CUCU e acl) ASTI} Now Tod © Wotan © 4] Fafetnebor © Megomtom be acoge te des ad bee wtih unonsare ” gnde slr tm nyo foes fener Ices. Decanter ens cereeng, Thetgnst average pce wes sout 80315 per erin May. Determine the Tae slpes othe ear is aaa ies ‘how step gain hg hangs 2 tn. aerate ist al fe yarn Inte secona hat Increasing and Decreasing Behavior An analysis ofa function can also include a description ofthe intervals on which the function is increasing, decreasing, or constant. Consider the graph of f() shown. As you mave from ett right, (5) is «increasing or rising on (~20, —5), + constant or flat on (~5, 0), and decreasing oiling on (0,2). ‘These graphical interpretations can also be described algebraically. KeyConcept Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant Functions Words funn fs ineeasing on anniv Example y ian onto any two pins in 2 ta postive change in resus na psitve i change in fi. i) ‘Symbols For evry x and in anita x) < fle) when 4, Miwa critical points ofa function are those points at which a line drawn, tangent to the curve is horizontal or vertical. Extrema are critical points at which a function changes its increasing or decreasing, behavior. At these points, the function has a maximum or a ‘minimum value, either relative or absolute. A point of inflection can also be a critical point. At these points, the graph changes its shape, but not its increasing or decreasing behavior. Instead, the curve changes from being bent upward to being bent downward, Y4 maxiguum point of inflection minimum me zs ] | KeyConcept Relative and Absolute Extrema Words Areotive maximum ofa function fis the greatest value fx) can attain on some interval. ofthe domain. Symbols} sareatve maximum of/ifthere ess an interval containing ouch that No) > fo" evry x # ain ex). Words —_farelativemayimum isthe greatest value a funtion fcan attain overs entre domain, then tis the absolute maximum, Symbols ff) isthe absolute maximum of if 6) > Me) for every 8 inthe domain of Model (a) isa relative maximum of £(0) isthe absolute maximum off Words relative minimum ofa function Fis the least vale 9) can attain on some interval ofthe domain Symbols f(o)'s arelative minimum of if there exits ‘an interval iy, %) eontanng a such that Ho) < fa for every x # 2 Words If 2relatve minimums the least valve a function fcan attain over its entire domain, then itis the absolute minimum, ‘Symbols b's the absolute minimum offi 10) < a) for every x 6, inthe domain off Model 1a) is a relative minimum off 1(6)is the absolute minimum of £Estimate and classify the extrema for the graph of f(s). ry ‘Support the answers numerically. It appears that f(x) has a relative maximum at x = ~0.5, * anda relative minimum at x = 1. It also appears that ‘lim, fa) = =o0 andi lim. f(s) = 00, so we conjecture that this function has no absolute extrema. ‘Support Numerically g ‘Choose xvalues in half unt intervals on either side of the estimated xvalue foreach extremum, = ‘as well as one very large and one very small value for x. = a =o [= [-05 | o | os | 1 15 | 100 & EW 10-105 | -100 | ons | 0 [063 | —1 | -o28| 59-08 Q Because f(—0.5) > f(-1) and f(-0.5) > f(0), there is a relative maximum in the interval (~1, 0) near ~0.5. The approximate value of this relative maximum is f(-0.5) or about 0.13 Likewise, because f(1) < f(0.5) and f(1) < f(1.5), there is a relative minimum in the interval (0.5, 1.5) near 1. The approximate value of this relative maximum is f(1) or 1. {f(100) > f(-0.5) and f(—100) < f(1), which supports our conjecture that f has no absolute extrema, GuidedPractice Estimate and classify the extrema for the graph of each function. Support the answers numerically. ni tht Sees Because calculus is needed to confirm the increasing and decreasing behavior of a function, calculus is also needed to confirm the relative and absolute extrema of a function. For now, however, you can use a graphing calculator to help you better approximate the location and function value of extrema,‘GRAPHING CALCULATOR Approximate to the nearest hundredth the relative or absolute extrema of f(x) = —4x3 — 8x? + 9x — 4, State the x-value(s) where they occur. Graph the function and adjust the window as needed s0 that all ofthe graph’s behavior — is visible fh) = 48 — BF + 9x4] [5,5] so: 1 by [-30, 101 ok 4 From the graph of it appears thatthe function has one relative minimum in the interval (-2, =1) and one relative maximum in the interval (0, 1) ofthe domain, The end behavior of the graph suggests that this funetion has no absolute extrema. Using the minimum and maximum selections from the CALC menu of your graphing calculator, you ‘can estimate that f(x) has a relative minimum of ~22.81 at x = ~1.76 anda relative maximum of 1.93 atx = 0.43, ioe, HE Ebsoy EA 20137 ewassbabe yeni shrow8 [-3,05] sok 1 by [~28, 12} sot 4 (09, 