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Third stage / First semester

Pharmacognosy / lec 2 / Dr. Meison
Date : Tuesday 19/10/2021 - 2nd weak

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Heteroglycans

Index.......

1. Gums 1
I. Tragacanth gum 1
II. Arabic gum 2
III. Stercula gum 3

2. Mucilages 4
I. Psyllium seed ( Plantago seed ) 4
II. Agar 5

Pectin 7

 They are natural plant hydrocolloids containing more than one kind of
monosaccharide units.

1- Gums
Natural product that yield with hydrolysis monosaccharide units or their salts
or their acids ( Salts: Mg , Ca and K salts. & Acids: called uronic acid as:
guluronic acids , (galacturonic acid ), considered to be pathological products
formed on the stems or branches after injury. They are translucent , amorphous
substances.
Gums forms:
1. Exudates gum : formed in barks of the stems and branches to prevent
dehydration and to heal the cavities.
2. Seeds gum : formed in seed embryo to reserve food.
3. Marine gum : component to the cell wall or intracellular region to
reserve food.
.‫إﻧﮭﺎ ﻏﺮواﻧﯿﺎت ﻣﺎﺋﯿﺔ طﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ وﺣﺪات اﻟﺴﻜﺎرﯾﺪ اﻷﺣﺎدي‬
:‫ واﻷﺣﻤﺎض‬.K ‫ و‬Ca ‫ و‬Mg ‫ أﻣﻼح‬:‫ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ طﺒﯿﻌﻲ ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﺴﻜﺮﯾﺎت أﺣﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ أو أﻣﻼﺣﮭﺎ أو أﺣﻤﺎﺿﮭﺎ )اﻷﻣﻼح‬: ‫اﻟﺼﻤﻎ‬
‫ وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺿﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﯿﻘﺎن أو‬، guluronic acids ، (galacturonic acid) :‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﯿﻮروﻧﯿﻚ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
.‫اﻟﻔﺮوع ﺑﻌﺪ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ وھﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﺒﻠﻮرة‬
.‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﺎء اﻟﺴﯿﻘﺎن واﻷﻏﺼﺎن ﻟﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﺠﻔﺎف واﻟﺘﺌﺎم اﻟﺘﺠﺎوﯾﻒ‬:‫ إﻓﺮازات اﻟﺼﻤﻎ‬.1
.‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﯿﻦ اﻟﺒﺬرة ﻟﺤﻔﻆ اﻟﻐﺬاء‬: ‫ ﺑﺬور اﻟﺼﻤﻎ‬.2
.‫ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻟﺠﺪار اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ ﻟﺤﻔﻆ اﻟﻐﺬاء‬:‫ اﻟﺼﻤﻎ اﻟﺒﺤﺮي‬.3

I. Tragacanth gum:
It is dried gummy exudates obtained by incision from the stems and
branches of the Astragalus gummifer trees. Physicochemical properties:

Translucent , amorphous , solid substance , white or pale yellow color ,

odorless , mucilaginous , has resistance to hydrolysis by acids ,
insoluble in organic solvents , partially soluble in water 30% ( because
it comprises of two vital fractions :

a. Tragacanthin: it is water soluble that forms an instant colloidal

solution in water.

b. Bassorin (70% ): it is water insoluble that swelled up in water to form

a gel.

The constituent of gum in addition to Tragacanthin & Bassorin , starch

and protein. 1

Astragalus ‫وھﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ إﻓﺮازات ﺻﻤﻐﯿﺔ ﻣﺠﻔﻔﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺷﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺳﯿﻘﺎن وأﻏﺼﺎن أﺷﺠﺎر‬

:‫ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ واﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬.gummifer

‫ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض‬، ‫ ﺻﻤﻐﯿﺔ‬، ‫ ﻋﺪﯾﻤﺔ اﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ‬، ‫ ﺑﯿﻀﺎء أو ﺻﻔﺮاء ﺑﺎھﺘﺔ‬، ‫ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬، ‫ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﺒﻠﻮرة‬، ‫ﻣﺎدة ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ‬
:‫ )ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﯿﻦ ﺣﯿﻮﯾﯿﻦ‬٪30 ‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﺟﺰﺋﯿًﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬، ‫ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ‬،
ً
.‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻻ ﻏﺮواﻧﯿًﺎ ﻓﻮرﯾًﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ إﻧﮫ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺸﻜﻞ‬:Tragacanthin .‫أ‬

