WTEGRAL Catcttus avo fr Appticanons =2 J" Vila + cos OF + asin OF] do =2a f° 2+ e056) ao sin @2 |" ga (sin w2 - sin 0) = 8a. =4a J" eos 0/2.d0=40 v2 Length of upper half of the curve is 4a. Also length of the are AP from 0 to n/3. =a f"” {2+ cos i d0 = 2a [C° cos0/2-a9 = 4a| sin 6/2|°"* = 2a = half the length of upper half of the cardioid. Fig, 6.18 ao 2 Find the length of the curve (i) » =log sec x from x = 0 to x= n/3. (iy = low Ke" ~WMe* + 1) from x =1 tox = 2, ‘8. Find the length of the are of the parabola y= 4ax (i) from the vertex to one end of the latus-rectum, (i) cut off by the line dy = &. | (RU, 2008 8; dl hey 4. Find the perimeter of the loop of the following curves : é (ay? =x%a-2) (i) %? = @-2)0e-57. 5. Find the length of the curve y* = (2x ~ 1)? cut off by the line x = 4. (W.T.U;, 2000 8) 6. Show that the whole length of the curve x%(a%— x2) = Bay? is na V2. 7. (a) Find the length of an arch ‘of the cycloid x = a(0 + sin 8), y = a(1 ~ cos 8). () By finding the length of the curve show that the curve x = a(0—sin®), y =a( = ons Ohi divided in the catia 1: 8. at 0 = 2/3. Peta ‘8. Find the whole length of the curve x =a cos? ¢,y =a sin’ ¢i¢.,x% + y= 0% (V.2U,, 2010; Marathwade, 2008 “2 ‘so show that the ine @ = 3/8 divides the leagth of his trod he rst quadean nthe rio, 2B © (Mumbai, 2001), 9. Find the length of the loop of the curve x= @y=¢- 19/8. 5 Ghtumbai, 2001) 10, Far the curve n= ae! cot a, prove that s/r = constant, s being measuréd from the origin.” Ayp' 11, Find then of the eurve@= (r+ 4) fromr = 11078. (Marathwade, 2008) 412. Find the perimeter of the cardioid r =« (1 —cos @). Also show that the upper half of the curve is bisected by the line B= 203. i 13, Find the whole length of the lemniscate r? = a? cos 20. i P 14. Find the length of the parabola r(1. + cos 8) = 2a as cut off by the latus-rectum. (INT, (1) VOLUMES OF REVOLUTION (a) Revolution about x-axis. The volume of the solid generated by the revolution about the x-axis, of the area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x-axis and the ordinates x = a, x = b is [vt ax. Let AB be the curve y = f(x) between the ordinates LA(x = a) and MB(x=6). Let P(x, y), Pe + 8x, y + &y) be two neighbouring points on the curve and NP, N’P’ be their respective ordinates (Fig. 6.19). Let the volume of the solid generated by the revolution about x-axis of the area ALNP be V, which is clearly a function of x. Then the volume of the solid generated by the revolution of the area PNN'P’ is 8V. Complete the rectangles PN’ and PN. Fig. 6.19Ea Hl ERIS MATH EAES ‘The 8V lies between the volumes of the right circular eylinders generated by the revolution of rectangles PN’ and P’N, ie., BV lies between ny? ax and n(y + &y)? ae. e lies between ny? and xy + &)?. Now taking limits as P’ > P, ie. & > O(and 8730), © am? b dV Ware [imide or |VIt.,= fm ax or idles eV ince wi feslin fet ; ice, volume of the solid obtained by the revolution of the area ALMB = ["m* de. Solution. Let the abies be generated by the revolution of the semi-circle vi ABC, of radius a about its diameter CA (Fig. 6.20) IB Taking CA as the x-axis and its mid-point O as the origin, the equation of the circle ABC is x2 + y* = a, 2. Volume of the sphere = 2 (volume of the solid generated by the revolution about x-axis of the quadrant OAB) ¢| of 22 [0 wy? dx =2n f° (a? —a*)de LU 2 ax[2?