NAMA : Nurhalisah

NIM : NH0118058

TUGAS : BAHASA INGGRIS PERTEMUAN KE 6

“EXPLAIN THE ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY IN ENGLISH FOCUS ABOUT

THORAX”

The thorax is a cavity that is bounded and surrounded by the thoracic wall which is
formed by bone, cartilage, and muscles. In the thoracic cavity there are two rooms, namely
the lungs and the mediastinum and the respiratory and circulatory system processes occur.
The organs located in the chest cavity, namely; esophagus, lungs, liver, heart, blood vessels
and lymph channels (Ombregt, 2013).

The thoracic wall is a complex system of a number of bone structures, cartilage,

ligaments, muscles and tendons. The superficial part of the thoracic wall is the bone
structure and muscles. which connects the upper limbs to the torso. The cranial region is
bounded by the first thoracic vertebrae, the first rib, the clavicle and the upper edge of the
manubrium. The inferior border is separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm. A
thoracic cage consists of 12 pairs of rib bones. Each rib consists of a head, neck and body.
The head has a facet to connect to the costovertebral joint. With the exception of the first
and second ribs, all of them have an indentation for the passage of nerve fibers and blood
vessels on the lower edge of the bone (Ombregt, 2013). The costal bone functions to protect
vital organs of the thoracic cavity such as the heart, lungs, liver and Lien (Assi & Nazal,
2012).

THORAX COMPONENTS

The thorax is located between the neck and stomach. Cavum thorax consists of the
heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus and blood vessels. The thorax frame is formed by the
vertebral column, rib bone, cartilage rib, and sternum. These bones protect the thoracic
cavity and several abdominal organs, for example the liver and spleen.

COSTA
Costa consists of 12 pairs of ribs, of which 12 pairs are divided into:
 seven pairs of true ribs, in which the ribs articulate with the posterior vertebrae and
with the sternum anteriorly through the cartilages of the ribs.
 three pairs of false ribs, where the cartilages of the ribs to eight, to nine, and to ten
articulate with the cartilages of the ribs above.
 two pairs of floating ribs, of which the ribs to eleven and to twelve do not have
articulations anteriorly.
STERNUM
The sternal bone can be palpated in the midline (midline) of the anterior part of the
thorax. The sternum is divided into several regions, namely:
 Manubrium: has facets for articulation with the clavicle, the rib cartilage to one
and the upper part of the rib cartilage to two. In the inferior part it articulates
with the corpus sternum at the manubriosternal joint.
 Corpus
 The xiphoid has an upper articulation with the corpus at the xiphisternal joint.
Xiphoid usually remains cartilaginous into adulthood.

The manubriosternal joint is the place where the second rib is attached to it, so this
can be a reference for calculating the number of rib bones.
INTERCOSTAL CAVITY
This cavity is lined by three muscles that resemble the walls of the abdominal
muscles. The three muscles are:
 M. Intercostalis Intima (deepest)
 M. Intercostalis Externus: this muscle travels to fill the intercostal cavity
from the posterior vertebra to the costochondral border in the anerior, then
this muscle continues to travel forward as a thin membrane, in plain view,
this muscle will look like the letter V.
 M. Intercostalis Internus: this muscle travels to fill the intecostalis cavity
from the sternum to the costa angulus then runs backwards as a thin
membrane, in plain view, this muscle will look like the letter A.
CAVUM THORAX
The thoracic cavity is filled by the lungs and pleural cavity, in the middle of the
lungs and pleura is called the mediastinum. The mediastinal areas include:
 Anterior mediastinum, located between the pericardium and sternum
filled by lymph nodes.
 Middle mediastinum, in which there is a pericardium and heart.
 Posterior mediastinum, located between the pericardium and vertebral
column, which contains the esophagus, toracic duct, sympathetic trunk,
and descending aorta.