Commutation Questions India's #1 Learning Platform Start Complete Exam Preparation Gikees Pea aac aad Ces coleed Corea Ra erased Download App ‘Commutation MCQ Question 4 The armature of a DC machine is placed on the rotor to 1, reduce losses 2. save iron 3. support commutation 4, decrease armature reaction Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 3 : support commutation Commutation MCQ Question 1 Detailed Solution Armature: + The rotating part of the DC machine is called as the armature Ree Dan cece View this Question Online » + The armature winding of a dc machine is placed on the rotor to facilitate commutation + Commutation is a process of converting the alternating voltage produced in the winding into direct voltage at the brushes or direct voltage into alternating voltage. ©; Additional Informa’ Commutation: + Commutation ig the process in which generated alternating current in the armature winding of a D.C machine is converted into direct current.+ A good commutation means no sparking at the brushes. * For good commutation, the coil short-circuited by the brushes should have zero emf induced in them + In under commutation, the commutation does not complete before the brush has moved from one commutator segment to the next. This leads to sparking at the trailing edge of the brush. The following methods are used to improve the commutation pracess. Resistance commutation: + Resistance commutation is done by providing high earben brush resistance. + The brush resistance is in series with the coal under the commutation process. * If the resistance of the brush is high then the time constant of the current in the coil is reduced ie the current reversal becomes faster. + This method will be suitable in small fractional kW machines. Voltage Commutatior + In this method, the arrangement is made to induce a voltage in the coil undergoing the commutation process. + Voltage Commutation will neutralize the reactance voltage. Inter poles: + Interpoles are placed in between the main poles and are attached to the stator Interpoles. + The interpoles windings are connected in series with the armature because the interpoles must produce fluxes that are directly proportional to the armature current. + Inter poles are used to reduce the cross magnetization effect of armature reaction. + The polarity of inter pole is the same as that of the main pole ahead in the direction of generator rotation. * The polarity of the inter pole is the same as that of the main field pole behind in the direction of motor rotation. + The armature flux in the commutating zone which tends to shift the magnetic neutral axis, is neutralized by an appropriate component of interpole flux. ral fee ec eee ys Start Complete Exam Preparation aes a iC pions Riley Download App ‘Commutation MCQiQuestion 2 View this Question Online > In a DC generator, sparking at the brushes occurs due to:1, distributed winding 2, armature reaction and commutation 3. high resistance of brushes 4, improper connection of winding Answer (Detailed Soliition Below) Option 2 : armature reaction and commutation Commutation MCQ Question 2 Detailed Solution + Due to armature reaction, the MNA is shifted in the direction of rotation in a generator and against the direction of rotation in a motor + Asa result, rotational emfs are induced in the coils undergoing commutation which leads to sparking + To achieve spark less commutation brushes of DC generator are rocked ahead so as to bring them just ahead of magnetic neutral axis Important: + Commutation is the process in which generated alternating current in the armature winding of a D.C machine is converted into direct current + Good commutation means no sparking at the brushes * For good commutation, the coil short circuited by the brushes should have zero emf induced in them + In under commutation, the commutation does not complete before the brush has moved from one commutator segment to the next; This leads to sparking at the trailing edge of the brush al ere ec Perea yo? Start Complete Exam Preparation ee ees DC taerery Corres ei Download App Commutation MCQ Question 3 View this Question Online >In DC generator on load, the air-gap flux distribution in space is 1. Sinusoidal 2. Triangular 3. Pulsating 4, Flattopped Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 4: Flat topped Commutation MCQ Question 3 Detailed Solution Inter poles: + The inter poles are narrow poles placed exactly midway between the main poles. The inter poles are fitted to the yoke and are also known as commutating poles or compoles. + Inter poles are placed along the interpolar axis (Q - axis), and its field winding is connected in series with the armature winding. + The