Political Science

Political Science deals with political activities which were made by the government for the
growth and development of the nation

Public Interest
Showing interest and attitudes toward s the issues by the public and actively participating in all the
aspects for the development and growth of society.

Political Violence
Political Violence is the outside of state control that is politically motivated. Some politicians make
getting of political struggle in their countries.

Public Affairs
It relates with public activities direct or indirect with government relations, media communications,
issue management, corporate and social responsibility, information dissemination and strategic
communications advice.

Public Policy

Public policy affects each citizen in hundreds of ways, including new methods for growth in their
earning’s, savings in all the aspects .The implementations are given by government either directly or
indirect methods.

Political Economy
Political economy is the interplay between economics, law and politics, and how institutions develop in
different social and economic systems, such as capitalism, socialism and communism. Political economy
analyzes how public policy is created and implemented.

Welfare State
A welfare state is a concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection and
promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens.

Reference:

 https://politicalscience.yale.edu/academics/student-articles-and-publications
 Article about Ideology

Ideology and its study have been subject to an interpretational tug-of-war among political
theorists that, until recently, has devalued their status as an object of scholarship. Disputes have
raged over the scientific standing of ideology, its epistemological status, and its totalitarian and
liberal manifestations. Many political philosophers have eschewed its group orientation, and the
more recent interest of students of ideology in ordinary political language and in the
unconscious and the indeterminate.

Following an historical survey of changing fashions and more durable features in the
analysis of ideology, it is argued that ideology should be explored as the most typical form of
political thinking, and that its study conducts political theorists to the heart of the political.
Ideology is now seen as ubiquitous, while the methodologies through which ideologies are
studied take on board conceptual malleability and ideational pluralism, and offer bridges
between identifying ‘social facts’ and their inevitable interpretation.

Ideology: The problem-child of political analysis

We are saddled with a difficult word, ‘ideology’. Here is a term once designed to signify
the study of ideas, even the science of ideas, yet it has come to denote one area of the domain
it is supposed to study (the word ‘politics’ has, at many UK departments of politics, curiously
travelled in the opposite trajectory). Moreover, as a term invoking a subject-matter the word
‘ideology’ has proved to be very off-putting for the general public—the combination of ideas
and ‘logies’ seems to indicate the kind of high abstraction that is remote from the experience
and the language of regular people, even though it is the latter on which ideology studies have
come to be chiefly focused. In the Anglo-American world, with its naïve myths of political
pragmatism, ideology is all too often an alien implant, something concocted by spinners of
dreams, otherworldly intellectuals, or machinations with totalitarian designs.

In the European mainland, with its far greater familiarity with abstract theorizing,
ideology is an obnoxious kind of grand theory attached particularly to its tempestuous early and
mid-20th century history in which fascists faced communists in a bid to dominate the world.
 Nevertheless, the term is very common, though not beloved, among scholars, writers
and academics, and it has an illustrious pedigree, although regrettably also a notorious one. If,
as Max Lerner stated, ideas are weapons,1 1. M. Lerner, Ideas are Weapons: The History and
Use of Ideas(New York: Viking Press, 1943).View all notes ideology (in the singular) is a loose
cannon when used professionally. We find it in the ‘slash and destroy’ mode when used to
rubbish another point of view. Daniel Bell referred to the ‘trap of ideology’, to ‘apocalyptic
fervour’ and ‘dreadful results’ and to ideologists as ‘terrible simplifiers’.2 2. D. Bell, The End of
Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the 1950s, new, revised edition (New York:
Collier Books, 1962), p. 405.

View all notes. We encounter it as if behind a magic screen, whose removal suddenly
enables the initially hidden and pernicious attributes of a doctrine, Weltanschauung or set of
social practices to become hideously exposed by the knowledgeable ideology-critic, much as
the Emperor's new clothes dissolved through the eyes of a child. Marx and Engels wrote of
ideology as an upside-down sublimation, a set of ‘reflexes and echoes of [the] life process’, of
‘phantoms formed in the human brain’ detached from the world. pp. 47, 65, 67.View all notes

We meet ideology as an instrument of ‘totalitarian seduction’, an all-encompassing

system of ideas based on a ‘single truth’ and a drive for self-justification, primarily
representative of the 20th century.44. K. D. Bracher, The Age of Ideologies: A History of
Political Thought in the Twentieth Century (London: Methuen, 1984).View all notes We also
come across it as a lazy synonym for any set of ideas (historians are occasionally guilty of that).

