 eam Clay | Site | Sand. Grovel Cobble | Bou. The colloidal acl particle she w les Chan the clay size nuaover we oun Grdian code of prachre, colloidal soit t snot recognigad Buck the Gndian damikication bes on sye clone is nat clomyt tenue. For ae Rock dash or aock powder particle Sge we Les than 24 od ence below 10 clase oa pad Indicun tyteern Buk ngok dusk has no ploateatg > HRB Soil Classification System = Hee = hog Reneanel Boar. tnibuction, % Criveria: a) Groin size des b Conviskemn ig, on Airbag: liens a ee unreal for porernenrt daeign ~ Gr vee ystems soils oe g pee Ae. — She senator the. gor mrumbr, the bebten the soil a Ay i bebe them Ae, Aa ts batte Wer group mumbent — tike. ponerrnent pumpose. te then AS amd 40 On, Ag group — highly orgsaric foil Coons gail for constructs py group — black cotton toilGroup Sacer, GE am indane value colon lovtel emperienl equastion » GE vole depends on a) A af tol parting Bal ive, b We co) Wp Tp GI values romgee fromm 0 +0 20 3} GI vole be ound to be ngotive rom aquakion, i+ we neporked as “Zeon Gr wdicoke quoi of geil within 1 oum Bree She smaller the GI vole, the botten the aoil for pawemertts onpose: i — 6t ¥. = Symbol : AS (6) t— Gnoup no ee el Se — most poputern tn Cumopeamn countries — cnieniar a green Nee dukribukton clatbe by Comstaterngy Urreta e) Cornpranittity chanacterraies > IS FL Classification System. . — followed by ok engineering clepartments m Snolia. Soil v Coanse grained, Tine (oo High Organic ZoulP Boil Box = donk colouns if >50% Power black erdank brow — th sso Aekainel — ee — bad odour Se Pace, remcke, Warns, an 15 aL Bs sione. 1S 4 TS Hove Ae — ly Ongamie oil. (mp sitte Im (0) euurepean langue: Gnowel Sand. (@) &) (9) ¢¢)Growel — Uf more thom 20% of coame paciton nretadral on 475 mer sieve Zand — ih 750%. worse freckion. panes HeIS mm siaue, = Gnowel + ay WAL graded. Growel ~ GW b Poon, apoded. Gravel — GP 3 Bikye growl — 6m oy Clagoy- grow - 6 ~ Bard @Clayey Sonal, => cloy gy < rord qig o Silbey Clayey grovel ap alle qty < cl atysg Ron A) Clases jek sand — SC . @ om ag Pn" © Sandy clay % Diand oy < clog ay a) Nell graded tand — Sw bPooniy gradsh tond~ SP 5 Mitty gronebsand — Sto _ Bilt iH 0) Low commprontible ail - Me by Grberrnediccte, compremible aith— ry ‘OH cy Vagal commpranile et — Cloy t- Clog - Ongoonic Soil @ CL a) OL b ct > or © CH 2 OH —Totel group ayendols = 4 ‘ 9 + 1 = 18 gn (oance) (Ana) (Pd) iB groupe = Ff WK 35% ~ Low neasthle Bak WL Z50Y, ~ Frtermediate compromible WL > 50% = Highly CompnansitteO* Aug, @ KrVROAY Plasticity Chart or ~ to clansily the fre grained toils ip * To tdersvify- Ongamic Be: , a) Coloun best Donk colours (black or i. dank roum) b) Ocloun teat . Bad. adoun. oc) wy Fast behore amd after oe piasticrty CHART wat by: Sn oyorie goild, woy decreaned ( Ob mmidial value) aor over auyirg bg mow than one fpurt 4 Bound, Classifications: o CL-¢r, cI-cH Uiy JOL- POL, MI- POH diy OL -O1, OL- OF dv) pol-cT, MOH-CH (coarser particle ghoul be avn prdprene ener cin c1-mix Clamiy the fre grain toil, with UL = 60% » Lop = 204, Tp of gail = 60-20 = 40% Th of A= Vine = 0.78 (w-20) = 24.2% Yince. Ip ob gil is > Ip oh A ine, the point pista abow Aine > cles wi so > Wey commpronibte t Boil & CHeQML = 20Yo, Wp = 15% Ip= Ste (blo 4 87) , WL = 20/o = wm — Equation of Tp vs wi ie abled A-line becouse A t the furname Of A. Cane ggnamnda.. > GW tf ih HME 7% with vteaberyg lirnit co fash above A-line. bh fran vee Pee aes bonder Line case Le wnbol. pequsreng Avok 8 Gw-G6C > GP-G™, GP-GC, Gw- EM Jon gt Sh Tp ve ble 4 & 7% Jon ar GIN-GC ie te a borden Une case. requening, dual eyrbol. Sines = 15%, Tp = 8% => omMm-6e. a, dik = 8%, Coa Gm => cw gq. Vins = Wh, Wy eh —> 6% a. Gines =10%, Cy =5, Ce =2, Tp =5% > Gw-6vwe 4 . Gn cane of border lime cases, the coansar one iv 40 be favour (ox) the coansen ome iw gwen prong Bask eon agone Bok amd le, the eyanic one Ut coun on CI-ol A OL-cI <7 4 Gr the cere of tamd, all the conditions one same axcept Cu 76. > Senge oe ee \ nob ville to 2) Borge sie parxce J naked eye Px 24. a. Sigo__|_o Retained | Garuterive % | % diner coo, | 282 x100=40lo 40% sath eae 800 «100 =50%/e ql 10%. 600 Mas 4 1o% 100% a Deg = cicmmeken connesponcing, to Gah fier = 600 1 Dip =500 aL Y Cu= Doo = 600 = 162 0 Dio so o Gigs Comic) G FE. : i diecke, 1 O 4 Wee 42% blo 35% 8 80% =D indoor mes a ot oO CB Binw = 250_ xwo = 25% 1000 Coarse fraction = 100-25 =75 0 > wome gna roilsTp= 42-20 = 224, PAR Ip of Ane = 0:73 (wi - 20) = Tp > Tp oh Aine. x ph Lea above A tine. te SC Fines = 20% (aitt +clogy 2 Coarse fraction = Wwo~ 30 = 70%, (grorel. + tana). ade w cowme groe soil. Grawet frac = lO = 40% (more thom sot of { Goo + ond. = To%. 0%) + Yond pokion = 50% } Boil & got: (e geet th > keend. %) Ip of Boil = 35-27 = Bh Tp of A Une = 0-73( 4-20) = 10-45% wo Awe . Gry 2, pont falta below A-line > Cu Poo = Ie. D ° Poorly gree. 2 Co = Das _ oases Deora Doo = Al mmr. =P Gov — porting gl mam. (0 475 mm) Sand \217 Sept, » SNDAY ry @9 6. PERMEABILITY = Flow occurs only when there u abifferena in the total ‘hesda bho the wo point ~ Pronune Weak differena alone or clovation oliffenenea. alana meer not couse the, floco. = Gn the core of toile the welodty head 4 nyglctel L ughgimte) Ae pooh] AE poe EB ii ees. = H} Faw Eee | Be 2 z=0 | z=J9 4 t Jota. reach | heal Mead, debian Gae piewmnete J , we H=y Bee eae me oe ner en) ced both A & ero flow occurs blo A B. Jotal head differen Bor total ead loss k= Hy —He She totar ead low blow amy tuo poosta wm a ISL rand is equah to the olifherance im the ebvations oh water in the two pieprmetos kepb ak theie too poeUy dromtic Srodient, = y b> teepage length Yydroutic Cau tw the “heool lene por wert teepage lanath, Total cig onea of sotl A= Of voids 0% _ Ackuck onen of flow Budronge velo Apponent veloalg BK. Actual velo dtty on) : Ne = Ay Feapage veloeddy \ n<1 okwoaeat —> Darcy's Law BDischorye velocity x Aydin oudic. Grodient Viaw«t Drrcy’s . E QuaTION ki K > Coefficient of Poveneability of soilLat, v= K=> Gojgacient of, veledy porme abitity is the 29 dncharye velocity Occuring under end Ryyalnaaalic