polarity of the inter poles is the same as that of the main field pole ahead in the direction of generator rotation. + The polarity of the inter poles is the same as that of the main field pole behind in the dire motor rotation. + Inter poles will nullify the cross magnetizing flux along with the Q - axis thereby commutation is improved «The inter pole gause denayrietization at tne’ Sailing pole.tip, magnétzation at the leading pole tip there by the air gap flux distribution nearly becomes a flat-topped wave. + In order to avoid saturation in the inter poles, air gaps under these poles are kept longer than the main poles. + The number of inter poles is equal to the main poles but for very small machines, the number of inter poles maybe half of the number of main poles. + The method of improving commutation with the help of inter poles is called as voltage commutation. + All modem d.c commutator machines of larger sizes, attain good commutation by means of inter poles. ion of Connection diagram of inter poles for d.c machines is shown below,INTERPO! MAIN POLE MAIN POLE INTERPOLE cg Peat ete Start Complete Exam Preparation Tole aa eS Mae Cl rete Hesse a Cts D> Download App Commutation MCQ Question 4: View this Question Online > The armature of a DC machine is placed on the rotor to 1, reduce losses 2. save iron 3. support commutation 4, dectease aimature reaction Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 3 : support commutation Commutation MCQ Question 4 Detailed SolutionArmature: + The rotating part of the DC machine is called as the armature + The armature winding of a de machine is placed on the rotor to facilitate commutation + Commutation is a process of converting the alternating voltage produced in the winding into direct voltage at the brushes or direct voltage into alternating voltage. &: Additional Information Commutation: + Commutation is the process in which generated alternating current in the armature winding of a D.C machine is converted into direct current. + A good commutation means no sparking at the brushes. + For good commutation, the coil short-circuited by the brushes should have zero emf induced in them + In under commutation, the commutation does not complete before the brush has moved from one commutator segment to the next. This leads to sparking at the trailing edge of the brush. The following methods are used to improve the commutation process. Resistance commutation: + Resistance commutation is done by providing high carbon brush resistance. + The brush resistance is in series with the coal under the commutation process. * If the resistance of the brush is high then the time constant of the current in the coil is reduced e the current reversal becomes faster. + This method will be suitable in small fractional kW machines. Voltage Commutatior + In this method, the arrangement is made ta induce a voltage in the coil undergoing the commutation process. + Voltage Commutation will neutralize the reactance voltage. Inter poles: + Interpoles are placed in between the main poles and are attached to the stator Interpoles. + The interpoles windings are connected in series with the armature because the interpoles must produce fluxes that are directly proportional to the armature current. « Inter poles are used to reduce the cross magnetization effect of armature reaction. + The polarity of inter pole is the same as that of the main pole ahead in the direction of generator rotation. + The polarity of the inter pole is the same as that of the main field pole behind in the direction of motor rotation. + The armature flux in the commutating zone which tends to shift the magnetic neutral axis, is neutralized by an appropriate component of interpole flux.ea ee ar eae mn PS Ela Orel tM ee Teh) SRR nc at Peo Pec CC caer Corre eau Download App Commutation MCQ Question 5: View this Question Online = In a DC generator, sparking at the brushes occurs due to: 1. distributed winding 2. armature reaction and commutation 3. high resistance of brushes 4. improper connection of winding Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 2 : armature reaction and commutation Commutation MCQ Question & Detailed Solution + Due to armature reaction, the MNA is shifted in the against the direction of rotation in a motor + Asa result, rotational emfs are induced in the coils undergoing commutation which leads to sparking + To achieve spark less commutation brushes of DC generator are rocked ahead so as to bring them just ahead of magnetic neutral axis rection of rotation in a generator and Important: + Commutation is the process in which generated alternating current in the armature winding of a D.C machine is converted into direct current + Good commutation means no sparking at the brushes + For good commutation, the coil short circuited by the brushes should have zero emf induced in them + In under commutation, the commutation does not complete before the brush has moved from ‘one commutator segment to the next; This leads to sparking at the trailing edge of the brushae ean er tye) Start Complete Exam Preparation Rear cocoa ees eres | aoa ies Vso Cres ea Eas Download App Commutation MCQ Question 6: View this Question Online > In DC generator on load, the air-gap flux distribution in space is 1. Sinusoidal 2. Triangular 3. Pulsating 4, Flat topped ‘Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 4: Flat topped Commutation MCQ Question 6 Detailed Solution Inter poles: + The inter poles are narrow poles placed exactly midway between the main poles. The inter poles are fitted to the yoke and are also known as commutating poles or compoles. * Inter poles are placed along the interpolar axis (Q - axis), and its field winding is connected in series with the arfhature winding. + The polarity of the inter poles is the same as that of the main field pole ahead in the direction of generator rotation. + The polarity of the inter poles is the same as that of the main field pole behind in the direction of motor rotation. + Inter poles will nullify the cross magnetizing flux along with the Q - axis thereby commutation is improved. «The inter poles cause demagnetization at the trailing pole tip, magnetization at the leading pole tip there by the air gap flux distribution nearly becomes a flat-topped wave. + In order to avoid saturation in the inter poles, air gaps under these poles are kept longer than the main poles.+ The number of inter poles is equal to the main poles but for very small machines, the number of inter poles maybe half of the number of main poles. + The method of improving commutation with the help of inter poles is called as voltage commutation. + All modem d.c commutator machines of larger sizes, attain good commutation by means of inter poles, Connection diagram of inter poles for d.c machines is shown below, INTERPOLE MAIN s¢ MAIN POLE POLE INTERPOLE ee © eee rer Roe lta Meee Start Complete Exam Preparation Ve a Rae aC es Hirao ra COC D> Download App Commutation MCQ Question 7: View this Question Ginline > In dc machine time of commutation decreases with: 1. increase in width of commutator segment 2. increase in peripheral velocity of commutator in m/s 3. decrease in diameter of the commutator 4. decrease in speed of the machine in RPMAnswer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 2: increase in peripheral velocity of commutator in m/s Commutation MCQ Question 7 Detailed Solution Concept ‘Commutation time of de machine: The commutation period is the time required for commutation to advance a distance of one commutator segment. Commutation time T- = (w,/ VJ sec Where, w. = width of the commutator segment = width of the brush(w.) - width of mica insulation (Wp,) \V. = Peripheral velocity of commutator in meter/sec. = m DN / 60 Here D = diameter of the commutator and N = speed of the machine in RPM. Analysis: Commutation time is directly proportional to the width of the commutator segment. So, the time of commutation increases with an increase in the width of the commutator segment. Commutation time is directly inversely proportional to the diameter of the commutator, speed in RPM, and the Peripheral velocity of the commutator in meter/sec. Hence, the time of commutation decreases with an increase in the diameter of the commutator, speed in RPM, and peripheral velocity of the commutator in meter/sec. Ea ra India’s #1 Learning Platform Start Complete Exam Preparation ORC Or aera au | ma ac DO eier oes Download App & Quizzes Commutation MCQ Question 8: View this Question Online > Acommutator with a diameter of (40/1) cm rotates at 1200 rpm. For a brush width of 41cm, the time of commutation is msec3. 0.96 Answer (Dela: Solution Below) Option 1: 1.25 Commutation MCQ Question 8 Detailed Solution Concep' Commutation time of de machine: The commutation period is the time required for commutation to advance a distance of one commutator segment. Commutation time T, = (we! V,) sec Where, We = width of the commutator segment width of the brush(w,) - width of mica insulation (Wm) V, = Peripheral velocity of commutator in meter/sec. = 1 DN / 60 Here D = diameter of the commutator and N = speed of the machine in RPM. Calculation: Given that, The rotational speed of the machine N = 1200 rpm = Ve= Peripheral velocity of commutator in meter/sec. = 11 (40/tr) * 1200 / 60 = 800 cm/sec And commutator width We =1.em = T, = 1/(800) = 1000 /800 msec = 1.25 msecx ee Dee eae Reta) PS Ela Orel tM ee Teh) Re Der hese ae Pec eae CC caer Corre eau Exetiea? Download App ees Commutation MCQ Question 9: View this Question Oj las Consider the following statements regarding commutation in dc machine, 1, Reactance voltage and cross magnetizing effect of armature reaction are the causes for under commutation. 