Reference:

 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full
 Article about Power
It has been assumed that ‘Power’, following Gallie’s analysis, is an essentially contested
concept. However, in this paper, it is argued that the modern concept of power is beyond this
primitive definition. In order to understand the concept of political power, one must consider
the notions of ‘rights’ and ‘power’. Hence, the first aim of the paper is to introduce power as an
‘essentially integrated concepts’. Furthermore, the reciprocal relation between the concepts of
political power and political rights produces what here is called ‘the political consciousnesses.
Commemorating the complex but reciprocal relationship between power and right not only
invites us to have a new perspective on the concepts of power but also helps us to understand
the theory of political consciousness. After categorizing the concepts of power, the final part of
the paper defines sovereignty (Herrschaft), power (Macht) and legitimate power.

Power is all around us, visible and invisible. It is manifested in the everyday social
relations, in people ideologies and their actions [1]. When a man seeks power, power affects
the process; but when a man wields power, power is the man. Based on its ubiquitous
presence, it is assumed that it fits in the category of the taken-for-granted-things. Yet, to
comprehend the concept of political power, one may step beyond the taken-for-granted-things
and look into the process that power constantly evolves.

Of course, the concept of power includes the bias. However, to those scholars who are
familiar with this concept, the source of power, the necessity of its existence, and the power
relations do not intrinsically lay in the category of the taken-for-granted-things. This is an initial
challenge which I present under the title of ‘the essentially contested/ integrated concepts of
power’. Hence, we address this challenge and then move on to explain the constituent
concepts of power. A community without power is chaos. Chaos is not merely the absence of
power but the absence of political power and political rights is merely the absence of order.
Mostly, the chaotic situations lead to the emergence of the dictators and tyrants. Power can be
the cause of the subordinate experience, humiliation, and threat. 
 Power is a problematical concept according to its variation or, at least, the
interpretation of it. Based on the ruthless pragmatism and the order of nature, one may
believe that the concept of power is taken for- granted which self-evidently is obtaining
immunity of powerful. This is possible only if power sustains an intense and sometimes brutal
love of self that fully expressed by the ‘domination’ or the concept of ‘power over’.

However, this definition of power is primitive, tautological and traditional; therefore it would
satisfy neither the modern philosophers nor the political scientists nor sociologists. Despite of
this dissatisfaction, some of the classic and modern renowned political and social theorists,
namely Max Weber, formulated a definition of power similar to the primitive and bias one:

“Power is the probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position
to carry out his own will despite resistance, regardless of the basis on which that probability
rests”

According to the ‘three dimensions of power’, Lukes admits the existence of the
perception and the consciousness of people on the debates on power. However, Luck’s ‘three
dimensions of power’ do not rest upon the clear idea of power as right since he considered
them as the negative and subsidiary of the concept of ‘power over’ or ‘domination’. This belief
and the instinct of domination promoted by Luckes remind us of the concepts of power and
autonomous will which Jouvenel argued in his work, On Power . The unfortunate effect of the
separation of the concepts of ‘power’ and ‘rights’ is the political disasters throughout the
times when a quasi Rechtsstaat (constitutional or legal state) based on the “rule of law” or
legal order, or in contrast, a Machtstaat (dictatorship or tyranny) based on the ‘admiration’
and ‘belief ’ produces a concept of authoritarianism/totalitarianism. The separation of ‘power’
and ‘right’ is a reason for asymmetric power relations in which the concept of ‘power over’ or
domination subjugates the other concept of power.

