Ura TL) fees ed Ue and Determinants eid 24 er esre. © tances men nan nas 2 at tla nb estat bss, ogee Inatinxaipcaten an be used 2e2end3~3 gate tne ama tte predice te deste nal produc. britens one menu Multiply Matrices The thre hes matrix peains are mati addition saat malipcaton and matrix mulpation. You hve son that dling maces oar to adding real mbes and malting a ate yaar soa to malping el = tH al sod Marc mukipication has no operational counterpart in th ea number stem. To lip marx A by ‘tric the mamber of columns in A mat be gels Ue ramber of on B. Tran be dtrmined Upmann dimen and ie rt at Bante ae eon ‘Seputa a bermersarone site compe ete Symbols Anam rmniandd anemia pic Bian Xam Gnatyteayt tay ae 8 ean an & oe ela te Nw a] lo Ge : oe ty ol 3 Aan} i Banga ; rs : = Be Ge>) Usemateices A= [3h] ands =[~2 $$] eosin each produc, if posible. 0. AB i ed ee ‘Ais a2 2 matrix and B isa2 x 3 matrix. Because the number of columns for A is equal to the ‘number of rows for B, the product AB exists. ‘To find the first entry in AB, write the sum ofthe products of the entries in row 1 of A and in column 1 of B. [aha 3 geperree | aooflssa Follow this same procedure to find the entry fr row 1, column 2 of AB [3 2}f2 8 gf-patere sorene | 4 354 Continue multiplying each row by each column to find the sum for each entry. i 4} (2 0 ] aaron 300) + (1918) 346) + (—1)0) 40 ~ 351 4(-2) +03) 40) +05) —4(6) + 0(1) Finally, simplify each sum. Sobls ssl(S 2 ba mam [72 3S]: [8 Wd] omemerera 2x: dinero eta 2 ‘Because the number of columns for B is not the same as the number of rows for A, the product BA does not exist. BA is undefined. GuidedPractice Find AB and BA, if possible, [31-5 wala al “617 ano whaleForany matrices A,B, and Cfor which the matrix products defined and any salar the following properties are true. ‘Associative Property of Matrix Mtiplication aye = lacy Associative Property of Sealar Mtipication YB) = 4a)8 = AUB) Let Distrbutve Property CA +B)= Cat Co Right Distributive Property M+ aye=ac+ acees ‘VOTING The percent of voter of different ages who were registered as members of one of the three political parties, Democratic, Republican, or Independent in a recent election are shown. Use this information to determine whether there were more male voters registered as Democrats than there ‘were female voters registered as Republicans. Distribution by Political Party and Age (%) Distribution by Age and Gender mz 35 Democrat | ass | aso | 035 18-25 | ws00 | 16,000 Republican | 030 | a4 | 045 26-40 | 20000 | 24000 Independent | ors | 010 | 020 aso | 24500 | 22500 0+ 16500 | 14,000 Let matrix X represent the distribution by party and age, and let matrix Y represent the distribution by age and gender. Then find the product XY. 18,500 16,000 055 050 0.35 0.40) | 9099 24,000 [Si m2] xv=|030 040 045 055|- 33,650 32.205 24,500 22,500 015 0:10 0.20 0.05 500 10,000 6500 14,000] 1794 The product XY represents the distribution of male and Female Male female voters that were registered in each party. You can Democrat [35,350 34,275 use the product matrix to find the number of male voters epubicon } 33,650 32,225 that were registered as Democrat and the number of iedependent | 19,500 10,000, female voters registered as Republican, More male voters were registered as Democrat than female voters registered as Republican because 34,275 > 33,650, GuidedPractice 2, SALES The number of laptops that a company sold in the first three months of the year is shown, as well asthe price per model during those months. Use this information to determine which ‘model generated the most income for the first three months. Month | Model | Model2 | Model 3 Jan. 150 250 $50 1 | AD 650 | AEDSTS | AED 485 Feb. 200 Ea 00 | 2 [ep 00 | ae 700 | eo 775, Max 600 100, 350 [3 [ato 900 [neo 1050] ato 925‘You know that the