wire een Exponential Functions and Their Graphs car ‘The funtion f(s) = and gs) = 2 eich involve ahase red oa power bathe opueae roles ae ever: * Legis Funcons and The Grophe + For f(x) = the base she variable x andthe eyponcat isthe constant 2; fis + Papuan Models fama meno milan power function «For gs) = the as isthe constant 2. and the exponen isthe vale x: g sa mand why “exponential function. See Figure 31. Exponential and logit cont reel : Saye, Sop {Leta and bbe el number ons. An exponential funtion inxs fanc- ‘on ht can be writen inthe for f(a) = ab ‘whereas nonzero, bis postive, and b 1. The constant asthe nia value (off the value at = 0), and isthe base. Exponent functions are defined and continu fr al al numbers. is imporan to ovogaie wheter a function isan exponential unto, 3* is an exponential function, with an initial value of 1 and base of 3. 6x~* is not an exponential function because the base x is a variable and the exponent is a constant; g is a power function. (©) h(x) = —2+1.5* is an exponential function, with an initial value of —2 and base of 1.5 (@) k(x) = 7-27 is an exponential function, with an initial value of 7 and base of 1/2 because 2-* = (2"')* = (1/2)". (©) q(x) = 5-67 is nor an exponential function because the exponent 7 is a con- stant; q is a constant function, Now try Exercise 1.© (SE TELTE Computing Exponential Function Values for Rational Number Inputs For f(x) = 2%, (a) f(4) = 24 = 2-2-2-2 = 16 (b) (0) =2=1 © f(-3)=2 = 0.35355... Now try Exercise 7. @ There is no way to use properties of exponents to express an exponential function’ value for irrational inputs. For example, if f(x) = 2%, f() = 2", but what does 2* mean? Using properties of exponents, 2° = 2+2+2,2™! = 25¥" = WY2""_ so we can find meaning for 2” by using successively closer rational approximations to 77 as shown in Table 3.1. oe a 34 3.141 31415 3.14159 6 881 8821 88244... 8.82496 We can conclude that f(z) = 2” ~ 8.82, which could be found directly using a grapher. The methods of calculus permit a more rigorous definition of exponential \s than we give here, a definition that allows for both rational and irrational ‘The way exponential functions change makes them useful in applications. This pattern of change can best be observed in tabular form.25.25}6y 10.30) Tia 25.2519 25,10) FIGURE 3.2 Graphs ofa) 92) = 4-3" ad (0) 3) = 8° (14). Example 3) EXXNXITED Finding an Exponential Function from ts Table of Values Determine frmuls for the exponential functions g and h whose values a given in Table 32, SOLUTION Because ¢ i expone value ais 4. Because (1) = 4b" ala) = 43%, Because his exponential, h(x) = @°B Because A(0) = 8, the initial value is 8. Because M1) = 8b! = 2.the base bis 1.50, ny -s-(') (Observe the pater inthe g(x) and i) columns of Tale 22. The () vlc n- crease by actor of 3 and he h(x) vals decrease by facto of 1/4, a wea 1 10+ ‘moving fom one row ofthe table tothe net In each cae the change factor isthe base ‘ofthe exponential function. This pattem generalizes to all exponential futons a Isrted in Table 3.3, In Table 33, x increases by 1, he fection vale is mpi by te base b This teltoetip lends othe following recursive forma, (2) = aD". Because (0) = 4, the initial 2 the base bis 3.80, ee ei ae eee Funeton. The base sis growth factor. Ma > Oand 0 < b < 1, fis decreasing and isan exponential decay function. Tete ay eroem (2,22) Rangs( 0.2) Contnaos Nosymmeuy: neither even nor old [No ocal extrema ein asymptte:y = 0 Nowrsal ayers ToS ec gw 330, cen Fiemme Ste fc = Oana J) = WO- Hn 0-1, 7 Mf) = al i Js) = 0 SEXZILITE Transforming Exponential Functions ‘Describe aw 6 nso he raph ff) = 2! inthe gah othe given f= fon. Shhh raps hand and sop our answer wth ape, M-TH) 21 is obtained hy translating the graph of f(s) ‘unit to the right Figure 34. (©) Wecanobain the graph of W(x) = 2 by refletng the graph of f(x) = 2" across the yaxis Figure 3-4). Because 2" = (2")* = (1/2) we ca also think of ha an exponential function with an intial vale of Landa base of 1/2. {) Wecanobain the graph of Kr) = 3+2" by verily stretching the graph of st) [Now ny Exerc 15. By Sw tty at Eeaiwyens any 28 » ©NURE 3.4 ne grpmot 1) soown wm gtx) = “1000, Hearmy est FIGURE 3.5 The gph (1) = The Natural Base e “The function f(x) = eis one ofthe basic fuetons introduced in Section 13, and is an exponential growth function. 