veer en ate Exponential Functions and Their Graphs eee “hemes fe) = 2 ag) = 2 cach oleate nad to power, bathe ooaea ees shee on Logic Rmchat anda Copa) | + For fs) ~ 22 he tae the vrs, and he exponent sth cont 2: fica Seca falar monomia anl power unctn. + Fors) = 2 thebse she cont and the exponent ihe varie an and why ‘enrol con Se ie ‘ponents ond ogi con treed mony 9 m ‘Sig he geek mon end Es nna popdetont Leta and be rea mmr conta. An exposed entannis fne- ten hat can be write ate fr Se) =a where is nonzero, bis postive and b 1. The constant ais the initial value (oF fie value atx = 0) ands the Base. ‘Exponential functions are defined and continous for al real numbers Is important torecogeize whether function isan exponen function. SETS leentfying Exponential Functions (a)_ f(x) = 3* is an exponential function, with an initial value of 1 and base of 3. (b) g(x) = 6x“ is not an exponential function because the base xis a variable and the exponent is a constant; g is a power function. (©)_h(x) = -2+1.5* is an exponential function, with an initial value of -2 and base of 15. @ kx) = is an exponential function, 1/2 because 2 (21) = (12). (e) q(x) = 5-67 is not an exponential function because the exponent 7 is a con- stant; q is a constant function. Now try Exercise 1. One way to evaluate an exponential function, when the inputs are rational numbers, is, to use the properties of exponents.(EZEIETET) Computing Exponential Function Values for Rational Number Inputs For f(x) = 2', (a) f(4) = 24 = 2-2-2-2 = 16 () f(0) =2=1 © f(-3) == * - i = 0.125 @ 43) 20 = V2 = 1.4122... (e) K-23 ia 2a VB VE = 0.35355... Now try Exercise 7. There is no way to use properties of exponents to express an exponential function's value for irrational inputs. For example, if f(x) = 2, f(a) = 2”, but what does 2 mean? Using properties of exponents, 25 = 2+2+2,23! = 23110 23". So we can find meaning for 2* by using successively closer rational approximations to 7 as shown in Table 3.1. 300 BA 34 3.141 3.1415 3.14159 6 6s 881 8821... 8.8244... 8.82496 We can conclude that f(z) = 2” ~ 8.82, which could be found directly using a grapher. The methods of calculus permit a more rigorous definition of exponential functions than we give here, a definition that allows for both rational and irrational inputs. ‘The way exponential functions change makes them useful in applications. This pattern of change can best be observed in tabular form.25.2516 10.90) s F2s.2siiyt28 19) FIGURE 3.2 Craps of g(s) = 4-3" and) Aa) = 8° (14) (ample 3) Frain an Exponential Functon fom hs Tole Val Determine formulas for the exponential functions and h whose values are given in Table 32. 27 lt 2 dS yon 2s Je a 2 sot SOLUTION Because is exponential (x) = a+b" Because ¢(0) = 4, the inital value ais 4. Because g(1) = 4+! = 12, the hase bis So, a) = 434 Because is exponent, Mx) = a+ b* Because (0) Because 1) = 8b! = 2,the base Bis 1. So, n= 8-(2). Figure 3.2 shows the graphs of these function passthrough the points whose coordi- ates ae given in Table 32, "Now ty Exercise 11. 8 the intl value ais 8 ‘Observe the patterns in the g(x) and f(x) columns of Table 3.2. The g(x) values in- ‘crease by factor of 3 andthe h(x) values decrease By a factor of I, a8 we add 110.5 ‘moving fom one row of the table othe next. In each case, the change Factor isthe base ‘ofthe exponential function. This pattem generalizes to all exponential functions a i- luseated in Table 33, In Table 33, a8 x increases by 1, the funtion vale is multiplied by the base. This, relationship leads tothe following recursive formula ———— Onan Ae ‘function. The base b is its growth factor. ere The tae isis dey aioeDowns: (22,22) Range(0. 