Grackemt Aunits of Kk: emis. ot mls or ™M/houn Hk 10° cm[s => “Permeokte gil F k cto? ols = “Gropormealste Goll Pormeoite sil — gravel, come gon Gmpermealste sel — atch loge Sort | Grow el | Band | Be | Clay, K Gomi) | 10° 10° ot we GS-10 | GED | C269] GO* 57) valid for Laminar flow © @ Donog Law Re coekyecient™ of porolation. = K Ke ar 1+e uw C—> shape tember (cat for poteetly ghenical onticle) W—> clynarmmic vie con thy> dactons affecting Kk of Mil; og — ghope of pantacle — PYyanic mokter = age ob particle. — specific sunface, orca — void notin — slrakificaten ete —propanticd of, (Luid —deqghee of xctreration & Check of Size, dio kK & Dio* x Effect of Specific Surface Area kK & 1 SSA & Shheck of shape K of nounced particles wu more wmrparcl to omgalor particle vinee SSA of Aoundad ponbicle u low Efe ct of vod ratio Kae? 5 abso Kae +e also logk Ke@ (latest one) She rao the void natin, more will be pormenlitlity. Pooh thes cammat creplain haanon for dag’ lous permeability abel cl: hos low peumealili though wb hos gh void, Noi o ka cet ite Clay rar Vorwatt value of c, fo the prolluck of ¢&e wil oS Ka bo 1 Ke TD & temperct une eins ocyeett sess temp => ka temprotwe During summer season Ae)y Parrmcalilty uit be mone. kx Bee AL% Efpect of Degree of Bakenobian “@ k ob pontiallay saturated soil, te nalotively Lerd compare +o fey yaturated atl. (ain Hocking ) x Elect of Ongernie matter, Onganie rnokter domeases k of geil. Bue to lows specibic: gray ob opgpnte, match, He flows ling sith oak oma {Uke the voids. Sl property a Kop interim atc panne Ay of gol (Tehoent proparty ) Aine of Kot cri on nt on daveys -> Tests +0 Determine k of soil 1. Conetart eos Text 2, Variable Head test ree 2 Copillonity Penmenbility otk 4, CoraolicloAton Aros 5. Purnping oct beat } Sreta teat 6. Pumping or eek Puonging owk ‘teak: Tod occunade, ual fe leye eng prayed Comadkidokron test tsuxtakln Jor Impormeakte clog Coplay Rownenditity tert + or portially srunosted toile. Consternk “head Fort t for coasue Grand sols Noriabte ‘hed bab 2 4 fre Groot soils Prmmping in teat sto find k of individual layer of soil.ie Constant ead Test we soAy =>) bevel maintain Q@= kia : foo @akha I L = Loy is RT : ao ry, > Noriable ead est adh = Qidt 2 > Slow Panallel to Beading Plates. Stal head low = h Lot hi has hg > heod loves in Layore 1,2 £3 reply - hy = ha = hg = hSok Ky be onmage pormeatility yor entine rol ara whole 7” Q=kyi.A = ky. fe Gi e+ z3) x1 ky AS ky by Art KevteAa + kg te ag, kus Gritz +23).1 = ki Bi th ke tel + ky xg kyo = kiait kezet kez Zit Za + Zs Flow Parpendiculan to Beading Plame hh — > total Veod loss h = hi + he + hs 4=4,7 4% =@ Lek Ky be mage permeability for entine Zoil a, = Keen A ake hia Z) : Gam kota Aa 3 Qe Ke BEA = ke bask Ze “ Qak. LA = ky. he on Zi +Ze+Z3= ber uy ke Yo | ay = 0.4 Tor Me Yoon O75 14 Ke = be ky =e 20% mowae, 2 wo =te el log, ku = ak he AK J& he Rie (90 RS ato he he ha he= hs 3 ko = 2 B~ 2 ke 23 Z= 1 kg = 1 z= 2 Zz zz Za Sp ee ical at is loge = 2xI¢ oe |S 22KAEI X15" = 62.474 min Zt 2 +23 0 _ B748-46 S a 25 lo