.‫ إﻧﮫ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﻨﺘﻔﺦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﯿﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎدة ھﻼﻣﯿﺔ‬:(٪70) ‫ اﻟﺒﺎﺳﻮرﯾﻦ‬.‫ب‬

.‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺼﻤﻎ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﺟﺎﻛﺎﻧﺜﯿﻦ واﻟﺒﺎﺳﻮرﯾﻦ ھﻲ اﻟﻨﺸﺄ واﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬

 Used as :

1. Demulcent
2. Emollient
3. Laxative
4. Pharmaceutical uses as : suspending agent, emulsifying agent ,
thickening and stabilizer.
5. Cosmetic: hand cream and body lotion.

‫ ﻣﻠﻄﻒ‬.1
‫ اﻟﻤﻄﺮﯾﺎت‬.2
‫ ﻣﻠﯿﻦ‬.3
.‫ ﺳﻤﺎﻛﺔ وﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬، ‫ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﺳﺘﺤﻼب‬، ‫ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ‬:‫ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﺼﯿﺪﻻﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬.4
.‫ ﻛﺮﯾﻢ ﻟﻠﯿﺪﯾﻦ وﻏﺴﻮل ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬:‫ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮات اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻞ‬.5

II. Arabic gum :

It is dried gummy exudates obtained by incision from the stems

and branches of the Acacia senegal trees. Its translucent,
amorphous, white or pale yellow color, odorless, mucilaginous,
insoluble in organic solvents, soluble in water.

** Its constituents are :

1. Arabin: a mixture of Ca , Mg and K salts for arabic acid ,

glucuronic acid , galacturonic acid and rhamnuronic acid.
Hydrolysis
Arabin --------------> arabinose + rhamnose + glucose + galactose

2. Enzymes: ( oxidase , peroxidase and pectinase enzymes)

‫ ﻏﯿﺮ‬، ‫ ﺷﻔﺎف‬.‫وھﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ إﻓﺮازات ﺻﻤﻐﯿﺔ ﻣﺠﻔﻔﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺷﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺳﯿﻘﺎن وأﻏﺼﺎن أﺷﺠﺎر اﻷﻛﺎﺳﯿﺎ اﻟﺴﻨﻐﺎل‬

.‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬، ‫ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ‬، ‫ ﺻﻤﻎ‬، ‫ ﻋﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ‬، ‫ أﺑﯿﺾ أو أﺻﻔﺮ ﺷﺎﺣﺐ‬، ‫ﻣﺘﺒﻠﻮر‬

:‫** ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﮭﺎ ھﻲ‬

‫ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ وﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮروﻧﯿﻚ وﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺠﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮروﻧﯿﻚ وﺣﻤﺾ‬K ‫ و‬Mg ‫ و‬Ca ‫ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ أﻣﻼح‬:‫ اﻟﺼﻤﻎ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬.1

.‫اﻟﺮاﻣﻨﻮروﻧﯿﻚ‬

‫ ﺟﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮز‬+ ‫ ﺟﻠﻮﻛﻮز‬+ ‫ راﻣﻨﻮز‬+ ‫< أراﺑﯿﻨﻮز‬-------------- ‫أراﺑﯿﻦ‬

(‫ ﺑﯿﺮوﻛﺴﯿﺪﯾﺰ وإﻧﺰﯾﻤﺎت اﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﻨﺎز‬، ‫ )أوﻛﺴﯿﺪﯾﺰ‬:‫ اﻹﻧﺰﯾﻤﺎت‬.2

 Used as :

1. Demulcent ( more than other gums ) required in anti tussives preparation

, anti diarrheal preparation (suspending , demulcent ) and throat problem
2. Emollient
3. Laxative
4. Pharmaceutical uses as : suspending agent , emulsifying agent , tablet
binder.
III. Stercula gum :
Sterculia (Karaya gum) is the dried gummy exudates obtained from the
tree Sterculia urens (f. Sterculiaceae).