Reference:
 https://www.omicsonline.org/...
 Article about State

Article 12 defines the “state” which includes:

Government and Parliament of India
Government and the Legislature of each of the States
All local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the
Government of India.
The words “other authorities” and “under the control” are ambiguous and led to numerous
litigations in the Supreme Court. Thus, this article has been subject to judicial interpretation
from time to time. Various Supreme Court judgments have established that:
Definition of state is inclusive and may include other bodies than executive, legislature of
union and states which have been enumerated explicitly in the article 12.
 Statutory and non-statutory bodies that get financial resources from government, have deep
pervasive control of government and with functional characters as such as ICAR, CSIR, ONGC,
IDBI, Electricity Boards, NAFED, Delhi Transport Corporation etc. come under the definition of
state.
Statutory and Non-statutory bodies which are not substantially generally financed by the
government don’t come under definition of state. Examples are autonomous bodies,
Cooperatives, NCERT etc.
Judiciary is NOT state. Many opine that the judiciary should be included in the definition of
the state.

The conflict between individuals and state is as old as our history. The individuals need
personal liberty and state has the power to decide those liberties. Thus, if the state has
absolute power to cut down those liberties of an individual, it would be tyranny. Thus, the
individuals need constitutional protection against the state. The rights which are given to the
citizens by way of fundamental rights are a guarantee against state action as distinguished
from violation by the ordinary law of land.
 Fundamental rights are binding upon not only the State and agencies of State but also
upon individuals/organizations. For example, if untouchability or any sort of discrimination is
practiced by any individual then that individual indulging in such practices is punishable under
the law of the land. Article 12 gives the definition of State as including not only the executive
and legislative organs of the Union and the States but also local bodies and other authorities.
Even the act of any individual may become an act of the State if it is enforced or aided by any
of the authorities mentioned above. Certain Fundamental Rights are also available against
private individuals like Article 15(2) [equality with regard to access to and use of places of
public resort], Article 17 [prohibition of traffic in human beings], Article 18(3)-(4) [prohibition of
acceptance of foreign title], Article 23 [prohibition of traffic in human beings] and Article 24
[prohibition of employment.

All fundamental rights are justifiable and enforceable under court. There are certain
rights in Indian constitution which don’t need any legislation to make them enforceable. For
example there is no need to enact a separate legislation to  make the Right to Equality
enforceable. These are called self executor. At the same time, there are certain rights which
are imperfect in just being inscribed to the constitution and need further legislation to make
them enforceable. Such rights are Art. 17 (untouchables) Article 21A (right to free &
compulsory education); Article 23 (traffic in human beings; and Article 24 (child labor).t of
children in hazardous employment].

Reference:

 https://www.gktoday.in/gk/article
 Article about Political Science

Political Science is a field of study which examines the acquisition and application of power in
public affairs. It encompasses research on national philosophies, comparative politics, international
relations and, a diverse array of systems of governance, both political and economic.

Democracy
Democracy states about the public in their country about the rules and regularities in making
the decision about parliamentary system by direct or indirect methods. In simple studies it shows by
the people, For the People, and Of the People.

Law and Order

A respect, obedience and sincerity from each individual for following the rules and regulations which
has made by constitute of the country.

Media Communication
Media Communication is defined as sharing the information on each & every aspect form all the
sources like Television & Radio communication, Publishing, Advertising; Print media, Press media,
Cinema, Photography, and finally Social Networking Sites.

Media Politics
Every politician makes his statements and conducts politics through mass media communication that
reaches to each and every individual justifies the Media politics.

Nationality

It state that a person belongs to that particular nation or country then he will be declared to that
nationality.

Studies

Political Regime
Political Regime is a set of rules which are designed in politics for the development society to regulate
institution or government operations.
I
 Did you know?
Political Science
The branch of knowledge that specifically deals with
systems of government, the analysis of political activity and
behavior.

Ideology
Ideology is a system of ideas, ideals, and thoughts
especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory.

Power
It is the ability to influence or
manifest to do something which gives an
outright control to the behavior.

State
This is composed of person more or
less that occupying less occupying diff. portion of a territory.