2999993999099 399900909909099090 299990309900099.090 39909 As Cambridge L2 Nile Schools Paper 1 - Transport in humans - Transport in Plants Collected and arranged By Prof. Dr. ABLA EL. NASHAR) 7999909999009 90909'99 ) 19990909 ) IIIIIDDY) dn 210) {1 48 The diggram shows a section through the heart Which label is correct? + A pulmonary artery B ft vantricle © ight atrium D aorta B_The dsgram shows a section through the heart andthe associated blood vessels What Is correct for the flow of blood through the heart? A 1323354 Bo 2413354 © 3545142 o 4335251IIQIYOYIODYD PPPIOD J > PIDIIIIIDIDIID % 72 IIIIDIOD0') > \Which statement about the blood vessels associated with a normal heathy heart is correct? ‘A. P and Q carry blood with more oxyhaerragiobin than haemogiobin. BP and R carry blood thats saturated with oxygen. CSand P carry blood with alow oxygen concentration. D_ Sand R carry blood with mors haemoglobin than axyhaemogiobin. Lge wri ot mo owing a nen a + erent Mei 3 rood anne tas eis mc A dggangerct rn andl th2 and Say cour 4,3.and 4 only FH An adult hurran has approximately Sm of blood, which circulates about once a minute. 400 cm? of arterial blood carries 19cm? of oxygen. 100 cm! of venous blood carries 12.5em" of oxygen. ‘What is the approximate volume in em? of oxygen taken up per minute In the lungs? A 225 B 6S c 325 D950IPIDIIIAIOIIDIYIYD d IDNIOO ? IIDQIIIID ) IODIDIDD J » d ) +} 6 ‘What occurs during ventricular systole in a mammalian heart? 1 aortio pressure increases 2 arial pressure does not change 3° ventricular pressure increases A tand2 B ands © 2and3 D Soniy “FP The diagram shows a defect in the walls between the atria foult in wall ofatiia What effect would this defect have on the bicod circulatory system? ‘A. increased pressurein the pulmonary artory 8 iragular heart beat © reduced oxygen saiuration of haemoglobin D._ ventricular systole is delayed 3 Which will not be formed in the plasma in capillaries surrounding active tissue? A. carbaminohaemoglobin B carbonic acid © hydrogen carbonate D hydrogen tons} FIIDIID ID » 399 19OD9D IIDIIDIIOIYD I9399 IIIIODDY etd 7 pressure key TkPa lefl ventricle aorta loft atrium oO 02 oa 06 08 time/s 10 ‘Heart biock’is @ disease which can resut in a lower than normal heat rate. A doctor treating a Patient suffering from heart biock found that electrical impulses were initiated as normal but were ot correctly conducted to the ventricles, so the rate of ventricular contraction was slowed, Which may be functioning incorrectly in the patient? 1. atrioventricular node (AVN) 2 Purkyne tissue 3 _ sinoatrial node (SAN) A fand2only B tand3only © 2and3only DB onlydD) d ) ) > >) » J 199999090 ) ) ) » IIIIDOD9 ) Pies? ) 20 pressure/ 4g _| KPa key hom left ventricle —— aorta + left atrium What happens at x? A atrioventricular valves close B_atioventricular valves open © semilunar valves close D ‘semilunar valves open 12s the graph shows te oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curves at pH 7.8 end at pH 7.2. Which point on the graph shows the percentage saturation of haemoglobin in the blood leaving an active muscle? \ oH 76 pH72 9% saturation of haemogiobin partial pressure of oxygen .FDP 9979 FIO90909090903 d » d ae > i Nh tm depaiy shere uo cansee cer of a acd wih he ssuowes aces ex bouts Hes seconds 0 05 10 15 Lona ta pa ty 1 Piet AS = atrial systole VS = ventricular systole onSTolE TAs TEER _DASTOLE] How many times per minuta is the student's heart beating? A 72 B75 © 80 D 9 4p The folowing araph shows the pressure changes nth lft rum, et veticle and aorta during cardia cycle, loft ventricle aorta loft atrium 0 02 o4 08 08 With reference to the semilunar and bicuspid valves, what is happening at points 1, 2, 3 and 4? Seminar valve bicuspid valve opens: 5 closes - opens closes A 1 2 3 4 8 1 2 4 3 c 2 3 1 4 > 2 ‘sieeiae aise L, 73999 d d diy » 99 ——_—_——| 7 WG crews coerce cece asics 16 16 14 2 10 pressure! Po 8 6 4 2 0 02 04 906 08 time/s Which row correctly identifies WX, Y, and 2? w x = Zz A | atrioventricular | semi-lunar semiiunar | atrio-ventricular valves close valves close valves open valves open B | atrio-ventricutar | semitunar semitunar | etrio-ventricular E valves close valves open valves close valves open € | semitunar | atrioventricular’ | atrioventricular | semiunar valves close valves open valves close valves open D | semitunar | atrioventricular | atiowentricular | semi-lunar valves open valves close valves open valves close ‘Some babies are born with a hole between the right and left atria. These newly born babies are found to have an increasad number of red blood cells. What is the reason for this increase? ‘A. More blood is needed because itis pumped faster. Newly bom babies’ haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen. B C__ Newly born babies’ haemoglobin molecules only have one haem group. D ‘There is less oxygen available to the newly born baby.) YIIPIIIFIIIIVIVIDIIIIIIIIDID oyele. 20 pressure ikPa 1° "2 The diagram shows pressure changes in the aorta left arium and left ventricle during the cardiac key left ventricle aorta left atrium Which row explains the changes in the left ventricle at different times on the graph? a | banana | cot Wars ota 2 | sxtwean2ent9 ln te as 2 eR ae [eal 19 exe cow shove me canal Ripcntoton diffuses from respiring calls? in the red blood cells when carbon dioxide. | carbonic | hydrogencarbonate hydrogen [anhydrase ions tons A decreases no change no change B Increases increases increases c no change decrease increase D no change increase increaseIDQIIIIDYD Peas eS ec kcal Pe 2D. Pe ial ed Neh at eat ee 2 ) EE (i en EE {THe lagam gis Infomation aout Hood press in venous pats ofthe ceulatory syatm dig ti card oy Atwhich point doss the sorilunar valve of the aorta close? 16 124 key aorta atrium TP: pressuro/KPa saoeee ventricte time/s 2.8 viatie aot bod pressure? A B c D the maximum blood pressure inthe arteries the blood pressure in the eft ventricle al the end of a contraction the maximum blood pressure in the right vanricle the blood pressure in the artories when the heart is relaxingbe SP EP EP EP LP IP LP ED Le ae | ) Di DDD), PP 2 99:39 ,) 3 ) ) d d ‘2s The graph shows pressure changes during s cardiac cycle. Pressure {kPa Which row correctly identifies W, X, Y.and 2? <<< \ ae {0 |} 0 o2 oa 06 08 time/s T w x learn [A | evcvetioas tip conte al@P'sentunar | artnet ; valves clase valves close valves open valves open, 8 | aviswriaite, | SyeBunar | semana | stevenson valvosdose "|. veboegpin | venencmne | “covet © | soméarar | “atioventcuar | atventiouer | — sembuner vaeasoete Re ttiperen | “omerccas | coxa >| senda, “Raaibticusr | stioventatar | sortiner valves digis| Sion dove | “vanorcpen’ | _caweranee QBr vit sstoe toed pressure? A. thelbigad preuren the arteries when tho hearts reening the blood pressure B © the maximum blood pressure in the arteries D the maximum blood pressure in the right ventricle 2B wer teaures enable ne sora to withstand venti yale? elastin fibres and endott« voay collagen fibres and elastin bres collagen fibres and smooth muscle sien endothelium and smooth muscle the left ventricle at the end of a contractiond ye eee ) SS t ‘Ly The ciegram shows pressure changes during the cardiac oycle. Which arrow indicates aiial systole? pressure IkPa 6 02 04, 06 o8 .10 12 14 ‘VB ceric muscle fs made up cf many fibres that frm he walls othe chambers fhe heart ‘When the heart contracts, these fibres shorten in length so the muscle creates a force that exerts ‘ pressure on the blood, causing it fo move. Which statement explains the difference