-<-0-0 Solution. The curve is symmetrical about the x-axis, and for the upper half of its loop x varies from 0 to 8a (Fig. 6.21) 3a tax x (8a—x) Bay ih = 2 Volume of the loop f my? de = rf oT = g& ~ +8ax7 a] xta [Divide the numerator by the denominator] Fig. 6.22, 80 a? 2 ani [- x? + 4ax— 4a? +o] aemn © pda. 5 — date td log e+ 0) 1 [= aot dad! Ina —t4? Ho] na5(— 3 + 4 log 4) = na5(8 log 2 — 3). Solution. The arch AOB of the cycloid is symmetrical about the y-axis and the tangent at the vertex is the x-axis. For half the cycloid OA, 6 varies from 0 to x. (Fig. 4.31). Hence the required volume= 2na® [* (2 sin? 0/2)? -(2 cos" 2) do = 16na° [* sin‘ @2- cos? a2 - d@ [Put 6/2 = 9, de = 2d) = 82na8 f-"” sin* @ cos? @ dp = 32na%- 3-1*1 x 6.4.22 Solution. The curve 27ay? = Ai) is symmetrical about:x-axis and is a semi-cubical parabola with vertex at A (2a, 0). The parabola y* = 4ax and (i) intersect at B and C where 27a (4ax) = 4(x 2a) or x ~ 6ax® ~ 15a°x ~ 8a = 0 which gives x = -a,~a, 8a. Since x is not negative, therefore we have x = 8a (Fig. 6.22). = Required volume = Volume obtained by revolving the shaded area OAB about x-axis = Vol. obtained by revolving area OMBO ~ Vol. obtained by revolving area ADBA = ff" 9 (tax) dx — fry? Ifor (i) dx = 128na9 — AT | 27a = 128na* — *_(6a)* = 80na°, we Fa (b) Revolution about the y-axis. Interchanging x and y in the above formula, we see that the volume of the solid generated by the revolution about y-axis, of the area, bounded by the curve x = f (y), the y-axis and the abscissae y=ay=bis fi xx? ay. Solution. Given parabola is x = y"/4a. Let A be the vertex and L one extremity of the latus-rectum. For the are AL, y varies from 0 to 2a (Fig. 6.23). required volume = 2 (volume generated by the revolution about the y-axis of the area ALC) : x £[-gpamt-0-t . =2/™ = mI dys S fy dom 2e [ee aes |,“ aoat (©) Revolution about any axis. The volume of the solid generated by the revolution about any axis LM of the area bounded by the curve AB, the axis LM and the perpendiculars AL, BM on the axis, is [Qk nN? aon) where O isa fixed point in LM and PN is perpendicular from any point P of the curve AB on LM. With O as origin, take OLM as the x-axis and OY, perpendicular to it as the y-axis (Fig. 6.24).Ea Hae EN: MATHEMATICS | Let the coordinates of P be (x,y) so that x = ON, y = NP IfOL =a, OM =b, then required volume = f ny? de= so (PN)? d(ON). Solution. Given curve is y= 5~— ol) Itis symmetrical about x-axis and the asymptote is x = 2a. (See Fig. 4.23). If P (x, y) be any point on it and PN is perpendicular on the asymptote AN then PN = 2a — x and gil 5 AN=y= iF y Yeas (From (i)] 12 1/2 d(AN) = dy = [(@a —x) (8/2) Vx — x”? 4 (2a ~ xy Dg Qa—x = BV rQa=x)429 4 Baxl? — x2 2 (2a — x)°/* (2a — xy"? Required volume = 2" "" (PN)? d(AN) = 2n fo" (a - Put x =2a sin® @ then dx = 4a sin 8 cos 6.0 = 2m J" Ba) cos 0 (8a — 2a sin® 8)x J@a) sin @. 4a sin 6 cos 6.de =2nf" (2a — x) ax) Ve de = 11a [3 f-"* sin? @ cos? 9 d9-2 f°” sin* 0 cos? edo] = 16m°[3, 24 Uxd xy S-1x1 a] = Ona’, (2) Volumes of revolution (polar ooo The volume of the solid gener- ated by the revolution of the area bounded by the curve r = f(®) and the radii vectors =a, 0=B (Fig. 6.25) (a) about the initial line OX (@=0)= |? 