Model order reduction for bifurcating

phenomena in fluid-structure interaction

problems

Student: Moaad Khamlich Advisor: Prof. Simona Perotto

Matr. 913351 Coadvisors: Prof. Gianluigi Rozza
School of Industrial and Information Engineering
Prof. Claudio Canuto
Master of Science – Mathematical Engineering
Dr. Federico Pichi
Academic Year 2019-2020
Motivation

● Development and analysis of an efficient reduced order model for the study
of bifurcating phenomena governed by non-linear PDEs in fluid-structure
interaction problems.

● Understand how the phenomenon is influenced by the introduction of an

elastic structure.

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Outline of the presentation

1. Introduction
○ Bifurcating phenomena
○ The Coandă effect
2. Numerical Approximation
○ Reduced Basis method
○ Branch-wise reconstruction algorithm
3. The Fluid-Structure interaction problem
○ Numerical simulation of the interaction
○ Navier-Stokes equations on a moving domain
4. Numerical results
○ Rigid structure
○ FSI problem
○ Reduced order model

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Introduction

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Bifurcation theory

• When does it occur? When a small variation in the value of the parameters causes a
topological change of the system.
• Dynamic systems: The topological structure is related to the number of equilibrium
points and their nature.
CHAOS CATASTROPHE

Lorenz attractor Collapse of the Tacoma Narrow Bridge

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Some examples…

Phenomenon Bifurcation Parameter

Bending of a rod Load
Nerve Impulse Action potential
Aerodynamics stall Incidence of the airfoil
Species concentration Carrying capacity of the ecosystem
Market stock fluctuation Price adjustment speed
Combustion Oxidizing concentration
Some examples of parameters involved in bifurcating phenomena.

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The Coandă effect

Named after Romanian inventor Henri Coandă, who described it as:

“The tendency of a jet of fluid emerging from an orifice to follow an adjacent flat or curved surface
and to entrain fluid from the surroundings so that a region of lower pressure develops.”

Incompressibile Navier-Stokes Equations

Numerical simulation for a sudden expansion channel for values of the

kinematic viscosity in the range [0.5,2]

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Mathematical description

❖ Let us consider the strong form of a parametric PDE problem, which reads:

❖ We assume a trivial solution:

Definition

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Numerical approximation

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Branch reconstruction

Bifucation Diagram
In general, to analyze a bifurcating phenomenon
it is very useful to trace the behavior of a
significant scalar quantity, which can be
considered as the output of the dynamic system.

Given a generic parametric PDE in strong form:

We want to reconstruct the solution manifold:

The bifurcation diagram for steady incompressible Navier-Stokes

equations: the chosen scalar quantity is the vertical velocity at a point
belonging to the symmetry axis.

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Reduced Order Models

We are solving a class of parametrized problems in the form:

Examples: optimization, control and real time query.

Typical discretization techniques: Finite Elements, Spectral Elements, Finite Volumes,

Finite Differences.

The full order models present a considerable computational difficulty that scales proportionally to
the number of the degrees of freedom

Reduced Basis Method

Projection of the high fidelity problem onto a subspace consisting of basic functions chosen within the set of
full order solutions.

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POD-Galerkin method

Discretization of the parameter domain

Result: A finite dimensional space on which we can project

the governing equation:

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Branch-wise reconstruction algorithm

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The Fluid-Structure
interaction problem

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 FSI problem

Constitutive relations

5 1 44
Bifurcation parameter
2.5

2.5 7.5

2.5

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The solid deformation causes to have an

unknown fluid resolution domain .

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ALE formulation

Objective
Write the Navier-Stokes system on a
reference fix domain.

How? Arbitrary Lagrangian

Eulerian Formulation (ALE)
Extend the solid displacement inside
the fluid computational domain.

Armonic Extension Problem

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ALE formulation: stationary setting

ALE!

Coupling conditions

Boundary conditions

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Numerical results

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Rigid structure case

BIFURCATION DIAGRAM

Velocity magnitude for some significant values of the kinematic viscosity:

the left solutions belong to the lower branch (a), the right ones to the middle branch (c).

Scalar output

Velocity magnitude profile at the expansion section.

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FSI problem with linear elasticity

Solid’s deformation snapshots

BIFURCATION DIAGRAMS

The solutions are given in a spatial frame

through the df map.

Solid Fluid

Maximum magnitude of the solid displacement of the upper and

lower leaflets.

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Reduced order model

Average reconstruction error Relative error

Retained energy First mode!

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Saint Venant-Kirchoff model

Nonlinear constitutive relation

Comparison of the bifurcation diagram
for the fluid phase

Solid’s bifurcation diagram Maximum displacement

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Conclusions and
perspectives

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Conclusions and perspectives

What has been done?

● We developed a FOM/ROM based framework for bifurcation analysis.

● We presented a replicable benchmark for the investigation of the bifurcation in the multiphysics
context.
● We investigated the effect that the coupling of the fluid with an elastic solid can have on the
bifurcation.
● We considered large scale deformations by introducing a nonlinear constitutive relationship.

What is next?
o Develop an eigenvalue analysis to have a quantitative indicator for the bifurcation points.
o Use of partitioned schemes.
o Optimal control of the bifurcation.
o Integration with Machine Learning techniques: POD-NN, PINNs.
o Modify the physics of the problem: nonlinear buckling and compressible fluid dynamics.

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Thank you for the attention!

Bibliography
• F. Pichi. PhD thesis, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, 2020. Reduced order models for parametric bifurcation
problems in nonlinear PDEs.
• G. Pitton, A. Quaini, and G. Rozza. Computational reduction strategies for thedetection of steady bifurcations in incompressible
fluid-dynamics: applications to Coanda effect in cardiology. Journal of Computational Physics, 344:534–557, 2017.
• M. Nonino. On the application of the Reduced Basis Method to Fluid-Structure Interaction problems. PhD thesis, Scuola
Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, 2020.
• F. Ballarin and G. Rozza. POD-Galerkin monolithic reduced order models for parametrized fluid-structure interaction problems.
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 82, 2016.
• J. S. Hesthaven, G. Rozza, and B. Stamm. Certified Reduced Basis Methods for Parametrized Partial Differential Equations.
SpringerBriefs in Mathematics. Springer International Publishing, 2015.

Software packages

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Appendices

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Full Order Model (FOM)

We want to solve a generic PDE, whose strong form reads

Typical discretization techniques: Finite Element, Spectral Element, Finite Volume, Finite
Difference.

Galerkin Finite Element method

Algebraic
Strong Weak
system of
Formulation Formulation
equations

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Supremizer Enrichment

Why?
It is needed to overcome stability issues at reduced order level due to the non satisfaction of the
Babuška-Breezi condition:

How?
By solving the supremizer problem:

Result
Expansion of the velocity basis:

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Weak formulation for the FSI problem

Fluid-structure momentum equation Fluid incompressibility Equation

Extension Equation

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Functional Spaces

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Finite Volumes

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Finite Volumes

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