in thickness of the walls of ventricles of the heart? A A B c D There is more muscle in the wall of the right ventricle than that of the left ventricle because ‘more pressure is needed to push blood into the aorta than into the pulmonary artery. ‘The number of muscle fibres in the left ventricle is greater than the number in the right ventricle so their contraction has more force, exerting more pressure on blood. The space available to fil with blood inside the left ventricle is smaller than that of the right ventricle 8o more pressure is needed to force blood out, ‘The wall of the right ventricle is thicker than that of the left ventricle because it has to resist ‘more pressure when the muscle of the right ventricle contracts. What happens during ventricular systole in a mammalian heart? aortic pressure increases atrioventricular valves open semilunar valves close ventricular pressure decreases) d I +94 PIII 199990909 3 27D) I J Pay eae cum oe eee ere) 2,3} The ciagram shows he pressure changes n various stustures ofthe lef sde ofthe heat during the cardiac oye. Atthe end of which period, A, B, C oD, is the ventricle full of Blood? Ay B pressure tkPa left ventricle aorta + left atrium The graph sh a oo 1 29 Tre graph shows tho changes that take place in tho volume of the fet vantile during ono Which point on the graph represents the start of atrial systole? A 1042 ventricular ‘volume cm? lime ‘ZG tt the ieft atrioventricular vaive in the heart does not close compietoly it results in blood flowing back into the atrium during ventricular systole. ‘What would! be the immediate effect of this back fow? A blood flowing from the heart carries less oxygen because less blood enters the lungs 5 diastolic pressure in the left venice falls because less blood enters the pulmonary artery lower systolic pressure inthe fff alrium and lass blood enters the pulmonary artery D ralsed pressure in the left alrium and less blood enters the aortaee | 1IDI9O9N ) 19939909099 1999903990909.99090 ) ) 13-912 1990909 d ) —{u} 3G The graph shows the pressure in three parts of the heart during one cycle. pressure key IKP a = lett vontricle aoria << foft atrium 0 02 o4 os 08 time/s ‘AtO.2 seconds, which part of the heart is responding to the excitatory stimulus? BR what corey desetes an event inthe cardae cyte that allows aa syle? A. Awave of excitation passes through the sinoatrial node (SAN), before spreading down to the base of the septum. B Electrical impulses pass from the muscles of the atria to the muscles of the ventricles to ‘cause ventricular systole. © Electrical impulses pass through conducting bres, which cause a delay before spreading to Purkyne tissue, ‘The opening and closing of the semilunar valves accurs later than the opening and closing of the atrioventricular valves,3 J V.IVIIIII9399000 ) I PID , pressure 1kPa oy = left ventricle porta left atrium: ® 02 04 oe Ot time/s With reference to the semilunar vaive and atrioventricular valve, what Is happening at points 1, 2 Banda? Semilurar valve atrioventricular valve opens loses opens loses a 1 2 3 4 B 1 2 4 3 c 2 3 1 4 D 2 3 4 1 BB} urna a cardiac cy, te prossuon tert venti ower han that in he Hight tum and, lover han hatin oputmenay ane Which row is correct? garter semilunar valve Al closed closed 8 closed open © open closed : D open open | :WIODD d ) ,FD 1I9O99DYD 19099900 J 91919 O23 Dba Or) J ) d Se 3 &p the diagram shows pressure changes in helt side ofthe heart dung he cardiac ycle pressure ikPa What happens at X? key Joft ventricle aorta left atrium A. atrioventricular valves close . atrioventricular valves open B © semilunar valves close D semilunar valves open 4 5} whichis not a correct statement about phagocytoe? gowe They are white blood cells with a lobed nucleus. They have many lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes. ‘They have many mitochondria to produce ATP for endocytosis. They provide specific defence against disease-causing organisms, 26 WR Mig wo ed nbcdond prone tee uit carbon dioxide glucose fatty acids A 1,2,3and4 B 1 2 3 white bicod calls, 4 4,2and 3 only GC 1,3and4 ony D 2and4only130909000000 ) IIIWIOIDYD 1399003090 79:39000099009'70 ) ) Seep peer 2) ‘The graph shows the press 5 ay Be gon a pressure changes in diferent areas of the left side of the hoart during one pressure tka Which row shows the pressure changes in each part of the heart? lot left atrium | ventricle | 27 A x Y z B y 2 x c Zz % Y D Zz y x BQ The proiograph shows a ype obbd cet id oO Ho Which statements about these cells are correct? 4 Oxygen diffuses through the phospholipid bilayer. 2. Sodium ions diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer. 3. Water passes in and out of these cells by osmosis. A tand2only B tand3only C 2and3only D 1,2and32939390 ? IODA Doe 7990399090 1200 YIN 799 J } blood ae prose venticte 2 atrium ime/s What is happening at time x? sortie samurar Pacha A closing ‘emptying B closing filing c opening ‘emptying Lo | epening filling {4 the iagram shows the Bressure changes in various structures of the right side of the heart during the cardiac cycle. pressure, UkPa 0 02 oa oO time/s Which structure is represented by lettor X? A. pulmonary artery Bright atrium © right ventricie D vena cava>: 0 29900099 ) 99.99930390190903919.3390990 9999909720 a Cr aha deren shore tispaeare feeeep nue ere ie eae i | ‘the cardiac cycle. I) | Which fetter shows whan the vanirci is emply of blood? pressure Thea A Bye key === lofiventite sorta loftateium bofore it passes dawn the Purkyne tissue Io the vertices, ‘Movermant of blood into tha ventricles following atial contraction causes the ventricular blood Pressure to rise above the blood pressure inthe atria, closing tha atrioventricular valve, © The band of non-conducting tissue between the atria and venticles causes the wave of ‘excitation to pass through the Purkyna tissue fo reach te atrioventricular noc 1D The sinoatrial node inthe let atrum. sent ids out a wave of excitation that spreads across the ‘walls ofthe aia, sulting in the movemant of blood from the atria inte the ventricles. UB ras neoa cells may contain a molecule known as 2.3-bisphophoalycerate (2:38PG). When 2.58PG binds to heemoglobin a highor partial pressure of oxygen is needed to bring about 60% ‘saturation of haemoglobin wth oxygen. Which statements about the effect of2,3BPG are correct? 4 2 3 4 2,38PG in red blood calls causes the oxygen dissociation curva to shit to the right. ‘The binding of 2,38°G to haemoglobin reduces the Bohr effect ‘The binding of 2,38PG to haemoglobin lowers the affniy of the haemostobin for oxygen, \When 2,38°6 is absent, oxyhaemoglobin is less likely to unload oxygen. A tand2. Botand3 CG 2and3 DD Sandé o- = Pree ee 0 02 04 08 os tines 4B vnc statement concersing events at ac in th ers sore? ‘AAs tho wave of excton pasos tough the atioverticar node there ls tine delay ‘A 2and4 only B 1,2and 3only © 1,3and4enly D 1.2.3and4193399990902 990939993 ) 2 So key pressure, — leit ventricle aorta + left atrium time Which statement about the heart valves is correct? A. ALP, the atrioventricular valve opens. ‘ALG, the semilunar valve opens. ALR, the semilunar valve opens. cog AtS, the atrioventricular valve closes. ‘mucus is produced, ‘Which of these changes occur during/an asthma attack? 1 Activity of ciated epithelium increases. 2 Endocytosis in goblet cells increases. 