2 y8 sin @ do (b) about the line OY (@ = w/2) = — 285 cos d6. otra a Maat ee Wl ff mt Solution. The cardioid is symmetrical about the initial line and for its upper half @ varies from 0 to x. (Fig. 6.18}. required volume= [* a sin @d0= =f a*(1+ cos 6) sin @.d0 3 PAE FF (1+ ens 0 «(sin 0)d0=— Solution. The curve is symmetrical about the reg ‘For the upper half ofthe RUS. oop, @ 6 varies from 0 to w4. (Fig. 4.34).IereoraL Ga.cuwus ano Ins Arpucarions: Ea required volume = 2(volume rota by the half loop in the first quadrant) a2 irs 2 wr? cos 0 d0 = *. ts a°(cos 20)*/ cos 6 d0 le r=a (cos 20)"} 3 pn Put V2 sin 0 = si =F “* @—2sin? 0)? cos @.d0 ean =e 3 «V2 cos 6 dO = cos $ dé aot (s nid 312 4na* 4 an 33 ma oS, = de d z (~sin® 9) jg comodo = i he ' ode= a ar 1. Find the volume generated by the revolution of the area bounded by x-axis, the catenary y = € cosh x/c and the ordinates x =e, about the axis of x. 2 Find the volume of spherical segment of height h cut off from a sphere of radius a! . Find the volume generated by revolving the portion of the parabola y? = 4ax cut off by its latus-reetum about the ‘axis of the parabola. » (VRU,, 2009) 4. Find the yolume generated by revolving the area bounded by the curve Vx +./y = Ja, x= 0,y = 0 about the x-axis. 5. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the ellipse x%a? + y/o? = 1. (@) about the major axis. (Bhopal, 2002 S) (Gi) about the minor axis. (Bhillai, 2005) 6. Obtain the yolume of the frustrum of a right circular cone whose lower base has radius R, upper base is of radius 7 and altitude is A. 7. Find the volume generated by the revolution of the curve 27a) = 4(x - 22) about thex-axis. 8, Find the volume of the solid formed by the revolution, about the 2-axis, of the loop of the curve : WyXa~ x) =2 (a+ x) fii) 2ay? = x (x = a)* i) y? = x (2x 1, 9, Find the volume obtained by revolving one arch of the cyeloid ()x=a(t—sin 8), y =a (1 — cos 1), about its base, (Kurukshetra, 2006; V-7.U,, 2005) (ii) x =a (0 +sin 0), 9/=a (1 +.€08 8), about the x-axis, 10. Find the volime of the spindle-shaped solid generated by the revolution of the astroid x9 + y= a? about the ais, PTW, 2010 ; S.V-7.L, 2008) Li. Find the volume of the solid formed by the revolution, about the y-axis, of the area enclosed by the eurve xy" = da® (2a~ x) and its asymptote. W2.U,,,2008) 12, Prove that the yolume of the solid formed by the revolution of the curve (a? + x)= a3, about its asymptote is $ ra’. 13. Find the volume generated by the revolution about the initial line of (i) r= 2a cos © (ii) r=a (1 cos ®), @.7-U,, 2006) 14, Determine the volume of the solid obtained by revolving the lemicon r = a +b cos 6 (a > b) about the initial line, (Gorakhpur, 1999) 08 28 about the initial line. W.N-T.U,, 2008 ; Delhi, 2002) 15, Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving a loop of the lemniscate r? = SURFACE AREAS OF REVOLUTION (a) Revolution about x-axis. The surface area of the solid generated by the revolution about x-axis, of the are of the curve y = f (x) from x =a tox =b, is rab 2ny ds. Let AB be the curve y = f (x) between the ordinates LA (x = a) and MB (x = 6). Let P(x, y), P’ (x + dxy + dy) be two neighbouring points on the curve and NP, N’P’ be their respective ordinates (Fig. 6.19). Let the arc AP = s so that are PP’ = ds. Let the surface-area generated by the revolution about x-axis of the arc AP be § and that generated by the revolution of the are PP’ be 6S. Since 8s is small, the surface area 8S may be regarded as lying between the curved surfaces of the right cylinders of radii PN and P’N’ and of same thickness 3s.i ENE RENAE) ‘Thus 8S lies between 2ny 8s and 2n (y + Sy) 8s $8 ties between 2ny and 2x (y + 6y) ‘Taking limits as P’ - P, i.e., 8s - 0 and dy + 0, dS/dx = 2ny on - fi Bas= f" amas or | sit or (value of S for x = b) — (value of S for x = a) = Bay dx or surface area generated by the revolution ofthe are AB-O= f"" 2ny ds. Hence, the required surface area = {"~" any ds. ew e Solution, The cardioid is symmetrical about the initial line and for its upper half, @ varies from 0 to x (Fig, 6.18). a ee Also ae I +() [ete oF sin® 6] = 4 {2+ cos 8) = ay2.2 cos" 0/2] = 2a cos 2 required surface = 27S do=2n f° sin @- 2a cos 6/2 d® = 7 in @- = 4na? 8 asin 9 cos 2. 