2) No symmetry: neither even nor od soy Bound belo but ot above octet Noll extrema Hocionl asymptote: y = 0 Novericl asympots| Fb > 1 ce Figure 3). + fsa increasing Fanti + Lim (8) = O and fi J) 6b < 1 GeeFigre 3, hen + fsa decreing incon, FIGURE 9.3 Graphs of (1) =" frtayb > Land(oy0-< b< 1, lie (8) = aml (0) = 0. {EEZULIIE Fronsforming Exponential Functions este hot trasform te graph of f(2) = ino the gph othe gn oe {on Ske he apy hdd sop our answer wis rap (1) =2 1 OH)PO AG) =I! sownon (2) The goghof (2) = 2 i obtte y taming the raph ffs) Tanke ah ire 340. (©) Wecan obi te pap fH) = 2" hy esting the aap of J rowhe pane pre 3a) Boca "= (2) = (sro can alo thin tar an expen ncn wih an nil Ye ot ds ao 12 (6) Wecan obtain te graph of Ks) ~ 3-2 by verily ching he graph of Js) = 2 by afatorof 3 Fig 3) Now try Exercise 15. amen yt) etloyens FIGURE 3.4 The paph ffs) = 2 shown witha ge) = 2°10) Ha) = 2% and) fe) = 2 (Empl)eames FIGURE 2.8 The guna (0) = The Natural Base e “The fuetion f(s) = «one ofthe hase fnetion inrodoced in Section 13, and is an exponential growth function m= Dama (222) Range: (0), Tncreing or erie amp: y = 0 Novercal symp nha”! = Dandi ef = 22 tor 3) Because f(s) ~ es increasing it is an exponential growth function, so ¢ > 1. But what sand what makes his exponen function sh exponential futon? ‘We cannot compute the imaioal number edie, but using this definkion we can bain soccessively closer approximations fo a shown in Table 34 Cotinuing the proces in Table 34 with a sulliiently accurate computer can show tht f= 278281828459. : 1 4m 108m fue 225. 2m 26.2 2 Wie are usally more intrest inthe exponent function f(x) = eae variations of this fonction than in the irate umber ee fc, any exponeatia function canbe expressed in ems ofthe natal bse© FIGURE 3.6 (3) Gaphor fla) ~ (1+ 5) wath asympot int “ppotinuing be amore Gran Fis) =e" foeyk > Oand on =O. So ee In Section 33 we will develop some mathematics so that or any posive number 16 > 1, we can easly find the vale of E such that & = 6". the meantime, we can ‘we griphical and numerical methods to approximate k as you will discover in [Exploration 2. Describe how to transform the graph of f(x) = e* into the graph ofthe given une tion Sketch the graphs by hand and suppor your answer witha grapher. @) a(x) =e) Hla) =F) Aa) = 3eF SoLwTION (@) The graph of g(x) = is obained by horizontally shrinking the graph of fla) = e by aftr of Figure 3.7). (©) Wecan obtain the graph of h(x) = «by reflecting the graph of f(x) = e* sess the y-axis Figure 370) (©) Wecan obtain the graph of K(x) = 3e" by vertically stretching the graph of f(a) = € bya factor of 3 (Figure 3.70). Now try Exercise 21.Logistic Functions and Their Graphs Exponential gow is wrested. An expos growth facto faces at cverinesing and attended shove ln many growth tats weve, Stren init w he posible growth. A pant can nly grow so al Te ube of feito nero aed by the ae of the spinach sun he {row often teins in anexpnentl mame, bt he pow seta dows andthe feph levels ca The asocined ph fncton bounded bh how ad above by foro aymputs teem pours? Test 0 mals) = Se" Eeampe Let b and be posite constants witb 1. lage growth funtion ini unto th can be writen nthe form Se) = Sede) = oe where the constant cis the iit to growth, 1b > 1 ork < 0, thse fmol yield Nigh BS BO. ste there Std log ncn in this bok willbe logs