3. Smooth muscles more active, A tand2only B tand3ony © 2and3only DB 1,2and3 5% number ot tren sues occur inthe wate of major blood vessels ‘Which row corraetly identifies the main tissues found in the three layers ofthe wall of an artery? ‘outer layer ~~ middie layer inner layer (tunica externa! A collagen 8 collagen elastic c elastic | collagen ‘endothelium elastic collagen muscle FE | endothelium When a person suffers an asthma attack, the tubes of the gas exchange system narrow and extrayd: > ——{ 2} 5, Top Which structure is correctly ientiied? aorta pulmonary artery pulmonary vein voo> vena cava S$ bp ‘The diagram shows a section through the heart and the associated blood vessels. ‘What is correct for the flaw of blood through the heart? 14>25354 A B2313354 © 3545142 D Aa3s2512 5% Wet describes the role of the attiowenticular nods ofthe heart? Iteauase the muscles of the ventrcias to contract from the apex upwards: Itdolays the transmission of a wave of electrical acivity from the SInoatrial née, CC Htiniistes 2 new wave of elecircal activity in the ventricles. 1D. Iiprovides a non-conducting barrier between the alria‘and the veriticies. 5 & Tho diagram shows pressure changos during the cardiac cys, Which arrow indicates ventricular systole? . 20. pressure TePa 19 5: whic process can be cari gu by a maura re le cal? A active transport B col dlision © phagooyissis D protein synthesis: 5 @ aeresiouit cnn to cabon oxide, carbon monoxide ard oxygen i tent abou te tindng tos ofheemogein is caret? A Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide bind to one site, oxygen binds to a different site. {°Yaton dod and oygen tino one st, carbon monoxide ind ia fret si Carbon ment rl agen ind ones, carbon dade o adits. Se eee eae etoearee aioe D 533525454I IIIIID d ——{ 2s }- & 4 vitich blood vessel has ine thickest wale? 691 wer satoment about te nthe mammalian deustn yt of th heat, ood vesols and blood is correct? A The contraction of heart muscle causes blood to enter arleries that pump the blood to organs, causing the formation of tissue fluid between cells before retuming to the heart in veins. B The heart connects two seis of blood vessels so that oxygen from the lungs can be distributed by red blood cells and wastes can be collected from tissues by blood plasma for removal. © The heart muscle contracts and relaxes causing blood, carrying materials from one part of the body to another, to move through blood vessels that connect the different parts of the body. The heart provides enough pressure to push blood through arteries to capillaries between cells causing filtration of blood and the formation af lissue fluid which diffuses back into veins. What explains how the maximum uptake of oxygen occurs as blood passes through the capillaries of the lungs? A. Each haemoglobin molecule can temporarily bind to four oxygen atoms. B__Oxyhaemoglobin formation increases the capacity of red bloed cells to transport oxygen. © The binding of the first oxygen molecule to haemoglobin decreases the molecule’s affinity for binding other oxygen molecules. D The dissociation of carbon dioxide from carboxyhaemogiobin allows more haemoglobin to be available for oxygen binding,Mt a) 2D ts PD D2 9 2 8 8 DD ) d —_——{ 2 bby ‘The stoke volume bs the vohma of bod purped by seth contadon of & vero the Ventricular ond-ciasioe volume is the Yolume of blood inthe venileustbafore Sysiol. Which graph shows the relationship between the stroke volume and the ventricular end-diastolic volume? 200 stroke volume 100 Jem? ° 2004 stroke volume 100-} Jem 0 A +, o 100 200 ventricular end-diastolic, volume/ om? © tts oe at 0 100 200 ventricular end-diastolic vvolume em? 2009 Ph stroke volume 100: Jem? +. O 100 200 ventricular end-diastolic vvolume/cm? \ 2005 a stroke volume 1004 fom? 0 100 200 veniticular end-diastolic volume/em? 45 wich component of tibsco roke causes an increase in baod prossre? A. carbon monoxide carcinogens B © nicotine D tarDi a 3D 929/019) D5?) »9)> 2 ae R329 3199 ' 3 3990) PEED eo) d {2} & & snineronss in caroon donk nanan blond shits th cxyheemmglobnglgsoclaon curve tothe be ‘What Is the explanation for this effect? A B c D ‘An increase in carbon dioxide concentration increases the ventilation rate. Carbon dioxide is more soluble than oxygen and displaces it, Diffusion of carbon dioxide between the alveoll and the blood is more rapid, Increasing the H* concentration decreases haemoglobin affinity for oxygen. G1 which te corect about the affinity between haemoglobin and the gases carbon dixie, carbon mmonene and oxyoon? i { highest affinity > Iowest affinity A. | carbon monoxide carbon dioxide oxygen B | carbon monoxide ‘oxygen, carbon dioxide c oxygen carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide D ‘oxygen carbon monoxide | __carbondioxide | 8 The photomicrographs show transverse eodtons of atras fom a non-smoker anda sroker. non-smoker From the evidence above, which disease is most likely to cccur in the smoker? cardiovescular disease chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) emphysema and chronie bronchitis, lung cancerd 199993 3:2 iP ae I3)9 24 30) ) ) 6 8 he graph shows tne oxygen dissociation curves for homoglobin of animals that live at righ aus and animals ate et ow ete, 100: high altitude percentage saturation 4 ‘of haemoglobin low Sire tae altitude partial prassure of oxygen kPa ‘What explains the oxygen dissociation curve at high altitude? ‘A. Haemoglobin has a higher aft for oxygen. B Haemoglobin releases oxygen more readily © The change in partial pressure of carbon dioxide causes a Bohr effec. D_ The decrease in percentage af carbon dioxide causes the curve to shift tothe let. 7} why does the red blood cell count of humans Increase when they remain at high attitudes? ‘A. Haemoglobin is not saturated with oxygen in the lungs. The partial pressure of oxygen is higher. © The pereantage of oxygen in the airhas decreased. D__ There is more carbon dioxide, increasing the Bohr effect. "Yop The red biood cell count of humans increases when they remain at high altitudes. Why does this occur? 4. to increase the Bohr effect, 2 to increase the diffusion gradient for oxygen inthe lungs 3 to maintain transport of oxygen 3only 4 and 2 only 2and3 only 1,2and3 voa>) ) 9:99 » Eo] +0 19999990900 ) 799090) ) —____——_{ » } “J& Anerson moves from sea level to lve at a high allitude, After three months living at high altitude, which change would be found in this person when at rest? ‘A. Increased volume of blood per heartbeat increased breathing rate © Increased heart rate D increased mass of red blood calls, What isthe reason for the increase in red biood coll in humans at high alitudes? A. tocompensale for the low percentage saturation of haemoglobin B_ to enabie haemoglobin to unload more oxygen inthe tissues by the Bohr effect © toensure that haemoglobin is almost 90% saturated when It reaches the tissues, D_ to increase the number of mitochencra in the blood for ATP production Why does the number of red blood eells in @ human increase after several weoks at high altitude? A. red blood colle are shortiived B there is a high partial pressure of oxygen to remove glucose from the tissues to supply the lisues with enough oxygen19O909 aD 199009090 19990909009 199909 2D 7)) ) “1G Totac coprssnts sleeve ea dug arg heart bat aR a 8 nity the flow of current through the atria and the recovery of the ventricle walls? A PandR B PandT © QandR D Qands electrical activity lime What is happening at each of the labelled stages in the cardiac cycle? 3 eR [CGR 7 A atria contract airio-ventricular atria relax ventricles contract vane opens | mpuise eaves AVN | entices conrect | atiarclax | alio-vonticar valve doses ¢ | iputseicaves SAN | otis conrect | vertices contract | vente relax D | vertices eiax | atin contact | attowentiutar | vente lax vate ooses1909 71900009090909090009009 IIIDD 99990909 I99939.9 3 VW ——{ 1 }—— Tho diagram shows the changes in electrical activity in the heart muscle during one eardiac cycle. ‘This is called an electrocardiograph (ECG). sinoatrial node stimulated stimulates, ventricular systole Which electrocardiogram shows a rate of 75 beais pet minute?afro) , 2IOO7) , 19909099 ) » \& Tho diagram shows some ofthe reactions of carbon dloxde when it enters the blood fram cals in a metabolialy active tesus, Which reaction is catalysed by the enzyme carbonie anhydrase? plasma CO, + H,0 + H,CO, > HY + HO,” red blood call “19 tow many shoesotsi tlaers does axygen pass twaigh in dfuing for an abeotar ar ‘pave form cnjtaemegabin nated bod cla nnmatan ang? a3 BS c8 pg 0 nic sateen about hunan gs oxrane sytem ae care? 1) ‘Thesteoninot caer sma oncils laws hom expand 2 The wolfe aot re made octal epatun 2 _Aveaguroa Pn Pench cee mates ra ge 4 Th tae ad tepch aresuppotedy cen of carege 32 A tan B 1and3 © 2and4 D sand4 yf Acteeaiiemoges Had wate, cau he avec but ‘What effect does this have on the gas exchange system? ‘surface area for | maximum volume gas exchange _| of airbreathed out A| decreases decreases 3 | decreases increases | decreases no change D | nochange _| nochange) I9999099090900909990 IION90070 $9199909099900909099990 7 d Ye at happen ng evan aye A ‘The atrioventricular nods causes the immediate contraction of the ventricle, causing the atrioventricular valve to close. ‘The Purkyne tissue between tho atrium and ventricle causes the ventricle lo contract, closing the atrioventricular valve and opening the semilunar valve. ‘The sinoatrial node causes the atrium to stop contracting and the blood pressure in the veniricle to increase above that in the atrium. ‘The wave of oxcitation causes the ventricle to contract so that the blood pressure in the ventricle is higher than in the aorta, opening the semilunar valve. %8_ Te protograph shone lod cal as seen usr a high power ight moreno. Which row correctly identifies the different types of white blood cell? 2 3 lymphocyte monocyte neutrophil monocyte, neutrophil | macrophage neutrophil monocyte lymphocyte phagocyte fymphocyte monocyte by ic of hose processes re reponibl forthe Boh hit A 1 Carbon dioxide reacts with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemagiobin. 2. Carton dioxide reacts with water to farm carbonic acid. 3. Maemagiobinic acid is formed from the dissociation of carbonic acid, 12and& BB ton © Pandaenly D onlyOD , J 7IFDIDNDIIOD9D d d IIIDIIIOD , 9 BS ioc, secu Tui and mph each have a dfarent composition, Which row shows the composition of lymph? water_| antibodies | _ lipid All; v 7 a v x CHa, x v o| «x 4 aa FG wich row shows the change in concentration of some substances in red blood cells when carbon dioxide dfuses fiom active cols? ~ carbonic hhydrogencarbonate| hydrogen anhydrase ‘ons ions A| decreases no change no change 8 increases increases increases c no change decreases increases o no change inereases increases 33.9] tre agra sons he peste changes in vrius structures of he et le ft heart during tocando oye, [Atthe end of which periad is the ventricle full of blood? pressure kPa. left ventricfe aorta ~~ left atriumd IVIIDDD J > IIIDYD y » 3% The otowing ae al suc! components of Bond vans 1 2 3 4 collagen fibres elastic fibres endothelial cells ‘smooth muscle cells Which row shows the components in an artery and a vein? com> artery vein 4,2end4 4, 3and4 2,S.end4 1,3and4 4,2,3and4 | 4,2,9and4 4,2,3and4 | 2,30nd4 ee ye ee qa ‘are to the right of thase of larger mammals ‘What does this suggest about the haemoglobin of smaller mammals? A B c D It carries more oxygen when the partial pressure of oxygen is higher. It releases oxygen less easily at lower partial pressures of oxygen. It saturates with oxygen more easily. Itunload is oxygen more easily. Which row could be correct for the average blood pressure in different parts of the human circulatory system? Blood pressure right | artery in | veinin | capilary atrium | arm arm | inarm A ee ee + +H Bl Fe foes | see + Cth ts ” ee + Dl see | ae + 4 key 444+ highest average blood pressure a | + lowest average blood pressure) yyy M999 Y Gap The contraction of the heart is coordinated through slectical impulses passing through the cariae muscle Which Is the correct order of part of the sequence of these impulses? A. Tight and left atria -s sinoatrial node -> airioventricutar node -> ventricular walls: » Sinoatrial node -» right and left atria —> atrioventricular nade —» Purkyne lisse B © sinoatrial node ~» right and left atria -» Purkyne tissue > atrioventricular node D sinoatrial node -» right and left alria > Purkyne tissue -» ventricular walls 4 wen features enabi th ato withstand veticlar systole? ~ A colagen flores nd elastin thes 8 calagen fibres ard ech muscle € eastn tres and ordohelum D_ endothelium and smecth muscle QS vier correct for the pulmonary artery? Blood cared maa wale [men aw 1 | deonyeenatea | ek ‘nal 8 | deoxygenated | tin lage © | crygenated ft oma Lo | oryponstes | in lasso 144. wnon a doctor oF nes takes 2 blood sample from a person they use @ needle fo penetrate @ vein not an ator Which reasons explain why veins are used? 1. Arteries cary blood under more pressure than veins, Arteries have a thicker middle layer than veins, Veins carry deoxygenated blood. sew Veins have a larger lumen than arteries, 4,2,3and4 1, 2and 3 only 4,2and 4 only coup and 4 only J) 9) 9) VI) ID 9) 9) 9) 9) 9D VD IF 9.9) 99.93.9) 9) 9997.97.97 9.99.99.99.99 9.99.9) ID )|FIOIIDIIDD d 79:9909 7‘) 4959002320 5000959900000 ) ) A tend2 B 2and4 © 3andé D Sonly 24 the dagram shows te nea and some of lod enol 2 Which combination of numbers correctly Identifies the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart and carry blood from the heart? ae lS feds | saws e | zara tare c| saa tani2 o | ¢ma1 anda» >> F-37333 3:3 > d GY nich statement is tuo forthe Bohr ofect? a¢ A As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide incre: S- shaped (sigmoid). s the dissociation curve becomes B At higher partial pressures of carbon dioxide and equal partial pressures of oxygen, the Percentage saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen will be higher. © The carbon dioxide in the air prevents haemoglobin becoming fully saturated with oxygen during gas exchange in the lungs. D The release of oxygen from haemoglobin is more likely at higher partial preesures of carbon dioxide. Aortic stenosis is a heart valve disorder in which the aortic semi-lunar valve opening is narrow. Which effect could aortic stenosis have on heart structure and function? A. The cardiac muscle of the left ventricle wall is thinried by blood leaking out of the left ventricle during ventricular diastole. B There is less cardiac muscle in the left veniricle and reduced diastolic blood pressure, caused by the smaller blood volume entering the left atrium, © The tendons of the heart valves are weakened by blood being forced back through the left atrio-ventricular (bicuspid) valve into the left atrium, D The wall of the left ventricle thickens, leading to an enlarged heart and inability to relax and fil complataly chirinn diastole. (6% which is correct about the affinity between haemoglobin and the gases carbon dioxide, carbon monexide and oxygen? highest affity _——————> _fowestaffnity A | carbon monoxide carbon dioxide oxygen B | carbon monoxide oxygen carbon dioxide c oxygen ‘carbon dioxide carbon monoxide D oxygen carbon monoxide carbon dioxide [ Cx An increase