006.2 na [" a+ c08 0) sin ©- cos 2 d0= na? [* eos? $.28in § cos 8 cos $ : . (gin ® 2 = 16ra? [’ cost © sin 8d0= 16xa% 2) [° cost $(-sin $ 3) a0 () Revolution about y-axis. Interchanging x and y in the above formula, we see that the surface of the solid generated by the revolution about y-axis, of the arc of the curve x = f(y) from y =a toy =b is“INTEGRAL CALCULUS ano Its ArPuicaTions Ea Solution. The astroid is symmetrical about the x-axis, and for its portion in the first quadrant ¢ varies from 0 to w/2. (Fig. 4.29). Also de = _ 3a cos? t sin t, % = = 3a sin? £ cos t. = yi9a" cos* ¢ sin® t + 94° sin* ¢ cos” ¢t] = 8a sin t cost ylcos® ¢+sin® ¢) = 3a sin t cos ¢ 12 xi2 required surface = 2" ane 4. at= an ["" aos" ¢ 3a sint eos t dt x2 = 12m? f sin ¢ cos t dt = 12na* Bail) 6 1 ea Gm pmo acl eed Notre at ether Ge A ag ore oa is. 2, Find the area of the surface formed by the revolution of y*= dax about its axis, by the arc from the vertex to one end of the latus-rectum. 3. Pind the surface of the solid generated by the revolution of the ellipse x°/a? + y¥6* = 1 about the x-axis: (Raipur, 2005); Bhopal, 2002 8) 4. Find the Volume and surface ofthe right cirewlar cone formed by the revolution of a right-angled triangle about a side which contains the right angle, 5. Obtain the surface area of a sphere of radius a, a 6. Show that the surfuce area of the solid generated by the revolution of the curve x = cos" ¢, y =a sin? ¢ about the axis, is 12245, 11, The arco the curve 39° + 59 8, O85, <8, 16, he area of the Joop af the cure r= 0 sin 303s mh ue [r" tan" 6 then y+,DOUBLE INTEGRALS ‘ ‘The definite integral f f(x) dx is defined as the limit of the sum F(x,) Bx, + f xy) Be +. + FO) Be, where n — © and each of the lengths &x,, 8x, ... tends to zero. A double integral is its counterpart in two dimensions. Consider a function f(x, y) of the independent variables x, y defined at each point in the finite region R of the ay-plane. Divide R into n elementary areas 64,, 6A, .., &4,. Let (x,, y,) be any point within the rth elemen- tary area &4,. Consider the sum Fry y) BA, + f (xy, 99) By +. #79) BA, Le, D> fla, y,) 8A, a The limit of this sum, if it exists, as the number of sub-divisions increases indefinitely and area of each sub-division decreases to zero, is defined as the double integral of fix, y) over the region R and is written as Jf, faa. Thus Jf, fears te Y, fe. 90 84, Ad) iit ‘The utility of double integrals would be limited if it were required to take limit of sums to evaluate them. However, there is another method of evaluating double integrals by successive single integrations. For purpose of evaluation, (1) is expressed as the repeated integral f° f° f(x,y) dxdy. edo Its value is found as follows : (i) When y,,¥2 are functions of x and x,, x, are constants, f(x, y) is first integrated w.r.t.y keeping x fixed between limits y,,y, and then resulting expression is integrated w.r-t. x within the limits x,,x, Le, =f" \P" re nafay where integration is carried from the inner to the outer rectangle. 