400) Domain (~=.2) Range: (0,2) Increasing forall: Nosymmery Bounded below, bu nt above Hovzoel asymp: » Novenical symptous Endbeavir tume!~ Oand tin e = ce 1.1 3) “The leter ¢s the ntl of he fast mame of Lenard Euler (1707-1783), who nto- duced the notation Because f(s) =e" has special calculus properis that simply ‘many calculations, is the ntral bare of exponential unctiomsforcaluls purposes, tnd f(x) = e isconsidred the natural exponential facto. We canot compute the imation number e diety, bt using this dfaion we ean obi saccessvely closer approximations ox shown in Table 34. Cotinuing he process ia Table 34 with sulfcienly” accu compur can show tha f= 2 TURDSISDES, (tu 225... 2... 2M. Bale... 2, We are usually mre intrested nthe exponential funtion f(x) = e and variations of this fection than nthe aon mame In fat any exponential Fonction can Be expose in ems ofthe natural aseOa FIGURE 3.6 (3) Gra of Sls) = (1+ Un) with asymp int “pproximaing th umber rah of Heo) =e fr yk > O and (oF <0. FIGURE 3.7 Te prophet fs) = € sown witha) (4) =e (0) Ms) and) Hs) = Se (Exaile 5) liases for Logistic Growth Logit own ab awn ei SSS fix) = are, a a oe ret ee Figure 3.6.) exponential decay function. (See In Section 33 we will develop some mathematics s0 that for any postive number 1b = 1, we can easly find the valu of k sch that = Inthe meantime, we ean tse graphical and numerical methods to approximate kas you will discover in Exploration 2 DEFINITION Logistic Growth Functions Leta, b,c and be postive constants, with b <1. A logiste growth function in xis a funtion hat can be writen inthe form St) = gpI) = oe “where the constant cis the Hit o growth, b> 1 or k <0, these formulas yield loge deen neon. Unless otherwise Stal lopisi anins nti ook wl Be log row function. |, webiste age unto se) = By seting a = © ‘This function, though related to the exponential function e, cannot be obtained from e* by translations, elections, and horizontal and vertical sretches and shrinks. 50 we sive the logistic function a formal ntrdcton:[WT Perry = Perret an T4747 10.151 FIGURE 3.8. The srph of Mls) = Ui +e) EZZXVLIOE Transforming Exponentcl Functions Describe ow otro he raph f(2) ~ in the graph othe gven fon ton Sketch the raps han an suport your aver with rarer ) els) eb) Als) =e (©) K(x) = Se s0WnI0N (a) The gph e(2)~ &s sine by havo sinking te graph of JO) =e by cor of 2 gue 3.0 (0) Wecanobiain he pra of Ms) ~ eb efesing he phot f(a) = & cro te pans ge 3. (©) Weeanobuin te gph of (2) = "by verily etching te pap of Yaya ertya corel 3 gue 30) Now by Exe 2. Logistic Functions and Their Graphs Exponential growth is wnresrcied. An exponential growth function increases at an cverincreaing rte snd ik not bounded above In many growth situations, however, ‘here i limit to the posible growth. A plat ean only grows tal. The number of ‘goldfish in an aquarium is ited by the size of the aquarium In sh situations the {romth often begin in an exponent manner bu the growth evenly slows and the ‘rip levels ot. The asociated prowth funtion is bounded both below and above by Aoraoetalaympees Deas: (22,20) Range: (0.1) Increasing or all ‘Symmeti bout (0, 1/2), bu neither even or Bound below and above No local extrem orion asymp: y ~ 0 and y No vertical asypetes End havior, f(s) = Oand tim (3) Al ogstc growth functions have graphs much i nd behavior i always described by the equations lim, f(4) = Oand im f(x) the basic logistic function, Their where cis the limit to growth (see Exercise 74), All logistic Functions are bounded by their horizontal asymptote, y = O and y =<, and have a range of (0.c). ‘Although every logistic function is symmetric about the point of its graph ‘with y-coordinate 2, this point of symmetry is usually not the y-inercept, as We can seein Example 6GLIETD Graphing Logistic Growth Functions Graph the function. Find the y-intercept and the horizontal asymptotes. 8 20 @ I= ar Oe =e SOLUTION (a) The graph of f(x) = 8/(1 + 3+0.7") is shown in Figure 3.9a on the next page. The y-intercept is Because the limit to growth is 8, the horizontal asymptotes are y = 0 and y = 8. (b) The graph of g(x) = 20/(1 + 2e73*) is shown in Figure 3.9b. The y-intercept is a, =, Ee tea eee Because the limit to growth is 20, the horizontal asymptotes are y = 0 and y = 20. = 20/3 ~ 6.67. Now try Exercise 41. 