in carbon dloxde in human blood shits the oxyhaemoglbin dissociation curve to the tht. What is the explanation for this effect? A 8 ¢ D ‘An increase in carbon dioxide concentration increases the ventilation rate. Carbon dioxide is more soluble than oxygen and displaces it, Diffusion of carbon dioxide between the aiveoll and the blood is more rapid. Increasing the H’ concentration decreases haemoglobin affinity for oxygen.ae Eee Dt EE) i >) {ks The diagram shows the pressure changes in various stuctuee of the Tight side of the heart during the cardiac cycle, pressure 1a Which structures are represented by the letters X, Y and Z? x Y Zz A | pulmonary artery | right atrium fight ventricle : B | ightatitum — | pulmonary artery | right ventricle ©] right ventrica | pulmonary artery | right atrium D | right ventricie fight atrum | pulmonary artery 169 ncn ro doscbesitnas ne roferioncfhasmogbbinas rent the ot fac? [ 0% tumans hve a double creuation sytem ‘What does the term ‘double circulation’ mean? affinity for oxygen | oxygen dissociates by haemoglobin | from haemoglobin A higher less readlly B higher ‘more readily c lower loss readily > lower more readily ‘A The blood circulates separately in the two sides of the heart. B_ The blood passes twice through the heart during one camplete circulation. > © The heart has two of each chamber: atria and ventricles, D_ The heart boat has a double sound caused by the two sets of valves closing.DEDEDE Ds Et ese Pte): ee doe ) ) d ) a 6 The photomicrograph shows @ section through a structure found in mammals viewed using a ight eee ‘What are the main components of layer WW? ‘A. collagen fibres only B_ clastic fibres and collagen fibres © smooth muscle and elastic bres D ‘squamous epithelial cells forming en endothelium 1.6 & wich row correctly identifies the locations in which a type of molecule or cell can be present? | type.otmélecleor cet | blood | ympn | teste. | a ipce, rane x 5 riuctin ear, c lymphocyte x v v | wibat te, daioska vftv ie loQ ‘Which statements about the formation of haemoglabinic acid are correct? 1. Its linked to the action of carbonic anhydrase. 2. It prevents blood from becoming tao acidic by removing excess hydrogen fons, 2 Itean only eceur when oxygen associates with haemoglobin, A 1,2and3 B fand2only C fonly D 2and3 only> s 1) 16 @ Red biood colts may contain a molecule known a5 2.3-isphophosiycerais (2,380). When 2,3BPG binds to haemoglobin a higher partial prassurs of oxygen Is needed to bring about 50% saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen, \ Which statements about the effect of 2,3BPG are correct? 1 2,38PG in red blood cells causes the oxygen dissociation curve to shift fo the left. 2 The binding of 2,38PG to haemoglobin lowers the ainity of the haemoglobin for oxygen, 3. Binding of 2,3BPG to haemoglobin reduces the Bohr effect. 4 When 2,3BPG is absent, oxyhaemogiobin is less likely to unload oxygen. A tand3 B 2and4 © tonly D. 2only 109} ed blood cots may contain a molecule. known as 2,2-bisphopheglveorato (2,38PG), When 2,3BPG binds to haemoglobin a higher partial pressure of oxygen is needed to bring about 30% saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen. Which statement about the effect of 2,38PG is correct?” A 2.38PG in red blood cells causes the oxygen dissociation curve to shift to the left. Binding of 2,38PG to haemagiobin reduces the Bohr effect. B © The binding of 2,3BPG to haemoglobin lowers the affinity of the haemoglobin for oxygen, D_ When 2,38PG is absent, oxyhaemoglobii less likely to unload oxygen, 118 Tho totowing tissues carry an electical impulse during the cardiac cycle. 4 altioventicular node 2 muscle wall ofatia 3 Purkyne tissue 4 Sinoattial node In what order does the electrical impulse travel during the cardiac cycle? A 1925354 B 1545253 6 4525149 D 69253514> 31D 1D ) ? 1125 wich statement describes the Bor effect? ‘A. In high partial pressure of oxygen and high partial pressure of carbon doxida, the atfity of haemoglobin for oxygen increases. B_ In high partial pressure of oxygen end low partial pressure of carbon dioxide, the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen decreases, © In jow partial pressure of oxygen and high partial pressure of carbon dioxide, the affinity of haemogiobin for oxygen decreases. D_ In low partial pressure of oxygen and low partial pressure of carbon dioxide, the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen is unchanged, 114s wat is produced by the action of carbonic anhydrase? A. carbaminohaemoglobin B haemoglobinic acid © hydrogencarbonate ions D_ oxyhaemogiobin 11% uring the cardiac cycle, the movement of the valves causes sounds that can be heard using a stethoscope. What causes the frst sound after atrial systole in the cardiac cycle? 1 closing of the atrioventricular valves 2 opening of the Semilunar valves 3 closing of the semilunar valves A tand2 B tand3 © tonly D Bony 11. 2 vac stetement cancering events that occurin the heats cone? A As the wave of excitation passes through the atrioventricular node there is a time delay before it passes down the conducting fibres in the septum to the ventricles; this allows the atria to fil before ventricular systole. B Contraction of the ventricle muscles following atrial systole causes the ventricular blood Pressure to rise above the bload pressure in the alia, closing the atrioventricular valve and preventing backflow, The band of non-conducting fibres between the atria and ventricies prevents the wavo of ‘excitation from the atria reaching the ventricles directly; the wave of excitation passes fo the Purkyne fibres and then to the atrioventricular node. . The primary pacemaker, the sinoatrial node in the ioft atrium, sends out a wave of excitation that spreads across the walls of the atria, resulting in the movement of blood from the aria into the ventricles.IID 79D IDID DD ) 13:99:39 0900900993900 3 ) ) ts 11 the graph shows the oxygen dissociation curves of haemoglobin from two spacies of mammal, Sond. s percentage \ saturation of haemosiobin ~ with oxygen “Tt Q partial pressure: of oxygen /kPa Which statements could explain the ciference in the oxygen dissociation curves of species $ end species T? 4 Species T has a lower haemoglobin concentration in its red blood cells than species S. 2. The haemoglobin in species T has a lower afiy for oxygen than the haemoglobin in species 8. 3. Species T lives at higher altitudes than species S, A 1,2and3 B tand2only © 2only D only 116 A person has two blood tests one month apart. The number of each type of cll ina fxd sample sizo's counted. type of call fist test after one month | red blood cells normal higher lymphocytes normal higher What could this suggest about the person based on the resuits after one month? body temperature | moved to higher | ATP synthesis higher altitude in calls is higher A no no yes B no yes no c yes nO, no D yes | yes> W)IIINVDDAD ) YIWMVIAIIMDIIAIIID ’ ) 73D J ) ——{+} IV There is a decreased partial pressure of oxygen at high alttude compared to sea level Which row is @ correct description and reason for the response of the body to high altitude? description Teason A more red blood cells because haemoglobin breaks down more rapidly. a red blood cells have genes 80 red blood cells produce more switched on haemoglobin c ‘oxygen dissociation curve shifts to compensate for an increase to the right jn oxygen unloading in tissues D | percentage saturation of hasmogicbin | so more red blood cells are produced __with oxygen in lungs decreases to carry more haemoglobin 11 Qe action attudes, tho oxygen content of the air may bea third ofthat at sea evel ‘Asa person climbs a mountain, their body gradually adjusts to the high altitude, What is increased during this period of adjustment? A. the concentration of hasmogiobin in the red blood cells the oxyger-carrying capacity of the haemoglobin B the number of red blood cells per mm? of blood D the rate at which haemoglobin releases oxygen to the tissues Which factors would help a person to adjust from living at a low altitude to living at a high altitude? 