274| MucnPte eras an Bera Gawma Funcnons Ea Figure 7.1 illustrates this process. Here AB and CD are the two curves whose equations are y, = /,(x) and Y= fy (2). PQ is a vertical strip of width dx. ‘Then the inner rectangle integral means that the integration is along one edge of the strip PQ from P to Q (x remaining constant), while the outer rectangle integral corresponds to the sliding of the edge from AC to BD. ‘Thus the whole region of integration is the area ABDC. a Q_ y= fe) ¥ “hw y= fi) o x Qo x Fig. 724 Fig. 72 Gi) When x,, x, are functions of y and y,,. are constants, f(x,y) is first integrated w.r.t.x keeping y fixed, within the limits x,, x, and the resulting expression is integrated w.r.t. y between the limits y,, y, he fr " f(x, y)dx|dy | which is geometrically illustrated by Fig. 7.2. Here AB and CD are the curves x, = f,9) and x, = f,{9). PQ is a horizontal strip of width dy. Then inner rectangle indicates that the integration is along one edge of this strip from P to Q while the outer rectangle corresponds to the sliding of this edge from AC to BD. ‘Thus the whole region of integration is the area ABDC. (iii) When both pairs of limits are constants, the region of integra- tion is the rectangle ABDC (Fig. 7.3). In Jy, we integrate along the vertical strip PQ and then slide it from AC to BD. In I, we integrate along the horizontal strip PQ’ and then slide it from AB to CD. Fig. 73 Here obviously I, = I,. ‘Thus for constant limits, it hardly matters whether we first integrate w.r.t. x and then w.rt. yor vice versa. 2 2 Solution. I= [° dx[" ( +ay)dy = f [feed] «- [ -#[-3] = 18880.2 nearly. 6° 24 Solution. The line x = 2a and the parabola x? = 4ay intersect at L(2a, a). Figure 7.4 shows the domain A which is the area OML. Integrating first over a vertical strip PQ, wart. x from x = 0 tox = 2a, we have floae- ,, w.r.t.y from Ply = 0) to Q@(y =x"/4a) on the parabola and thenL 5 1 = Odeo 32a" 5 324° Otherwise integrating first over a horizontal strip RS, i.e., w.r-t. x from, R (x = 2 Jay ) on the parabola to Sx = 2a) and then w.r-t.y from y = 0 toy =a, we get 0 pa ae Sf, sydedy = [" dx ss vars [fF] dy 2 =20 (" (ay—y")dy=20| 2-2 = 2a [* (ay Vay=2a . cL FF Sample 7. Beoluat Jf, 2 aay where Ris the region in thet “xeyynOe x =8and the curve xy = 16. Solution. The line AL (x = 8) intersects the hyperbola xy = 16 at A (8, 2) while the line y = x intersects this hyperbola at B (4, 4). Figure 7.5 shows the region R of integration which is the area OLAB. To evaluate the given integral, we divide this area into two parts OMB and MLAB. [Ls ener= (0 fap tet (Pp te off aanre fh 2 = ft? fe ftaly +f eae = [face Pf tera are CHANGE OF ORDER OF INTEGRATION In a double integral with variable limits, the change of order of integration changes the limit of integra- tion. While doing so, sometimes it is required to split up the region of integration and the given integral is expressed as the sum of a number of double integrals with changed limits. To fix up the new limits, it is always advisable to draw a rough sketch of the region of integration. The change of order of integration quite often facilitates the evaluation of a double integral. The following examples will make these ideas clear. . Bkample 74. By changing the order ofinegration of [ff gs [Be 3 NAN Ag Solution. i ig © sin px dedy = i (F €* sin ped dy BL ry