multiplicative identity for real numbers is 1, because for any real number 2, ‘The multiplicative identity n x m square matrices is called the identity matrix. KeyConcept Identity Matrix Words The denty mati of order n, denote, san x 9 ‘matic consisting of al on ts main dagona om upper eft to lower right, ands for al other elements. So, fA is an n x n matrix, then Al, = [yA = A. You may find an identity matrix as the left side of many ‘augmented matrices in reduced row-echelon form. In general, if A is the coefficient matrix ofa system of ‘equations, X isthe column matrix of variables, and B is the column matrix of constants, then you can ‘rite the system of equations as an equation of matrices. System of Equations Matrix Equation amy + ah + a5 = by “1 m2 ts] fa] fb fm tent tab ——> in tn tn) a = by ah + date + a5 = by “1 fa ta] [8] Lb 4 ox=e‘Write the system of equations as a matrix equation, AX = B. Then use Gauss-Jordan elimination on ‘the augmented matrix to solve the system. my +%- 24-2 <2 + 3x — dy = 5 34g tI Write the system matrix in form, AX = B. -1 1-2) (4) [2 -2 3 ~4}-|n]= axes nl=| 5 3-4 7) lal la ‘Write the augmented matrix [A], Use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve the system. | armen (neo te tenie The solution of the equation is given by X ‘Therefore, the solution of the system of equations is (~13, 1,6). P GuidedPractice ‘Write each system of equations asa matrix equation, AX = B. Then use Gauss Jordan elimination ‘on the augmented matrix [A |B] to solve the system. Bx tyty=2 2h — m+ 25 wn tay ty =3 >aeonpg mien o whuldonInverses and Determinants You know that if« is a nonzero real number, then + or a"? is the multiplicative inverse of «because o(3) = «+ a°! = 1. The multiplicative inverse ofa square ‘matrix is called its inverse matrix. KeyConcept Inverse of a Square Matrix Dy trcaeana ceca bere sett chal AP = A= fen Bi cabed I fad tin 0A Se Deine A= [3 2 ata=[ 72] tee mati IFA and Bare inverse matrices, then AB = BA = I. a 7} 23]-[at4 $163] [3 °] -2 14'[2 -3]>[-2+2 44-3) ]*lo 1 [i 2)(8 2-(2i6 Ue] [3 ‘| ( -3]"l-2 1]*l-6+6 s+(9]%lo 1 Because AB = BA =I, it follows that B= A“! and A = B-t. al GuidedPractice Determine whether A and B are inverse matrices. _[23 62 1 ~ [3% eA I$ ile {4 ‘|Ifa matrix A has an inverse, then A is said tobe inwertible or nonsingular. A singular matrix does not have an inverse. Not all square matrices are invertible. To find the inverse of a square matrix A, you need tofind a matrix A~!, assuming A“ exists, such thatthe of A and A“ is the identity matrix. In ‘other words, you need to solve the matrix equation AA~! = J, for B. Once B is determined, you will then need to confirm that AA“ = A™"A = Iy, ‘l ed ‘One method for finding the inverse of a square matrix is to use a system of equations. Let A [5 -S fonts i ee aun yee er ° sc ake ©) sums Bat 20 —3b+ 24 B—Se=1 — S—SA=O a “B+ 2e= 0 —3b+2d=1 — “RNecenenpondng ee From this set of four equations, you can see that there are two systems of equations that each have two trims Hie econ apm acs. te pet veteemecetonnme| $3] ‘Because the coefficient matrix of the systems is the same, we can perform row reductions on the two augmented matrices simultaneously by creating a doubly augmented matrix, [A 1). To findFind A“, if exists. A™! does not — [33 rel SEH Create the doubly augmented matrix 41) af 8 “3110 on. L3 210 Hl Doubly augmented marx tary row operations to write the matric in reduced row-ech 8 5110 form, “3 2]01 8 new, —[t ‘The first two columns are the identity matrix Therefore, Ais inetile an A! = [2 Fl (HECK Confirm that AA“! = A~! we[S aI] eb alls a] [3 Slew lee Doubly augmented matin ep lementay rom operations awit the matric reduced row echelon fem. Notice that tis imposible to obtain the identity ‘mati onthe lef side of he doubly augmented matix 42 * [io[ConceptSummary Finding the Inverse of a Square Matrix SY acaba maxcoment 1L. Wiite the augmented matric (Ai). 