Inverses of Exponential Functions In Soon 14m eed tt ia futon asst hort tex te inv ‘le icton aoa finn Pigs 8 chow ba aca uct fs) = ‘oak pti ec. Sok an vent ntn, Tisen te ec gC), are nly logy Tha i J(8) = 0 witb > and B % 1 then (x) = logy See Fgwe 1, FIGURE 3.18 Export fotos citer()neasing (dees ‘Am immediate and wef consequence of tis definition isthe Hk between an exp etal equation and ts hogaridhic counterpart SS Ix >Oand0 0, and any real number y, log, 1 = 0 because b° = 1. log, b = 1 because b! = b. + log, bY = y because b” + ple%* = x because log, x = logy x. . GENET Evaluating Logarithmic and Exponential Expressions (a) logy 8 = log) 2 = 3. (b) log, V3 = log, 3! = 172. (co) ole! = 11. Now try Exercise 5. Logarithmic functions are inverses of exponential functions. So the inputs and outputs are switched. Table 3.16 illustrates this relationship for f(x) = 2° and f~"(x) = logo x.oe eke Let x and y be real numbers with x > 0. + log 1 = 0 because 10° = 1. + log 10 = | because 10' = 10. + log 10” = y because 10” = 10°. + 10!°8* = x because log x = log x. Using the definition of common logarithm or these basic properties, we can evaluate expressions involving a base of 10, EEZVOTED Evaluating Logarithmic and Exponential Expressions—Base 10 (a) log 100 = logyg 100 = 2 because 10? = 100. (b) log W/10 = log 10! = - log 107° 1 (©) los zoGq = 8 (d) 10° = 6. Now try Exercise 7. Common logarithms can be evaluated by using the [LOG] key on a calculator, as illus- trated in Example 4,ELIE Evaluating Common Logarithms with a Calculator Use a calculator to evaluate the logarithmic expression if it is defined, and check your result by evaluating the corresponding exponential expression. (a) log 34.5 = 1.537... because 10'5°7 = 34.5, (b) log 0.43 = —0.366... because 1056.» = 0.43. See Figure 3.20. (©) log (—3) is undefined because there is no real number y such that 10” = A grapher will yield either an error message or a complex-number answer fi entries such as log (—3). We shall restrict the domain of logarithmic functic to the set of positive real numbers and ignore such complex-number answer Now try Exercis Changing from logarithmic form to exponential form sometimes is enough to sol equation involving logarithmic functions. EEZXEZUER Solving Simple Logarithmic Equations Solve each equation by changing it to exponential form. (a) logx =3 (b) logax = 5 SOLUTION (a) Changing to exponential form, x = 10° = Common Logarithms—Base 10 Logarithms with base 10 are called common logarithms. Because of their connection to our base-ten number system, the metric system, and scientific notation, common logarithms are especially useful. We often drop the subscript of 10 for the base when using common logarithms. The common logarithmic function logio.x = log.x is the inverse of the exponential function f(x) = 10°. So =logx ifandonlyif 10” = x. Applying this relationship, we can obtain other relationships for logarithms with base 10.Gury Evaluating Common Logarithms with a Calculator Use a calculator to evaluate the logarithmic expression if itis defined, and check ‘your result by evaluating the corresponding exponential expression. (a) log 34.5 = 1.537... because 10! 537--- = 3455. (b) log 0.43 1.366... because 106... = 0,43. See Figure 3.20. (©) log (~3) is undefined because there is no real number y such that 10” A grapher will yield either an error message or a complex-number answer for entries such as log (~3). We shall restrict the domain of logarithmic functions to the set of positive real numbers and ignore such complex-number answers. Now try Exercise 25. Changing from logarithmic form to exponential form sometimes is enough to solve an ‘equation involving logarithmic functions. SEZXXIIEH Solving Simple Logarithmic Equations Solve each equation by changing it to exponential form. (a) logx = 3 (b) logyx = 5 SOLUTION (a) Changing to exponential form, x = (b) Changing to exponential form, x = 2° = 32. Now try Exercise 33,Natural Logarithms—Base e | Because of their special calculus properties, logarithms with the natural base e are used in many situations. Logarithms with base e are natural logarithms. We often use the special abbreviation “In” (without a subscript) to denote a natural logarithm. Thus, the natural logarithmic function loge x = In.x. Its the inverse of the exponential function F(x) =e. So y=Inx ifandonlyif e” Applying this relationship, we can obtain other fundamental relationships for loga- rithms with the natural base e. Ue em Ue meres) Let.x and y be real numbers with x > 0. + In 1 = O because e° = 1. * Ine = I because e' = e. * Ine” = y because e” = e. + €l™* = x because In x = In.x. Using the definition of natural logarithm or these basic properties, we can evaluate ex- pressions involving the natural base e. SET Evaluating Logarithmic and Exponential Expressions—Base e (a) In Ve = log, Ve = 12 because e!” = Ve. (b) Ine? = log. e° (©) ent Now try Exercise 13. Natural logarithms can be evaluated by using the [LN] key on a calculator, as illus- trated in Example 7.al GLZVETE Evaluating Natural Logarithms with a Calculator Use a calculator to evaluate the logarithmic expression, if it is defined, and check your result by evaluating the corresponding exponential expression. (a) In 23.5 = 3.157... because e*!57--- = 23.5. (b) In 0.48 = -0.733... because &7% 0.48, See Figure 3.21. (© In (—5) is undefined because there is no real number y such that e” = —S. A grapher will yield either an error message or a complex-number answer for en- tries such as In (—5). We will continue to restrict the domain of logarithmic functions to the set of positive real numbers and ignore such complex-number answers. Now try Exercise 29. Graphs of Logarithmic Functions ‘The natural logarithmic function f(x) = In x is one of the basic functions introduced in Section 1.3. We now list its properties. f(s) = ins Doms: (0,20) Nosynmmetry [Not bounded above or below Nolocal extrema Nohorzonal asymprotes 261m 1-3.51 Vertical asympite: x = 0 FIGURE 3.22Any logarithmic function g(x) = log, x with b > 1 has the same domain, range, con- tinuity, increasing behavior, lack of symmetry, and other general behavior as J(x) = Inx. Itis rare that we are interested in logarithmic functions g(x) = logy x with 0 log 2 (D) log 5 < log 10 (E) log 5 = log 10 — log2 Multiple Choice Which statement is false about f(x) = Inx? (A) Itis increasing on its domain. (B) It is symmetric about the origin. (C) Itis continuous on its domain. (D) It is unbounded. (E) Ithas a vertical asymptote. . Multiple Choice Which of the following is the inverse of f(x) = 2°3 (A) #7"(x) = log; (x/2) (B) f~'(x) = logs (3) (C) f-"(x) = 2 log; (x) (D) f-!(x) = 3 logs (x) (E) f~'(x) = 0.5 logs (x)