11 formation of fewer red blood cells, 2 an increase in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood 3. an increase in the output of blood by the heart A 1,2and3 B tand2only CG ‘and3only D 2end3only What is the effect of this? A. Itincreases the Bohr effect, Itincreases the rate of oxygen transport 8 © Itreduces the amount of haemogiobin per cell D It reduces the heart rate 11 The red blood cell count af humans increases when they remain at high alludes.) ) J PFQAIIIDIIIDIIOIDAYD 39939000390 39909000 3190939909000090009 ) 1/L41 The photomicrograph shows a section through two structures found in mammals viewed using @ light microscope. Which row is correct? fae} aR a w x feature A | artery vein X contains cells with haemoglobinic acid B | bronchiole | vein X contains calls with oxyhaemoglobin c | trachea | artery | the lumen of W allows air to pass through D | vein atrium |W contains deoxygenated blood 114. which effect could bo due to a reduced concentration of carbonic anhydrase? A B c D carbaminohaemaglobin concentrations will decrease less oxygen is released from oxyhaemoglobin in respiring tissues the pH of the blood will be lowered the rate of dissociation of carbonic acid is increased 123, which statement about the human circulatory system is correct? A B c D Blood passes twice through the heart in one complete circulation. ‘Blood, tissue fluld and lymph are all parts ofthe circulatory system. Capillaries have the lowest blood pressure. Veins in the circulatory system all carry deoxygenated blood.1Lbp which blood vessels carry blood into the atria of the heart? a B c > coronary artery and pulmonary artary pulmonary artery and vena cava pulmonary vein and vena cave vena cava and coronary artery \LG® which statement describes the effect of increased carbon dioxide concentration on the oxygen dissociation curve of human haemoglobin and its significance? ‘ A B c D ‘The curve shifts to the left allowing haemoglobin to bind more oxygen in active tissues. The curve shifts to the left allowing haemoglobin to officad mors oxygen in active tissues. ‘The curve shifts to the right allowing haemoglobin to bind more oxygen in active tissues, ‘The curve shifts to the right allowing haemoglobin to offload more oxygen in active tissues. 124 wnatcombines with haemoglobin to form carbaminchaomaglobin? A B c D carbon xide carbon monoxide carbonic acid hydrogencarbonate ions 13} what can combine with the haem group of a haemoglobin molecule? A 1 oxygen 2 carbon dioxide 3 carson monoxide 4,2and3 BB ‘and3only © 2andSonly D Sonly 1239 wien statement corety compares bled plasma an tesue fd na ety person? A 8 c > Blood plasma contains more protein than tissue fluid. Both blood plasma and tissue fluid contain red blood cells. ‘Tissue fluid contains white blood cells whereas blood plasma does not. Tissue fluid is formed from blood plasma and is not returned to blood plasma.FI\3 2990909 7990909000 739900397930 3300079000 Bi Ons. } PID 2 ) :) ee 1ZG_ the photograph shows 2 ype of bleed cel. eae 6 & & d 4 00a” 2, ‘Which statements about these calls are correct? 4 Oxygen difuses through the phospholipid bilayer. 2. Sodium ions diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer. / 3. Water passes in and out of these calls by osmosis. A 4,2and3 -B tand2only tand3only D 2and3only 1 vinich ofthe tissue types botow are present in the walls of ll blood vessels? 4 collagen + 2 elastic ' 3 endothelial 4 smooth muscle 1,2,3and4 4, 2and 4 only 2and 3 only ooaD> 3only [4% mien comoonenis of blood are presetintssue fue? sodium fons; i ey x = present v X= absent Jee ATSy IIIDIIIADIIISD yo 3 ? 29 5) ve 13229 which components of blood are present in lymph? while biood | ins | Sedum xl Seater v vo [key By x ¥ | v=present x ’ ¥ |x =absent Di cee t x 193 which row gives the correct tabets for the diagram shown? body tissue xs blood capillary 60, +H,0 a H,co, tt Ho, +H" Eo, + haemaglobin 3 1 2 [ 3 ‘A | carbaminonacmogiotin | carbonic anhydrase | hydogencarbonate B carbonic anhydrase carbaminohaemoglobin carbon dioxide ¢ | carbonic anhydrase | carbaminonaemoglobin | hydrogencartonata D_|__ bydrogencarbonate carbon dioxide _|_carbonic anhydrase 13 4 which features onabie the aorta to withstand high pressure at ventricular systole? A B c D collagen fibres and slastin fibres collagen fibres and endometri elastin fibres and large lumen ium ‘smooth muscle and small lumeny 2” IDIID y 3 eee ) ——{ 5 } 1G tm raph shows changes inthe volume ofthe venles during the carae cyl. volume arbitrary units |e ciate ee 7," wentrcular diastole atrial systole systole stages of the cardiac oycle Which valves open and close at P-and R? mT ies ne aa os = tee on = ee 13, & Haemoatobin can sind to carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and oxygen. 1 carbon donde 2 earbon monoxide 3 oxygen which gases share a binding ste? A 4.2and3-B tand2ony © ‘tandSony D 2andSonly [35] an ncrease in carbon dod in human tae sits he oxyhamagahn dasciaton cures he fake What is the explanation for this effect?” [A Aninerease in carbon dioxide concentration increases the breathing rate, B Carbon dioxide is more soluble then oxygen and displaces it © Diffusion of carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood is more rapid D Increasing the H” concentration decreases haemoglobin affinity for oxygen.a PIOOD y 291) 3 ), : ee | Pie a Pe ae I } Pista ye 3 3 — —— —[ 51 | nn 134 The photograph shows a type of blood call. 13% 49 ‘Which statements about these colls are correct? 1. Oxygen iffuses through the phospholipid bilayer 2 Sodium fons difuse through the phospholipid bilayer. 3. Water passes in and out ofthese calls by osmosis A ‘and 2ony B tand3ony C 2and3only DB 1,2and3 When one molecule of oxygen combines with haemoglobin it makes it easier for the next oxygen ‘molecule to bind, which makas it easier for the next molecule of oxygen to bind. Which orders of protein structure change to alow this to happen? A. primary and quaternary B primary and secondary © secondary and tertiary D tertiary and quaternary ‘The large arteries close to the heart have a thick elastic layer in their walls. Which statements about this layer are correct? 4 evens out the blood flow from the heart 2) reduces friction within these blood vessels. 3 prevents foo much pressure bursting the artery wall A tand2only ®& tandSonly G 2and3only D 3onlyPrep n >? ip py?) J }.2:3'3°3 oe ) 14,5 Tro argo arores coef the heart have shiek alas laorin hele as Which statements about this layer are coract? 1. evens out the blood flow from the heart 2. reduces friction within these blood vessels 3. prevents too much pressure bursting the artery wall A tand2only B tandSonly G 2and3only D 3only "44 ds. the cegram shows par played by re bleed cals inthe transport of carb dodde, co, HO) mee 3 4 Which row is correct? 