MID 1

• Contact Vs Non-Contact Sensors

• Discrete Vs Analog Detection
• Nominal Vs Effective Distances
• Hysteresis (Differential Travel) Vs No Hysteresis
• Switching Frequency (+ Its effect when measuring shaft speed using Inductive Sensor)
• DATASHEET PROBLEM
• INDUCTIVE Vs CAPACITIVE (graph + advantages + disadvantages + theory of operation)
• Photoelectric Sensor types (thrue-beam + reflex + diffuse + BG rejection)
• Sink Vs. Source wiring
• Inverting , Non-Inverting, Voltage Follower, Difference Op Amps (Circuit + Equation +
Function)
• Low Pass Filter (Used to eliminate high frequency noise)
• In this circuit: Proof + Calculation of Rgain
Function: -Signal amplification – Buffering - Referencing

vout =
RF 1 + 2 R2 (v − v )
 R1  2 1
R 
Here R1= Rgain

• Why use Current Transmission

• XTR117 Problem (To be able to calculate current in each resistor Rin R1 R2 and output
current)
MID 2

• DAC (N-bit or R-2R) Problem

• Quantization error + analog, digital values (ARDUINO) PROBLEM
• ADC (All types diagram and theory of operation and conversion time calculation (Tc))
• What is Input Multiplexing?
• Sampling (basic, typical circuits + Nyquist & aliasing + PROBLEM (signal X,Y wel kalam da) )
• Thermocouple Vs RTD (theory of operation + advantages + disadvantages)
• LVDT (Construction + Operation)
• Absolute Vs Incremental Encoders
• Hall Effect (Operation)
• Accelerometer Vs Gyroscope
• Strain Gauge in Pressure Measurement