5 110,20) 2,10) ay 5.28) my » FIGURE 3.9 The graphs of (a) f(x) = 8/(1 + 3-017") and (b) g(x) = 20U(1 + 2e"™). (Example 6) Population Models Exponential and logistic functions have many applications. One area where both types ‘of functions are used is in modeling population. Between 1990 and 2000, both Phoenix ‘and San Antonio passed the 1 million mark. With its Silicon Valley industries, San Jose, California, appears to be the next U.S. city destined to surpass I million residents. ‘When a city's population is growing rapidly, as in the case of San Jose, exponential ‘growth is a reasonable model(REZIIITED) Mosing Son Jose's Population ‘Using the data in Table 35 and assuming the growth is exponential, when will the population of San Jose, Califoraia, surpass 1 milion persons? ‘A Note on Population Data sowwTion ‘Wien US. Cones Bueaepes opus | Model Let P(t) be the population of San Jose «yeas afer July 1, 2000. (See magi tue) Because Ps exponential P() = FB where ys the al (200) po SENTEELES ea sitezeee | onan aon79. om Tae 38 we ce hat P() = 8987898" 939899, So ecg orl opto pelo Solve Graphically Figure 3.10 shows that this population model intersects {Y= 1,000,000 when the independent variable is about 16.73. Interpret Because 1673 years after mid-2000 iin the first half of 2017, according to ‘his model the population of San Jose wil surpass the 1 milion mark in early 2017 Now ry Eerie 51. L. Now try Exercise 51. ve 5 Sa cto on ones X=16.731494_Y=1000000 ‘Source: U.S. Census Bureau. {-10, 30} by [800 000, 1 100 000) FIGURE 3.10 A population model for San Jose, California, (Example 7)intersection [x25 513263 Y=1000000 10120» fs 0m, 1 5000 FIGURE 9.11 population mode fr Wile San Jose's population is soaring in ether majo tes, such as Dll, the pop: lation growth is showing. The once sprang Dallas is now consirained by its eigh boring cities logistic faction is often an appropriate model or restricted prowth, such athe grow tha alls i experiencing {EZ Modeling Dalos's Population Based on recent census dat, oistc model forthe population of Dallas, yeas af- {er 1900, is a8 follows O12 2) = OT are ee According otis model, when was the population I milion? SOLUTION Figure 3.11 shows thatthe population mode intersects y = 1,000,000 when te independent variable about B45, Because $451 years termi 1900 | atthe beginning of 1985 i Dallas's population ss fllowed his logic model, Population was | lio hen, Now try Exarcis 55.In Exercises 1-6, which of the following are exponential functions? For those that are exponential functions, state the initial value and the base. For those that are not, explain why not. hy=* By=3 By=5 4y=4 5) y=x¥* Gy =x'3In Exercises 7-10, compute the exact value of the function for the given x-value without using a calculator. 7. f(x) =3-5" for x=0 8) f(x) = 6-3" for x=-2 9) f(x) =-2-3" for x= 13 10. f(x) = 8-4" for x =-3/2In Exercises 11 and 12, determine a formula for the exponential func- tion whose values are given in Table 3.6. I. f(x) 12. g(x) f(x) g(x) 6 108 -1 3 36 0 3/2 12 1 3/4 4 2In Exercises 13 and 14, determine a formula for the exponential func- tion whose graph is shown in the figure. 13. f(x) 14, g(x) yah)I 1 In Exercises 15-24, describe how to transform the graph of f into the graph of g. Sketch the graphs by hand and support your answer with a grapher. 15) f(x) = 2%, g(x) = 23 16. f(x) = 3", g(x) = 3** 17. f(x) = 4, g(x) = 4"18, f(x) = 2, g(x) = 25" 19. f(x) = 0.5%, g(x) = 3-05" + 4 20. f(x) = 0.6", g(x) = 2-0.6* 21. f(x) = e*, g(x) =e22. f(x) = e*, g(x) =-e* 23. f(x) = e*, g(x) = 26 24. f(x) = e%, g(x) = 3e* - 1Writing to Learn In Exercises 25-30, (a) match the given function with its graph. (b) Explain how to make the choice without using a grapher. (a) (b) © woIn Exercises 31-34, state whether the function is an exponential growth function or exponential decay function, and describe its end behavior us- ing limits. 31. f(x) = 3" 32. s) = (4) 33. f(x) = 0.5" 34. f(x) = 0.75"In Exercises 35-38, solve the inequality graphically. 35. 9 < 4 36. 6 > 8 m()>6) =() 0) have in common? (A) (1,1) (B) (1,0) (€) (0,1) (D) (0,0) (E) (-1,-1) 63. Multiple Choice The growth factor for f(x) = 4+3* is (A) 3. (B) 4. (C) 12. (D) 64. (E) 81. 64. Multiple Choice For x > 0, which of the following is true? (A) 35 > 4" (B) 7 > 5* (©) (1/6)* > 2) (D) 9 > 8 (E) 0.17" > 0.32*