1 2 3 4 A | carbaminohaemogiobin | haemogiobinic hydrogenions | hydrogen acid carbonate ions 8B | carbonic anhydrase | carbonic acid hydrogen ions hydrogen * carbonate ions © | carboxyhaemoglobin carbonic carbonic acid ‘carbon dioxide anhydrase D | haemogiobinic acie carbonie acid hydrogen hydrogen ions carbonate ions 1 4B wien components of ood are also present in iymoh? [ [SE] pare | alae 7 Pv |e | B v x v = present fe] x vans Seabees D x ca I xeed 2 ee ee , ) 14:4 wnat happens during venticulardlastole? A All somilunar valves open. ‘The atrio-ventricular valves open, 8 © The pressure in the aria ises above the pressure in the ventricles, > ‘The pressure in the left atrium rises more than the pressure in the right atrium, 14-§ which row correctly describes the events during the cardiac cycle? nerve impulses from nerve impulses from | nerve impulses from atrio-ventricular node (AVN) to | Purkyne tissue (PT) to_| sino-atrial node (SAN) to A SAN the ventricles AVN B PT the atria PT c PT the ventricles AVN D SAN the atria PT 146 which row coment identifies the structure of an artary compared wih a vein seen in transverse section under a light microscope? outerwallot | layer of muscles | clameter ofthe lumen artery and elastic fores {hollow space) A thicker thicker narrower 8 thicker thinner wider c thinner thicker narrower D thinner thinner wider V4 inte kgs, cage nd ese cide pn through cot membranes by dfiaon Which row is correct? ‘umber of cell membranes diffused through by ‘oxygen from air | carbon dioxide to alr a 3 2 B 3 2013 c 5 4 D 5 dors, 3 I9.39990099 ) ) ) 2:3 ) 13992900 F943") ) { « /_ 149, 149s The mammalian crculatory system is described 2s close! double circulation. The diagram shows the circulatory system in a different organism. The 21709" Shaw ihe direction of blood flow in the vessels. lung’ ventricle atrium Hovis the circulatory system in this organism described? A. closed double B closed single © open double D_ open single 14-9) What is the state of.the valves. in the mammalian heart winen the pressure in the ventricles reaches its maximum? semilunar valves | atiovenirieular valves a closed ‘closed B closed open c ‘pen closed D open open 15 Normal vorus pressure inthe foct is 8.3 KPa, When @ person stands very sill venous bleed pressure in the feet rises to S.0KPa, ‘What causes the high pressure? ‘A Muscles in the walls of the veins contract, reducing the diameter of the veins, B Skeletal muscles in the lags are not squeezing blood upward in the veins. € _ Systolic blood pressure increases. D ‘The semitunar valves in the veins of the leg coase to function.4330-33 30 IID ) ao J b EP Be ED i ):)'9:3 13 ) {s }— !Stho_ wnat nappens tothe atrioventricular valves and fo the semiunar valves during atrial systol end ventricular systole? arial systole ‘veniticular systole ‘atrioventricular | semilunar | atrioventricular | semitunar valves valves valves valves A open closed closed open B open closed open open y c | closed open closed dlosed D | closed open open closed 1.58 which statement explains why the ventricles contract after the ala? A The band of fibres between the alria and the ventricles conducts the excitation wave slowy B_ The excitation wave has to pass through a small area of conducting fibres in the septum. © The excitation wave has to travel further to reach the base of the ventricles than to spread across the atria, The excitation wave travels slowly through the Purkyne tissue to reach the base of. the septum. 15a, which statemont about the blood flow in the cardiac cycle is correct? A. Blood flows into the sorta through the semilunar valve due to contraction of the right ventricle. B Blood flows into the left atrium through the pulmonary artery when the wall ofthe left atrium relaxes. © Blood flows into the right atrium through the vena cava when the wall of the right atrium relaxes. Blood flows into the right ventricle through the semilunar valve due to contraction of the right atrium. 154 which of these statements about the formation of haemogiabinic acid are correct? 1 It depends on the formation of carbaminohaemoglobin. 2. Itremoves excess hydrogen fons preventing the blood becoming too acidic, 3. Its inked to the action of carbonic anhydrase. A 4,2and3 B tand2only C tonly D 2and3 only23979999 3'919 > ) 793399 BUDO HED, 23D ) —————_{ ss }}-— |r which components of blood are found in issue fie? ; white guucose | proteins | While, ae, 4 v [hey ‘ Bi v os x | ¥= present cl ov x ¥ | x= absent Dy laeex ‘ v 15% wmatis correct for tssue Mid? is protein concentration key Phagocytes Platelets compared to blood plasma a v v higher v= present 8 x x higher x= absent ce v x lower D kes “ lower 15°59 which process can be cad aut bya mature red blood cal? A. active transport 8 cal dvision © phagocytosis D protein synthesis 159) Three areas invotved inthe contro of heart action are lstod. 4 atrioventricular node 2 Purkyne tissue 3 sinoattial node Inwhich order are they involved? A 44253 B 15332 © 34152 Dd 35251,) ) 19 ia oe Pe ete ee ee ) ) 15% which resctionstaks place ina cepa in en active tise? A 11 carbon dioxide and water are formed fromm hydrogenearbonats tone and hydrogen 2. carisonic acid is formed from carbon dioxide and water 3 carbaminchaemaglobin is formed from carbon dioxide and hacmoglabin 4 haemoglobin and hydrogen ions are formed from haemogiobinic acid tand2 tand3 © 2and3 D 2ands 18 © Hacmogloin can bird to carbon dioxide, carbon monaxide and oxygen Which statement about the binding sites of haemogiobin is correct? A B c D Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide bind to one site, oxygen binds to a different site. Carbon dioxide and oxygen bind to one site, carbon monoxide binds to a different site, Carbon monoxide and oxygen bind to one site, carbon dioxide binds to a different site. Carbon monoxide, oxygen and carbon dioxide all bind to different sites. 18 4 ood vonoue pssst MEP Wn 2 porecn sane vary sl vencin ood Seceme n e oae What causes the high pressure A B c D 162s which row is correct forthe pulmonary vein? ‘Muscles in the walls of the veins contract, reducing the diameter of the veins. Skolotal muscles in the legs are not squeezing blood upward in the veins. ‘Systolic blood pressure increases, The valves in the veins of the legs allow blood to flow to the feet, fi "1B bed Ba | radon wats | tmren see AU, diyBitins [mice ee B | dooribenmins | tin tee cr eee | ear smal © | cxygonated | _thin =ee ee ee A ee j 3 2) 3.3 33-2033 ) SUES 16%p nicn dos not occur when ae tod cel antes tthe aot? 1649 wnicn reactions take A Garbaminohaemoglobin releases carbon dioxide trom the a-glabin and f-globin polypeptide chains. Carbonic acid in the red blood ceil forms carbon dioxide and water. Hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse from the plasma i to the red blood cal Hydrogen ions are released from haemoglobinic acid and diffuse out of the red blood col, Plecs at a highor rate in a capillary in an aheolis than in a capilay in active muscle? ice: 4 carbon dioxide + water -> carbone acid 2 carbon dioxide + haemoglobin ~> carboxyhaemoglobin 3 A tand2 B 3and4 © tonly haemoglobin + hydrogen ions + haemoglobinic acid hydrogencarbonate ions + hydrogen ions —» carbon dioxide + water D 4ony 16 $2 wien substances wil displace cxygen rom oxyhoemoglein? A 1 carbon dioxide 2 carbon monoxide 3. hydrogen carbonate ions 4 hydrogen fons Vand2only B tand4only C 2and3only D 2and4only 1 6b wach reactions take piace ina copter in an active tissue? voae 1 the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water 2 the formation of carbaminchaemoglobin from carbon dioxide and haemoglobin 3 the formation of haemoglobinic acid irom haemoglobin and hydrogen ions 4 the formation of carbon dioxide and water from hydrogen carbonate ions and hydrogen ions 1,2, 3.and 4 4, 2and 3 only . 