2. Perform slemerary ow operations on the augmented matic to reduce Ato seduced row echelon form. 2 Decide whether isin. Ace caremend many mae ‘then Ais the matron the right ofthe transformed augmented matric, cana be reduced ote ett mati hen Ais sng ‘While the method of finding an inverse matrix used in Example 5 works well for any square matrix, you ‘may find the following formula helpful when finding the inverse of a 2 x 2 matrix. KeyConcept Inverse and Determinant of a2 x 2 Matrix wae? Seam tna 40 lAteinvertl, ten A“ walt “I The number od — cbs cates the tmnt ofthe 2 2 matic ans denotes saay=uie[? {]=o0-e ‘ou wil prove his Theorem in Eerie 66. ‘Therefore, the determinant of a2 x 2 matrix provides a test for determining ifthe matrix is iweb, Notice thatthe determinant of 2 2 trot isthediftrence of the prec of say=|>8[ou-at tre two diagonal tthe mai| 5.15 Determinant and inverse of@ 22 Mati Find the determinant ofeach matrix. Then find the inverse ofthe matr, ft exsts 2-3 eae[t 2-3 ial o=2,d=-ac=4 msds =2(4)—4(-3) 0120 osc Because det) #0, A is invertible. Apply the formula fr the inverse of a2 x 2 matrix. ats (ae ‘ -e 3 and od — cb = 20 64 dex =|§ 6| = 50 ~ 9) oro Because det(B) = 0, Bis not invertible. Therefore, B~? does not exist. > GuidedPractice «(tos «(333‘gh 2a 43 = Sma a aie and en et 40, a “ising eof 3nd eer nai ets Howe dw colt Sl tornde wile paping cornea he lmenet 33 tigre See tattedmmmantstce[ t 3] matte i ad aw Ci | Hi ad wot ada dled a] 2-00 = a0) na +0 ne 2-39-20) +40) ec edn eu eis ping cfd! flat: = Sle Wal pene ttc tert ane et en ip Hel), PUA He, ‘worsen onesieFind AB and BA, if possible. (Example t) 1 A=[8 1] 2 a-| 2 ; 7 3 a-[3 7 a-[ “s 3.A=[3 -5] a a=([$] s-[$ 3 3] B=[6 1 -10 9]-9 10 8 3 6 4Qusc BALL Different point values are for ifferent shots in basketball. Use the information area fr determine the total amount of points. ty each player. (Example 2) scored Lee! || CI) Cs 3-pointerCopyright © McGraw-Hill Education 40. CARS The number of vehicles that a company ‘manufactures each day from two different factories is shown, as well as the price of the vehicle during, ‘each sales quarter of the year. Use this information to determine which factory produced the highest sales in the 4th quarter. (Example 2) oy cy ‘st (AED)Determine whether A and B are inverse matrices. (Example 4) one] me[ alFind A™", if it exists. If A~! does not exist, write singular. (Example 5) mel] mets al mefS is} mee2 3 -1 4 -5 1 3 6 -8 2 3 —2 34, A=Find the determinant of each matrix. Then find the inverse of the matrix, if it exists. (Exemples 6 and 7) s[3o = (76 7 [os] = [ ] 3 1-2 1-1 -2 39. 8 -5 2 4/5 9 3 4 3-1 2 7 46 1 6-1 44. 1-2 a |Find the area A of each triangle with vertices (x, y4), Cy yp), and (xy, yp), by using A = 4 |det(X)], a 4 where X is “nh 1 % Ys 1Given A and AB, find B. _[8 “4 _[ 36 48 as. a=[5 bae=[_3 ‘| 5 01 1 4 2 -3 2|,AB=|-16 -6 1-1 4 —2 -5 50. A=Find x and y. an | fe }me-[3i]Find the determinant of each matrix. oo~ ono .oo54, FUNDRAISER Abdullah Bin Al-Zubayr Secondary School had a fundraiser selling popcorn. The school bought the four flavors of popcorn by the case. The prices paid for the different types of popcorn and the selling prices are shown. Cases of Popcorn Butter | Kettle | Cheese | Caramel Price Paid per | Selling Price Cd re) ee kd od) [oer | so [ete | 00 | [eee | naw | [anes | a0 | a. Complete the last column of the second table. b. Which class had the highest total sales? ¢. How much more profit did the seniors earn than the sophomores?Evaluate each expression. “(02 4) 57. BD+B 59. BA+ -1 9 -6 e=[3 3 ‘| 7 2 -4 -1 58. DC-A So " 60. AB + CBSolve each equation for X, if possible. 17 5 3 a=[} ‘| e-[{ 4] 4 201 3 p=|o 1 7 3-2 61. A+C=2X 62. 4X+A=C