row ancsions. Aliases for Logistic Growth By sing « 1, we oan he age ineton ‘ett pet rth so) = OT Domain: (2,22) Range: (0.1) Contino Ince eral Symmetric about (0,12) but neiber even noo Bowne below and above Nove enema Hovzomtal sympeotes:y = Oandy = Novena ym FIGURE 3.8 The pap of nf tehvio: ims) = Oand tim f(s) = 1 fe) = Wit) {All logistic growth functions have graphs much ike the bask logistic function. Thee nud behavior slays described by the equations li, $(2) = O and im £0) = 6 where ci he limit vo growth (sce Exercise 74) Al logistic functions are hounded by their horizontal asymptotes, y= 0 and y = c, and have a range of (0,¢) Although every logistic function is symmetric about the point of is graph y-coordinate cP, this pont of symmetry is usually not the y-intercept, as We an seein Example 6STV Graphing Logistic Growth Functions Graph the function. Find the y-intercept and the horizontal asymptotes. coe a) @ §6)- Ty 3-07 © 6) Toe SOLUTION (a) The graph of f(x) = 8/(1 + 30.7") is shown in Figure 3.9a on the next page. ‘The y-intercept is $(0) 1+ Because the limit to growth is 8, the horizontal asymptotes are y = O and y = 8. (b) The graph of g(x) = 20/(1 + 2e~) is shown in Figure 3.9b. The y-intercept is 20 20 8) Tae T42 Because the limit to growth is 20, the horizontal asymptotes are y = 0 and y = = 203 ~ 6.67. Now try Exercise 41.1.2016 (2.101 Fay ts.25) FIGURE 3.9 The graphs of a) f(s) = 8/1 + 3-074) and) a(x) = 20(1 + 2e7™), (Example 6) Population Models Exponent and ist fntons hae many applications One aca whee bth pes of fanctos are sas ia modingppelton Between 90 nd 200, ath Phe tid San Amonio pase te 1 mln mark. With Sion Valley ins, San Jose Clon, fpearsto ete neat US. iy deseo sus milion eden ‘ica acs population fs wing apy. asin he ese of San Jose. expnetal bow sareuone sel (EXCLIZED) Modeling Son Jose's Population ‘Using the ta in Table 3. and suming the growth serpent when wil the population of Sn Jose Califia, surpass lion pers? |ANote on Population Dato sowrion ‘Wee US Como reer | Model Lat) be he opin an Joya ar ay 1,200 (ee margin Sircamsrsprnsc:s neve | pony Baca Ps xp PO) = Phe tial 200 pop Peat tarps al tion of 898,759. From Table 3.5 we sce that P(7) = 898,759" = 939,899. So, ‘tear aes aos sTatcon 288% sons and P(e) = 998 759- 0068 ‘Soke Graphically Figure 3.10 shows tht this population mode tenets 100,000 when te independent variable abou 16.73, Inrpret Because 16:73 yeas fer mid-200 ii the frst half 02017, ccnding 10 ‘his mode th population af San Jose wl supas the 1 milion mack in early 2017 Now ry Exercise a pete ‘X=l6.73I494 Y=1000000GEV Modeling Dallas’s Population Based on recent census data, a logistic model for the population of Dallas, t years af- ter 1900, is as follows: 1,301,642 () => — ae PO) = TF ne 08H According to this model, when was the population 1 million? SOLUTION Figure 3.11 shows that the population model intersects y = 1,000,000 ‘when the independent variable is about 84.51. Because 84.51 years after mid-1900 is at the beginning of 1985, if Dallas's population has followed this logistic model, its population was I million then, Now try Exercise 55.In Exercises 1-6, which of the following are exponential functions? For those that are exponential functions, state the initial value and the base. For those that are not, explain why not. Lhy=x By =3" By=5" y= 5) y = xV* 6) y=x3In Exercises 7-10, compute the exact value of the function for the given x-value without using a calculator. T f(x) =3+5* for x=0 8. f(x) = 6-3" for x=-2 9) f(x) =-2-3* for x= 13 3/2In Exercises 11 and 12, determine a formula for the exponential func- tion whose values are given in Table 3.6. I. f(x) 12. g(x) x S(x) g(x) =2 6 108 -1 3 36In Exercises 13 and 14, determine a formula for the exponential func- tion whose graph is shown in the figure. 