2and 4 only 3and 4 onlyd DED sD) 399099 ) IID DD 2 ) »333 139) BOD 3 d 16 3 wich ceactons wl be aking lee in blood tat passing trough ative Sesuee? 1 HBO, + Hb + 40, 2 HbOs + Ht -> HHb + 40, HCO," + H+ Heco, 4 HHO + 004» H:c0, 4.2.8,ana4 1,20nd4 ony 1,3and 4 ony vom» 2and 3 only 18% wnat nappens ater catoncaniyrase fas cated a easton nvohed in tho anspor of carbon dontdo? ‘A. the dissociation of axyhaemogiobin to haemoglobin and oxygen B the formation of carbaminchaemoglobin from carbon dioxide and haemoglobin © the formation of carton dioxide and water from carbonic acid > the formation of oxyhaemoglobin from haemaglobin and oxygon 1 64 vinatis corect about he transport of carbon dioxide by blood? 1 The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyses the formation of carbonic acid in red blood ceils. Carbon dioxide diffuses from respiring cells to red blood cells and reacts with water. ‘Carboni acid diseociates forming hydragen ions that combine with haemoglobin to form carbaminoglobin. A 4,2and3 B tandZonly C Zand3only D Sonly 17}6 wich reactions wil be taking place in blood ina capitary next to an alveols? 1 Hb + 40, Heo, 2 HO + CO, > H,CO; . 3) HHb + 40, > HbO, + HY A tonly B 2only © tand2 D 2and3DORI ) ) ) 7 1193919399990 ) ») 3 ) Tho the dizorem is an incomplete seminar 1 explaining the rola of haemoglobin in the eariage carbon dioxide. s : sh CO, in plasma Cr inplasma ©, in plasma CO, In plasma 12 Which set of labels is correct? A 1= facilitated diffusion, 4 2= water, 8 = dissociation, 1 roonle acid, 7 yydrogencarbonate ions carbaminchaemoglabin carbonic anhydrase, 9 = oxyhaemogiobin, 11 = carbaminohaemogiobin, arbonie anhydrase, 6 = hydrogen ions, 12= rad blood cell, B © D of these statements about the formation of haemogiobinic acid are correct?” 1 Itcan only occur with the dissociation of oxygen from haemoglobin. 2 Itremoves excess hydrogen ions preventing blood becoming 100 acidic. 3._Itis linked to the action of carbonic anhydrase. A 1,2and3 B tand2only C tony D 2and3only 17185 wen statements about te oman ofhapmodlbin dd ae one 1 Mean on ocirwh he desosain of ongen om hasmegbin 2 Rats to provet oes yaogen ions casing ai nod. 3 It depends on the release of hydrogen ions by the action of carbonic anhydrase, A 1,2and3 B tand2only GC 2and3only D tonly19000 d ) >) 909099090990909000 d 1714 whic statoment comet Kenton a * a similarity between blood plasma and tissue fluid? ‘A’ Protein is found in equel concentration in both blood plasma and tissu fluid, B The blood plasma is under the same pressure as the tissue fluid. ©The water potential ofthe biood plasma and tissue Mud are equal B_ White blood cells are found in bath blood plasma and tissue fluid. 17S§6 unin escons are not ty o cen ood ais ars rough acne osuexe 1 2 3 4 Hb + 40; HbOs HbO» + H’ > HHb + 40, HCOs + HY + HCO, HO + CO, > H,CO, A Vand2only 8 tand3ony © 2and3only D 2,3and4only 116 the prezire of bid ertrng cpa enh saen tne higher han that of bed leaving tho cplare, What correctly explains this observation? 1 2 3 Blood pressure decreases with distance from the heart, Tissue fluid formation is due to a net loss of plasma from capillaries. Veins have fewer elastic and muscle fibres in their walls than arteries, 4, 2and3 and 3only 2and 3 only A B tand2only c D "Jil wnicnaltarcoe cli talace agpon trom onhaomagtthrt 1 2 a 4 and A carbon dioxide carbon monoxide hydrogencarzonate ions hydrogen ions B tand4 © 2and3 D 2and4I79 » » » YD) III ID IDI) IY) V) I) DY ——{ a} 11.8 wen trey remain at igh studas tne et biod cell count of humans increases. Wty does this occur? 41. tolncrease the Bohr effect, 2 to increase the difusion gradiont for oxygen in the lungs, 3 tomainian transport of oxygen A 4,2end3 B tand2ony ¢ 2andSony D Jonly (719 cn comasson food sue fd and mph are comet? 1. Bloas has a higher concentration of proteins than tissue Mud) because the larger proteins are too big to pass through the endothelial pores into tissue fd. 2 Lymph has a higher concentration oflymphooyias than lssue fd as a high number ‘of lymphocytes are located in lymph nodes, 3 Macrophages are too large to leave the blood to entor tisue fuld whereas, eutrophils, which are much small, can enter issue fuld and pass into lymph. A 1,2and3° B tand2ony ¢ 2and3ony DB aony 1 Arumber of trent issues occur inthe walls of major blood vessels ‘Which row correctly ienties the main issues found in the three layers of the wall of an artery? outer layer ‘mile layer inner layer (tunica externa) | (tunica media) | (tunica intima) A| collagen ‘lastic endothelium | B | collagen muscle elastic c laste collagen endothlium ° muscle | collagen | _alastle V@A nic ow cory shone al the blood vessels that have the fetures inthe table below? cet tres endatatim presen! | "present | ,eretertin nea, ‘| aerosand | arteries and veins veins collaren 6 wie wets | abe | ctateontcte, ‘rel veme © | arteries and veins | arteries and veins teri | vee anc captancs | __ wine oh z rn aa 4 P clogen co 2 elastic - a 3 muscle S A 1,2and3 © -B tand3ony © 2only BD Sony ) )9 YPWMWIQAIYD FO D000 ) 1955 me eonecton of to host 6 coordinated through olacticalImpuses passing through the cardiac muscle. “What is the correct order of part of the sequence of these impulses? |A. right and left atria -> atrioventricular node > Purkyne tiesue -> ventricular wells [Bright and loft atria -> Purkyne tissue -» ventricular walls -> aioventieular nods right and loft atria -> sinoatril node -> atrioventricular node —> ventricular walls D sinoatrial node — right and left atria > Purlyne tissue > atrioventricular node 14 Asblot town tom onary ahaa wall tm vel chara ‘Which bar chart shows these changes correctly? thickness of wall thickness of wall A B thickness of wall vn ata ev wn 7 s thickness of wall va at acy wm artery arteriole (small artery) capillary vvenule (small vein)dD mn \ wD PIIIIIIIIIIIOV IO SINE 2999990 0 18 te agram shows pt ofa ——_———_{ « }—— nsalion of the creulation of @ marae. \Where are both the blood pressure and speed of flow lowest? lowest blood | lowest speed Pressure ‘of ow A 1 4 5 2 c 3 2 D 4 1 1&8, the graph eopresents data on bood vessels and baod fow. ‘arteries cotael cans cane a i trey eaten tanec? pearw||loeaneag owaar fal lavonad|tawane fal x ¥ a ol z : y | [cs] = | Sagem | A 4 06 | 64 c 8 os | 64dD ) >) 1997999 3 ) 39:71) IVIDYD ) 14.45 the totowing areal parts ofthe hear that coil th heart action 1. sincattiel node (SAN) 2 atrioventricular node (AVN) 3. Purkyne tissue Which raw for atrial contraction and ventricular contraction is correct? avis antacion [verter conan | TAIN roaiceswevout | SAN praans wa o i“ excitation excitation 8 Purkyne tissue carries AVN produces wave of wave of excitation | ‘excitation | saitend AVN noo | Puryne foun cars ta posure ware tesciaton | "Wave of excita > | “san produces wave ot | Pun smu cata wave econ tena 14% wich structures ae found in both arteries and capillarios? A. collagen fibres, B lactic bres © endothelial cals, D__ smooth muscle cells 1614p some vabies ar bom win a hole beeen the rah and et ti. Those babies re ound o have an increased number of red blood calls, What is the reason for this increase? ‘A More blood is needed because itis pumped faster. B_ More blood is needed because the pressure is lower. Their haemogiobin has a higher affinity for oxygen. 1D __ There is loss oxygen available to the newly born baby. (4. whien teature enables the aorta to withstand high pressure at ventricular systole? A. collagen fibres and elastin fibres: B collagen fibres and semilunar valves © elastin fibres and large lumen > semilunar valves and smooth muscle