1.6] so:1 by [-73,271 sekAverage Rate of Change In algebra, you learned that the slope between any two points on the graph of a linear function represents a constant rate of change. For a nonlinear function, the slope changes between different pairs of points, so we can only talk about the average rate of change between any two points. | KeyConcept Average Rate of Change Words The averagerateof change Model between any two points onthe graph fis the slope of the line through la ¥ 0%, 105) Geometry Thelne through wo pons on a (eR) curves cle seeantine. The slope ofthe secant ine Is denoted mec. secant line ‘Symbols The average rate of change on the interval, 9] is fe) = te) ‘When the average rate of change over an interval is positive, the function increases on average over that interval. When the average rate of change is negative, the function decreases on average over that interval. ‘a and Average Rates of Changeered Find the average rate of change of f(x) = —x3 + 3x on each interval. a. [-2,-1] Use the Slope Formula to find the average rate of change of fon the interval (2, —1]. Substitute ~1forx, and ~2for x; Evaluate (1) and ft—2) Simply. The average rate of change on the interval [—2, ~1] is ~4. Figure 1.4.1 supports this conclusion. 0,1] fed — fed _ {W—fO Substitute for x, and 0 for x, Evaluate ft and f(0) and simply. ‘The average rate of change on the interval [0, 1] is 2. Figure 1.4.1 supports this conclusion. GuidedPractice Find the average rate of change of each function on the given interval. — 2? - 32+ 2 [2,3] SB. f(x) = x4 — 6x? + 4x;[—5, -3]‘Average rate of change has many real-world applications. One common application involves the average speed of an object traveling over a distance d or from a height hin a given period of time t. Because speed is distance traveled per unit time, the average speed of an object cannot be negative. (Eset ks PHYSICS The height of an object that is thrown straight up from a height of 4 feet above ground is, given by h(t) = —16t? + 30¢ + 4, where tis the time in seconds after the object is thrown. Find and interpret the average speed of the object from 1.25 to 1.75 seconds. ‘ty) = Me) _ (78) ~ W028) ah = LL Substitute 175 ort, and 4.25 0 .....,, -- i i i#i~ ~~ E515 op 18 Sint. mo, ‘The average rate of change on the interval is —18, ‘Therefore, the average speed of the object from 1.25 to 1.75 seconds is 18 feet per second, and the distance 1g the object is from the ground is decreasing on average over that interval, as shown in the figure at the right. 1612 + 301+ 4 ‘OF TBs GuidedPractice 6. PHYSICS If wind resistance is ignored, the distance d(t) in feet an object travels when dropped from a high place is given by d(t) = 1612, where tis the time is seconds after the object is dropped. Find and interpret the average speed of the object from 2 to 4 seconds.Use the graph of each function to estimate intervals to the nearest 0.5 unit on which the function is increasing, decreasing, or constant. Support the answer numerically. (Example 1) 1. } 2. y af A(x) = 8 = 4x? +25 Pe = 48 1% =xXi-x?- 2x43) 4, —8) | 3. 4. fy atTy a) A fe) = { 2541 ifxs—-2 —0.5x? — 4x. ifx<—4 ~ (0.5x?-4x+4+2ifx>0 |IA(x) =4-0.5x if-44 10. > 8 vx ifx>0 09 ={ Vritx< 0} L —4 ifxs—5 0) = {ay itx> 5‘11. BASKETBALL The height of a free-throw attempt can be modeled by f() = —16t? + 23.8t + 5, where tis time in seconds and f(t) is the height in feet. (Example 2) a. Graph the height of the ball. b. Estimate the greatest height reached by the ball. Support the answer numerically. Estimate and classify the extrema for the graph of each function. Support the answers numerically. (:xample 2) 12. af Ga) al y f(x) = =x + 4x71 A(x) = x°— 8x4 + 2x? “72 24x 4 r 8, L Th. 14. 15. 4600 y 800 <3" 4 x! FZ 0} lx —800 f(x) = x°— 20x44 3x? I18. 20. 19. af” af 4 Wf) = x8 + 4d = 48 =3_ 40 8x = 0 *, =4 1 f(x) = x? — 3x° Yr ~2 1 1 y 21. 16 8 7 OoN72 x 8 f(x) = —0.5x4 + 2.5x5 + x? — 6.5xGRAPHING CALCULATOR Approximate to the nearest hundredth the relative or absolute extrema of each function. State the x-value(s) where they occur. (Example 3) 22. f(x) = 3x9 — 6x7 + 8 23. g(x) = 2x9 + 7x —5 24. f(x) =—x4 + 3x9 -2 25. f(x) = x4 — 2x? + 5x|. fx) =x — 2x — 6x -2 . f(x) = x5 + 3x? +x-1 ge) = x9 — At + x g(t) = x7 + 6x? — 4 . f(x) = 0.008x5 — 0.05x4 — 0.2x3 + 1.2x? — 0.7x 31. f(x) = 0.025x> — 0.1x4 + 0.57x3 + 1.2x? — 3.5x — 2Find the average rate of change of each function on the given interval. (Example 5) 34. g(x) = —4x? + 3x — 4; [-1, 3] 35. g(x) = 3x? — 8x + 2; [4, 8] 36. f(x) = 3x3 — 2x? + 6; [2, 6] 37. f(x) = —2x3 — 4x? + 2x — 8; [-2, 3] 38. f(x) = 3x4 — 2x? + 6x — 1; [5, 9]39. f(x) = —2x4 — 5x3 + 4x — 6; [-1, 5] 40. h(x) = —x5 — 5x? + 6x — 9; [3, 6] MA. h(x) = x° + 2x4 + 3x — 12; [-5, -1] 42. fx) =*=3; 15, 12] 43. f(x) = 243; [-6, 2] 44. f(x) = Vx +8; [-4, 4] 45. f(x) = Vx— 6; [8, 16]