Good-quality gum almost colorless Time yellow (10 days), pink (weeks )
,brown color (months ) , translucent , marked odor of acetic acid ,
insoluble in organic solvents , slightly soluble in water.
‫ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ إﻓﺮازات ﺻﻤﻐﯿﺔ ﻣﺠﻔﻔﺔ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ ﻣﻠﻄﻒ )أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺻﻤﺎغ اﻷﺧﺮى( اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻋﺪاد ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﯿﻒ‬.1
.Sterculia urens (f. Sterculiaceae) ‫ﺷﺠﺮة‬ ‫ اﻟﻤﻠﻄﻒ( وﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﻠﻖ‬، ‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮ اﻟﻤﻀﺎد ﻟﻺﺳﮭﺎل )اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻖ‬،
‫ اﻟﻤﻄﺮﯾﺎت‬.2
‫ﻋﻠﻜﺔ ذات ﻧﻮﻋﯿﺔ ﺟﯿﺪة ﺗﻜﺎد ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﺪﯾﻤﺔ اﻟﻠﻮن اﻟﻮﻗﺖ أﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ ﻣﻠﯿﻦ‬.3
، ‫ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ‬، (‫ ﺑﻨﻲ اﻟﻠﻮن )ﺷﮭﻮر‬، (‫ وردي )أﺳﺎﺑﯿﻊ‬، (‫ أﯾﺎم‬10) .‫ راﺑﻂ ﻗﺮص‬، ‫ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﺳﺘﺤﻼب‬، ‫ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ‬:‫ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﺼﯿﺪﻻﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬.4
‫ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ‬، ‫ذات راﺋﺤﺔ ﻣﻤﯿﺰة ﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻚ‬
.ً‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻗﻠﯿﻼ‬، ‫اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ‬

** Its constituents are :

Galacturonic acid , galactose , rhamnose and acetic acid.

● Uses:

1. Pharmaceutical uses as : suspending agent , emulsifying agent.

2. Dental adhesive.
3. cosmetics.
4. Industrial use.
5.Laxative

:‫● اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬

.‫ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﺳﺘﺤﻼب‬، ‫ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﺼﯿﺪﻻﻧﯿﺔ ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ‬.1

.‫ ﻻﺻﻖ اﻷﺳﻨﺎن‬.2

.‫ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮات اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻞ‬.3

.‫ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬.4

‫ ﻣﻠﯿﻦ‬-5

 2. Mucilages

They are generally normal products of metabolism formed within the cell
and may represent storage material, a water-storage reservoir or a protection
for germinating seeds. They are often found in quantity in the epidermal
cells of leaves (Senna) , in seed coats (psyllium), Roots (marshmallow).

‫وھﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت طﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ وﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺎدة ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ أو ﺧﺰاﻧًﺎ ﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه أو ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺬور‬
.(‫ واﻟﺠﺬور )اﻟﺨﻄﻤﻲ‬، (‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎطﻒ اﻟﺒﺬور )ﺳﯿﻠﻠﯿﻮم‬، (‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻜﻤﯿﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺒﺸﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻷوراق )اﻟﺴﻨﺎ‬.‫اﻹﻧﺒﺎﺗﯿﺔ‬

I. Psyllium seed ( Plantago seed )

The dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium is used in medicine.

**Constituents: all the seeds contain mucilage in the outer seed coat ,
which contain :

1. Psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid ( seed husk ): a mixture of xylose ,

arabinose , rhamnose , galactose and galacturonic acid.

2. Glycoside aucubin ( diuretic and slightly bitter taste ). 3. Protein 4.

fixed oils.

.‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺬور ﺑﻼﻧﺘﺎﺟﻮ ﺳﯿﻠﻠﯿﻮم اﻟﻤﺠﻔﻔﺔ واﻟﻨﺎﺿﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺐ‬

:‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺒﺬور ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎدة ﺻﻤﻐﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ طﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﺬرة اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ‬:‫** اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت‬

.‫ اﻟﺠﻼﻛﺘﻮز وﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺠﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮروﻧﯿﻚ‬، ‫ اﻟﺮاﻣﻨﻮز‬، ‫ اﻷراﺑﯿﻨﻮز‬، ‫ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﯾﻠﻮز‬:(‫ ﺳﯿﻠﻠﯿﻮم ﻣﺎء ﻣﺨﺎطﻲ )ﻗﺸﺮ اﻟﺒﺬور‬.1

.‫ اﻟﺰﯾﻮت اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬.4 ‫ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬.3 .(‫ ﺟﻠﯿﻜﻮﺳﯿﺪ اﻷوﻛﻮﺑﯿﻦ )ﻣﺪر ﻟﻠﺒﻮل وطﻌﻢ ﻣﺮ ﻗﻠﯿﻼ‬.2

 II. Agar
It is natural product , dry powder , hydrophilic substance , contain a
mixture of proteins , galactose sugar , galacturonic acid and sulphate ions.
It is positive to Molisch's test and Fehling's test.

• The gelling agent in agar is an unbranched polysaccharide obtained from

the cell walls of some species of red algae, primarily from the genera
Gelidium and Gracilaria.

For commercial purposes, it is derived primarily from Gelidium amansii .

In chemical terms, agar is a polymer made up of subunits of the sugar
galactose.

‫ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺠﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮروﻧﯿﻚ‬، ‫ ﺳﻜﺮ اﻟﺠﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮز‬، ‫ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت‬، ‫ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺤﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬، ‫ ﻣﺴﺤﻮق ﺟﺎف‬، ‫إﻧﮫ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ طﺒﯿﻌﻲ‬
.‫ إﻧﮫ إﯾﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﻮﻟﯿﺶ واﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻓﯿﻠﯿﻨﺞ‬.‫وأﯾﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﺮﯾﺘﺎت‬

‫• ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻷﺟﺎر ھﻮ ﻋﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺴﻜﺎرﯾﺪ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮّع اﻟﺬي ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪران اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ‬

.Gracilaria ‫ و‬Gelidium ‫ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻨﺎس‬، ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬

‫ اﻷﺟﺎر ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺑﻮﻟﯿﻤﺮ ﻣﻜﻮن‬، ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬.Gelidium amansii ‫ ﻓﮭﻮ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻷول ﻣﻦ‬، ‫ﻷﻏﺮاض ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﻦ وﺣﺪات ﻓﺮﻋﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺮ اﻟﺠﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮز‬
 ● Physicochemical properties:

1. Yellowish white powder

2. Odorless or with slightly odor
3. Mucilaginous taste
4. Slowly soluble in water to give viscous mass
5. Insoluble in the organic solvents.

Agar used as an ingredient in desserts, also as a solid substrate in culture

media for microbiological work. Agar can be used as a laxative, an appetite
suppressant, a vegetarian substitute for gelatin, a thickener for soups, in
fruit preserves and ice cream.

● Algins ( alginic acid & sodium alginate ) Hydrophilic heteroglycan

complex polysaccharide , obtained from Brown algae (e.g. Ascophyllum
nodosum ) and its extraction may occur as below:
‫ وأﯾﻀًﺎ ﻛﺮﻛﯿﺰة ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ اﻻﺳﺘﺰراع‬، ‫ ﻛﻤﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻠﻮﯾﺎت‬Agar ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ واﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫ ﺑﺪﯾﻞ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲ‬، ‫ ﻣﺜﺒﻂ ﻟﻠﺸﮭﯿﺔ‬، ‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﺟﺎر ﻛﻤﻠﯿﻦ‬.‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺮوﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬
.‫ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﺎﻛﮭﺔ واﻵﯾﺲ ﻛﺮﯾﻢ‬، ‫ ﻣﺜﺨﻦ ﻟﻠﺤﺴﺎء‬، ‫ﻟﻠﺠﯿﻼﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫ ﻣﺴﺤﻮق أﺑﯿﺾ ﻣﺼﻔﺮ‬.1
‫ ﻋﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ أو ﺑﺮاﺋﺤﺔ طﻔﯿﻔﺔ‬.2
‫ )ﺣﻤﺾ اﻷﻟﺠﻨﯿﻚ وأﻟﺠﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم( ﻋﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺴﻜﺎرﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ‬:‫●اﻻﻟﺠﯿﻨﯿﺰ‬ ‫ طﻌﻢ ﻣﺨﺎطﻲ‬.3
Ascophyllum ‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﺒﻨﯿﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ‬، ‫ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺒﻂء ﻹﻋﻄﺎء ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﺰﺟﺔ‬.4
:‫( وﻗﺪ ﯾﺤﺪث اﺳﺘﺨﺮاﺟﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬nodosum .‫ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ‬.5