2. When current reversal takes place before the commutation period then it is said to be under commutation. 3. By using inter poles we can improve the commutation. Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? 1. 2only 2. 1and 3 only 3. 2and 3only 4. 1,2and3 Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 2: 1 and 3 only Commutation MCQ Question 9 Detailed Solution Commutation: + Commutation is the process of reversal of current in an armature coil through commutation segments and brushes. + If the current reversal takes place exactly within the commutation period then it is said to be Ideal or Linear commutation. + When the current reversal takes place before the commutation period then it is said to be over commutation. + When the current reversal takes place after the commutation period then it said to be under or delayed commutation.+ The under commutation causes Sparking at the brushes. Generally, the causes for under or delayed commutation are 1. Reactance voltage: In the commutation process the coil is said to be short-circuited, due to the current reversal process, statically induced emf is induced called reactance voltage. To obey Lenz's law reactance voltage opposes the current reversal process, so the commutation process delayed. 2, Cross magnetizing effect of armature reaction. Commutation methods: 1, Resistance commutation (By using high resistance carbon brushes) 2. Voltage commutation (By using inter poles) Inter poles: * Inter poles are usually placed along the interpolar axis and their windings are connected in series with the armature circuit. + They produce flux to neutralize the cross flux along the geometrical neutral axis. + In addition to that, it produces some extra flux which cuts by the coil, a dynamically induced emf is induced. + This emf is in phase opposition with reactance voltage thereby reactance voltage is neutralized. + Hence, the commutation will improve. Tea ei Start Complete Exam Preparation Talus ferred aL ead rere Hehe rain Coa rics Download App Commutation MCQ Question 10: View this Question Online > Under-commutation results in 1. Sparking at the middle of the brush 2. Sparking at the leading edge of the brush3. Sparking at the trailing edge of the brush 4, No sparking Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 3: Sparking at the trailing edge of the brush Commutation MCQ Question 10 Detailed Solution + The cause of spaitking at the commutator is the failure of the current in the short-circuited elements to reach the full value in the reverse direction by the end of the short circuit. This is known as under Commutation or delayed commutation. + It causes sparking at the trailing edge of the brush. © Additional Information Commutation in DC Machine: * The currents flow in the armature of a DC machine are alternating in nature + The process of conversion of alternating current to DC current by means of the commutator is known as Commutation. + When the conductors of the armature are under the north pole, the current which is induced flows in one direction. + While the current flows in the opposite direction when they are under the south pole. + As the conductor passes through the field of the north pole and enters the south pole, the current in them is reversed. + The reversal of current takes place along the MNA or brush axis. When the brush span has two commutator segments, the winding element connected to those segments is short-circuited, Explanation: + Let us understand Commutation more clearly by considering a simple ring winding shown below in Figure A. Coil1 Coil2 Coil 3 Motion + In the position shown in Figure A, the current | flowing towards the brush from the left-hand side Passes around the coil in a clockwise direction. Now consider the other figure B shown below:Wy Uy + In the above figure, the position of the coil shows that the same amount of current is carried by all the coils, and the direction of the current is also similar, but the coll is too short-circuited by the brush, Now consider the other figure C shown below: Coil1 Coil2 Coil3 Motion oe 2 b) ly vi Jay * The brush makes contact with bars a and b, thereby short-circuiting coil 1. The current is still | from the left-hand side and | from the right-hand side. It is seen that these two currents can reach the brush without passing through coil 1. Now consider the other fiqure D shown below: