A Project Report On MENSTRUAL CYCLE submitted in partial fulfilment of the All India Senior School Certificate Examination of Biology practical x CBSE-2021-22 Submitted By VIKAS CHOUDHARY Undertheguidanceof Mrs. GARIMA GUPTA SHREE MAHESH PUBLIC SCHOOL Nehru road, Opposite BSNL office Bhilwara-311001(Raj.) 2021-22SHREE MAHESH PUBLIC SCHOOL Nehru road, Opposite BSNL office Bhilwara-311001(Raj.) 2021-22 CERTIFICATE This is certificate that “VIKAS CHOUDHARY "of class 12 has submitted his project on the topic‘POPULATION"CYCLE"prescribed by"GARIMA GUPTA" In partial fulfilment of All India Senior School Certificate Examination of the biology practical evaluation during academic sessions 2021-22 as per issued by Central Board of Secondary education I wish i am success in life. principal Mrs. GARIMA GUPTA SMPS,Bhilwara (PGT BIOLOGY)POPULATION INTRODUCTION A population is defined as a group of individuals of the same species living and interbreeding within a given area. Members of a population often rely on the same resources, are subject to similar environmental constraints, and depend on the availability of other members to persist over time. The Philippines is a Southeast Asian country in the Westem Pacific, comprising more than 7,000 islands. The current population of the Philippines is 107,335,818 as of Monday, January 7, 2019, based on the latest United Nations estimates. The Philippines population is equivalent to 1.4% of the total world population. Population Growth Rateindicates how fast a population increases or decreases as a result of the interplay of births, deaths, and migration during a given period of time. Where the population is closed, meaning no migration, the population growth rate is the same as the rate of natural increase, ie., the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths during a specified period of time. At present, the population of the Philippines is estimated to be over 92 million making it the world’s twelfth most populous country. Fertile women in the Philippines have, on average, 3.1 babies each a stark contrast to neighboring Singapore, which had an all-time low average of 1.16 in 2010. Given its size and increasing growth, the needs of the Philippines are vast education, health care, and better sanitation to name a few. The Philippines annualised population growth rate between the years 2010-2015 was 1.72%. According to the 2015 census, the population of the Philippines is 100,981,437. The first census in the Philippines was held in the year 1591 which counted 667,612 persons. According to NSO, the population of the Philippines is rapidly growing. Economic studies, particularly involving Asian countries, aimed at fertility rates and rapid population growth among the poorwho contribute significantly to poverty. It also considers the factors that lead to environmental, social and health crises that governments of developing economies may find it difficult to handle. FINDINGS The population of the Philippines has been steadily growing for many years. It is the 12th most populated country in the world, between Mexico and Ethiopia, and grew at a rate of 1.72% between 2010 and 2015, The 2018 population is 108.51 million, according to the latest UN estimates. Philippines Population Growth Based on 2015 census data, the population in 2016 in the Philippines was 100,981,437. Based on the 2015 census results, the population increased by over 8 million people when compared to the 2010 census census results. The growth rate has slowed slightly from the previous census, down to 1.72% from 1.89%. Philippines Largest Cities The Philippines’ largest city is Quezon City, which contains 2,936,116 people. It forms a part of the wider Metropolitan Manila area, which is comprised of 17 cities and municipalities and has an overall population of 12.8 million people. To make things even more complicated, the entire Greater Manila urban area spills out beyond the boundaries of Metro Manila and is reported to contain around 22.7 million people, which is a quarter of the Philippines’ entire population Other major cities include Manila itself (pop: 1,780,148), Caloocan (pop: 1.5 million) and Davao City (pop: 1.6 million.) Of these, only Davao City is outside of the Metropolitan Manila area. Ethnicity, Religion, and Language in the PhilippinesUnsurprisingly for @ country that is made up of many islands, the Philippines contains a diverse range of ethnic groups. The latest data available comes from the 2000 census, which reported the following breakdown: Tagalog, 28.1% Cebuano, 13.1% liocano, 9% Bisaya, 7.6% Hiligaynon, 7.5% Bikol, 6% Waray, 3.4% Other, 25.3% Religion in the Philippines is heavily influenced by its history as a part of the Spanish Empire. As well as naming the country after its King (Philip Il), Spain also exported its religion, and today around 81% of the country's citizens are Roman Catholic Christians. Of the remaining people, 11% are from other Christian denominations and around 5.6% are Muslim, mainly based in the southwest area of the country. Although the official language of the Philippines was, for many years, Spanish, the legacy of the American administration during the first half of the 20th century has been that its two official languages today are English and Filipino (derived from Tagalog.) Quality of Life in the Philippines The recent 2015 estimates in the WorldFactbook give some insight into the developments across the Philippine county. 91.8% have improved access to drinking water sources, while 8.2% of the population still struggle to obtain safeThailand % Germany” Congo} ""turkey Vietnam 1.1% [0 a 1.3% Egypt" Philippines! -3% 1.4% Ethiopia other 29.8% Nigeria 2.6% Pakistan 2.6% Brazil 2.8% Indonesia oe China 18.5% US. 4.3% India 17.9%water. In terms of sanitation facilities, only 77.9% of the population maintains access, while 26.1% are limited in their sanitation services. Literacy is at 96.3% across the entire population, with a school expenditure of approximatly 2.7% of the nation GDP. The Philippine population would continue to grow, increasing from 76.5 million, as of the latest population census conducted in May 2000, to 141.7 million in 2040, according to the Medium Series of the 2000 Census-based population projections. This means that 65 million people would be added to the nation’s population between 2000 and 2040, which is a span of 40 years, even if the average annual growth rate is projected to drastically decline from 2.34 percent during the 1990-2000 period to around 1.0 percent during the 2030-2040 period. The population is projected to grow by 1.95 percent in the 2005-2010 period, from 85.3 million in 2005 to 94.0 million in 2010. 5 TS ¢While this is positive news in many ways, it also means that people are living longer than ever before This “delay” in the cycle of life and death has led to birth rates outstripping death rates by over two to one in modern times. Fertility Treatment Though it only plays a minor role in comparison to the other causes of ‘overpopulation, improved fertility treatments have made it possible for more people to have children. The number of women using various fertility treatments has been on the rise since their inception. Now most have the option of conceiving children, even if they may not have been able to do so without such treatments. Immigration Unchecked immigration into countries may lead to overpopulation to the point where those countries no longer have the required resources for their population This is particularly problematic in countries where immigration numbers far exceed emigration numbers. In some cases, immigrants may be attempting to escape overpopulation in their ‘own countries, only to contribute to the same issues in the countries they move to. However, data also exists to show the immigration can bolster economies, with the effect in the UK being particularly pronounced, CONCLUSION Population is a major cause of most of the world's problems. Whe ther it is ‘a question of food shortage, lack of drinking water or energy shortages, every country in the world is affected by it or will be.Partly thanks to the import of goods from abroad, any particular country is able to maintain its own welfare. But this cannot go on in an unlimited way. In fact, the number of inhabitants is rising in every country.The climate is changing and it matters litle whether this can be blamed on human activity or on changes in the solar system. The sea level only has to rise slightly in order to cause a great deal of valuable agricultural land to disappear. Al present we seem to think that we can keep ahead of famine with the use of artificial fertiizers, by the inhumane breeding of animals and other survival strategies.!Human beings have a tendency to want more and more welfare. World-wide the numbers of cars and refrigerators are increasing before our very eyes. But there will come a time when population growth and welfare collide. There is a reasonably good chance that floods of people will trek all over the world searching for more food and welfare.Wherever there is no recognition or solving of the problems on a worldwide scale, war and violence would seem to be inevitable: everyone wants to survive.The only solution is a population policy applied on a worldwide scale. This site provides you per language and, where possible, per country with articles, films and images from all over the world showing what overpopulation is and why a population policy is important. Unfortunately too often any discussion of overpopulation or of population policies is taboo.The business world and the religions are generally only interested in population growth. Allowing welfare to shrink is often just as difficult for the rich as fleeing from poverty is for the poor. In addition the growth scenario continues to dominate worldwide thinking about solutions for the problems set out here. The answer to overpopulation is to maintain the number of people to the point that there is enough of a population to create the social and lifestyle conditions we want, but not so many that the resources cannot meet their needs that gets us to the biggest problem with finding or enacting a solution: Overpopulation is a problem usually expressed as there being too many of "them". "We" are okay.Here we will cover both causes and effects of overpopulation in the Philippines: Poverty Poverty is believed to be the leading cause of overpopulation. A lack of educational resources, coupled with high death rates leading to higher birth rates, result in impoverished areas seeing large booms in population. Poor Contraceptive Use Though the availability of contraceptives is widespread in developed countries, poor planning on both partners’ parts can lead to unexpected pregnancies. Statistics have shown that in Great Britain 76% of women aged between 16 and 49 used at least one form of contraceptive, leaving a quarter open to unexpected pregnancies. This issue is exacerbated in underdeveloped areas. A study by the World Health Organization (WHO) shows that this usage figure drops to 43% in countries that are blighted by issues like poverty, which leads to higher birth rates. Child Labor As distressing as it may be to hear, child labor is still used extensively in many parts of the world. UNICEF estimates that approximately 150 million children are currently working, primarily in countries that have few child labor laws. This can result in children being seen as a source of income by impoverished families. Furthermore, children who begin work too young also lose the educational opportunities they should be granted, particularly when it comes to birth control. Reduced Mortality Rates Improvement in medical technology has led to lower mortality rates for many serious diseases. Particularly dangerous viruses and ailments such as polio, smallpox and measles have been practically eradicated by such advances.All India Senior Secondary Examination 2021-2022 SHREE MAHESH PUBLIC SCHOOL, BHILWARA Brilkance in Education Session 2021-22 ENGLISH PROJECT WORK Name : VIKAS CHOUDHARY Class : 12th Section : A Submitted to: DINESH SUTHAR