Either extraction by :

using ( organic solvents ----> Alginic acid + H2O -----> dose not
form Viscous mass Or extraction by diluted NaOH ------> Sodium
alginate + H2O ----> Viscous mass

So algins include (alginic acid & sodium alginate)

Alginic acid, a hard, horny polysaccharide. It is composed of

residues of D-mannuronic and L-guluronic acids; the chain length

is long and varies with the method of isolation and the source of

algae. While the sodium alginate is a mixture of sodium salts of

glucuronic acid ( Na – glucoronate ) and sodium salts of

mannuronic acid (Na – mannoronate )

‫< اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻟﺰﺟﺔ أو اﺳﺘﺨﻼص‬----- H2O + ‫< ﺣﻤﺾ اﻷﻟﺠﻨﯿﻚ‬---- ‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام )اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ‬:‫إﻣﺎ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬

‫< اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻠﺰﺟﺔ‬---- H2O + ‫< أﻟﺠﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم‬------ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ھﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم اﻟﻤﺨﻔﻒ‬

(‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﯿﻨﺎت )ﺣﻤﺾ اﻷﻟﺠﻨﯿﻚ وأﻟﺠﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم‬

‫ ؛ طﻮل اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ طﻮﯾﻞ‬L-guluronic ‫ و‬D-mannuronic ‫ وھﻮ ﯾﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎ أﺣﻤﺎض‬.‫ ﻋﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺴﻜﺎرﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻘﺮن اﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬، ‫ﺣﻤﺾ اﻷﻟﺠﻨﯿﻚ‬

‫ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ أﻟﺠﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ أﻣﻼح اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮروﻧﯿﻚ‬.‫وﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺰل وﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ‬
(Na - mannoronate) ‫( وأﻣﻼح اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم ﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﻣﺎﻧﻮروﻧﯿﻚ‬Na - glucoronate)
 ● Physicochemical properties of aligns

White creamy powder , odorless , mucilaginous taste except alginic acid

( slightly acid ) , soluble in the water but insoluble in the organic solvents.
Alginates particularly the sodium salt (because of their greater chemical
reactivity) have applications as stabilizing, thickening, emulsifying,
gelling and film-forming agents in pharmaceutical industries (formulation
of creams, ointments, pastes, jellies and tablets).

● For the control of gastro-oesophageal reflux , Alginic acid is used in

tablet preparations while sodium salt and liquid preparations ( e.g :
Gaviscon).

‫● اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ واﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎذاة‬

‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء وﻟﻜﻨﮫ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬، (‫ طﻌﻢ ﻣﺨﺎطﻲ ﻣﺎﻋﺪا ﺣﻤﺾ اﻷﻟﺠﻨﯿﻚ )ﻗﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔ‬، ‫ ﻋﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ‬، ‫ﻣﺴﺤﻮق أﺑﯿﺾ ﻛﺮﯾﻤﻲ‬
‫ ﻟﻸﻟﺠﯿﻨﺎت وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻠﺢ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم )ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮ( ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ واﻟﺘﻜﺜﯿﻒ‬.‫ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ‬
.(‫واﻻﺳﺘﺤﻼب واﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮر وﺗﺸﻜﯿﻞ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺪواﺋﯿﺔ )ﺻﯿﺎﻏﺔ اﻟﻜﺮﯾﻤﺎت واﻟﻤﺮاھﻢ واﻟﻤﻌﺎﺟﯿﻦ واﻟﮭﻼم واﻷﻗﺮاص‬

‫ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺣﻤﺾ اﻷﻟﺠﻨﯿﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮات اﻷﻗﺮاص ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻠﺢ اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮات‬، ‫● ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻻرﺗﺠﺎع اﻟﻤﻌﺪي اﻟﻤﺮﯾﺌﻲ‬
.(‫ ﺟﺎﻓﯿﺴﻜﻮن‬:‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬

Pectin
Heteroglycan complex polysaccharide , present in the cell wall of plants
tissues which function as intercellular cementing agent obtained from
(citrus fruit and apple pomace). It is an important ingrediant of fruit
preserves jellies and jams. It is a mixture of methoxylated galacturonic
acid and galactose , fructose , arabinose and traces of xylose.