13. f(x) 14, g(x)In Exercises 15-24, describe how to transform the graph of f into the graph of g. Sketch the graphs by hand and support your answer with a grapher. 15. f(x) = 2, g(x) = 23 16. f(x) = 3", g(x) = 3°74 17. f(x) = 4", g(x) = 4 18. f(x) = 2", g(x) = 25° 19. f(x) = 05%, g(x) = 3-05" + 4 20. f(x) = 0.6%, g(x) = 2°06 21. f(x) = e*, g(x) =e * 22) f(x) = e*, g(x) = -e* 2B. f(x) = e*, g(x) = 26 24. f(x) = e*, g(x) = 3e*- 1qo ey wey * Writing to Learn In Exercises 25-30, (a) match the given function with its graph. (b) Explain how to make the choice without using a grapher. © (d) © oIn Exercises 31-34, state whether the function is an exponential growth function or exponential decay function, and describe its end behavior us- ing limits. 31. f(x) = 3 32. f(x) = (¢y 33. f(x) = 0.5" 34. f(x) = 0.75In Exercises 41-44, use a grapher to graph the function. Find the yintercept and the horizontal asymptotes. 12 18 WI = Toe | IO Tso 16 9 43. f(x) = =r 44, g(x) = = 1 + 3 1 + 2eIn Exercises 45-50, graph the function and analyze it for domain, range, continuity, increasing or decreasing behavior, symmetry, boundedness, extrema, asymptotes, and end behavior. 45. f(x) = 3-2* 46. f(x) = 40.5" 47. f(x) = 4-e* 48. f(x) = 5-e* 49. f(x) = —> 50. f(x) = —° 1+ 2-e™ 1+4-55. Population Growth Using 20th-century U.S. census data, the population of Ohio can be modeled by 12.79 P(t) = ———>aw ©) Trane OF where P is the population in millions and t is the number of years since April 1, 1900. Based on this model, when was the population of Ohio 10 million? 56. Population Growth Using 20th-century U.S. census data, the population of New York state can be modeled by 19.875 1 + 57.993¢-0.0350051" where P is the population in millions and ¢ is the number of years since 1800. Based on this model, (a) What was the population of New York in 1850? (b) What will New York state’s population be in 2015? (c) What is New York’s maximum sustainable population (limit to growth)? P(t) =57. Bacterial Growth The number B of bacteria in a petri dish culture after t hours is given by B= 100e°, (a) What was the initial number of bacteria present? (b) How many bacteria are present after 6 hr? 58. Carbon Dating The amount C in grams of carbon-14 present in a certain substance after r years is given by C = 20e70.00012161, (a) What was the initial amount of carbon-14 present? (b) How much is left after 10,400 years? When will the amount left be 10 g?62. Multiple Choice What point do all functions of the form f(x) = b*(b > 0) have in common? (A) (1,1) (B) (1,0) (© (0,1) (D) (0,0) (E) (-1,-1) 63. Multiple Choice The growth factor for f(x) = 4+ 3* is (A) 3. (B) 4. (©) 12. (D) 64. (E) 81. 64) Multiple Choice For x > 0, which of the following is true? (Ay 38> 4 (B) 7 > 5° (©) (1/6) > (12) (D) 9 > 8 (E) 0.17" > 032°Standardized Test Questions 59. True or False Every exponential function is strictly in- creasing. Justify your answer. 60. True or False Every logistic growth function has two horizontal asymptotes. Justify your answer. In Exercises 61-64, solve the problem without using a calculator. 61. Multiple Choice Which of the following functions is exponential? (A) f(x) = (B) f(x) = (©) f(x) = 28 (D) f(x) = Vx (E) f(x) = 8°