It extracted as:
90 °C + HCl (pH = 3.4 – 4 ) , organic solvent
Protopectin. pectin

** Protopectin is organic solvent soluble and water insoluble but pectin is

water soluble and insoluble in organic solvents which they used to

precipitate pectin. Pectin is yellowish white powder , odorless ,

mucilaginous taste. 7

‫ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪار اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ ﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻣﻦ‬، ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺎرﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﮭﯿﺘﺮوﺟﻠﯿﻜﺎن‬

‫ إﻧﮫ ﺧﻠﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺠﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮروﻧﯿﻚ‬.‫ إﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﮭﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻮاﻛﮫ اﻟﻤﺤﻔﻮظﺔ اﻟﺠﯿﻠﻲ واﻟﻤﺮﺑﯿﺎت‬.(‫)ﻓﺎﻛﮭﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻀﯿﺎت وﺛﻔﻞ اﻟﺘﻔﺎح‬

.‫اﻟﻤﯿﺜﻮﻛﺴﯿﻠﻲ واﻟﺠﻼﻛﺘﻮز واﻟﻔﺮﻛﺘﻮز واﻷراﺑﯿﻨﻮز وآﺛﺎر اﻟﺰﯾﻠﻮز‬

‫** اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻮﺑﻜﺘﯿﻦ ھﻮ ﻣﺬﯾﺐ ﻋﻀﻮي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن وﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء وﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ‬

.‫ طﻌﻢ ﻣﺨﺎطﻲ‬، ‫ ﻋﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺮاﺋﺤﺔ‬، ‫ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﺴﺤﻮق أﺑﯿﺾ ﻣﺼﻔﺮ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺬﯾﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻧﮭﺎ ﻟﺘﺮﺳﯿﺐ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﻦ‬
 it is used as:

1. Treatment of diarrhea ( as absorbent anti- diarrheal agent in

the layers of intestine) , that along with kaolin it absorbed fluid , bacteria ,
toxins and gases.
2. Hemostatic
3. Emulsifying and gelling agent in the pharmaceutics and cosmetics.
4. Thickening agent in food industry.

.‫ ﻋﻼج اﻹﺳﮭﺎل )ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺎص ﻣﻀﺎد ﻟﻺﺳﮭﺎل ﻓﻲ طﺒﻘﺎت اﻷﻣﻌﺎء( اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﺺ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﺎوﻟﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ واﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺎ واﻟﺴﻤﻮم واﻟﻐﺎزات‬.1
‫ ﻣﺮﻗﺊ‬.2
.‫ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﺤﻼب واﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮات اﻟﺼﯿﺪﻻﻧﯿﺔ وﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮات اﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻞ‬.3
.‫ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻤﺎﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ‬.4

*** pectin usually comes with kaolin, it is absorbent antidiarrheal agent obtained
from sand stones , rocks and clay , which all contains Al 2 O 3 + SiO 2 , Kaolin used
in addition to its diarrheal treatment , it coat for irritation intestinal mucosa caused by
diarrhea ‫ وھﻮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺎص ﻣﻀﺎد ﻟﻺﺳﮭﺎل ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻣﻦ أﺣﺠﺎر اﻟﺮﻣﻞ واﻟﺼﺨﻮر‬، ‫*** ﯾﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﻦ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﺎوﻟﯿﻦ‬
‫ ﻓﮭﻮ‬، ‫ اﻟﻜﺎوﻟﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻼج اﻹﺳﮭﺎل‬، Al 2 O 3 + SiO 2 ‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﺟﻤﯿﻌﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬، ‫واﻟﻄﯿﻦ‬
‫ﯾﻐﻄﻲ ﺗﮭﯿﺞ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻮي اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻹﺳﮭﺎل‬