A

SEMINAR REPORT

ON

IMAGE PROCESSING

SUBMITTED BY:
NAME: MANSI SHARMA
ROLLNO:1913018
ID NO: BTBTC19134
CLASS: BTECH CS 3RD YEAR
SECTION: B
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

 Abstract
 Introduction
 What is Image Processing
 Image as a matrix
 Types of Image Processing
 Flowchart
 Working
 Algorithms
 Applications
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Conclusion
 Reference
 ABSTRACT
The image processing strategies plays fundamental role in picture Acquisition,
picture pre-processing, Clustering, Segmentation, and Classification strategies with
unique sort of pictures consisting of Fruits, Medical, Vehicle and Digital textual
content pictures, etc. In this observation the several pictures to dispose of
bothersome commotion and performs improvement strategies comprising of
correlation versatile histogram leveling, Laplacian and Harr separating, unsharp
concealing, honing, radical more appropriate sifting, and shading designs then the
Clustering calculations are truly useful for information consistently and extricate
design investigation, gathering, dynamic, and machine-dominating procedures and
Segment the regions the utilization of paired, K-technique and OTSU division
calculation. It Classifying the photos with the assistance of SVM and K-Nearest
Neighbour(KNN) Classifier to allow splendid impacts for these pictures.

The main factor of image processing is to alter photographs in a required manner.

This machine permits users to take a hard copy of the photograph by the use of the
printer and offers a choice for customers to save report into a disk in specific
formats. In another way, Digital image processing is referred to as changing and
reading pictorial data of photographs. In our, everyday lifestyles we come upon
different types of image processing great instance of photograph processing in our
everyday lifestyles is our mind sensing a lot of photographs while we see
photographs with eyes, and processing is performed could be very much less time. In
the present machine, there are numerous strategies that might be to be had for
extracting data from photographs however there aren't any genuine processing is
defined. In the proposed machine, we are able to come upon extraordinary new
strategies in photograph processing.

INTRODUCTION:
Pictures are a handy method of conveying or transmitting facts. An image is really
well worth one thousand words. Pictures concisely carry facts about positions, sizes,
and inter-relationships among objects. They portray spatial statistics that we are able
to understand as objects. Human beings are right at deriving facts from such images,
due to our innate visible and intellectual abilities. About 80% of the things we
observe around through human eye is in pictural form.

Digital Image

A virtual remotely sensed picture is generally composed of image elements

(pixels) placed on the intersection of every row i and column j in every K band of
imagery. Associated with every pixel is more than a few called Digital Number (DN)
or Brightness Value (BV), which depicts the common radiance of a relatively small
region inside a scene (Fig. 1). A smaller number suggests low average radiance from
the region and the high quantity is a trademark of excessive radiant properties of the
region.

What is Image Processing

Image Processing is a way to convert an image into digital form and perform
significant activities and operations on it, to get an upgraded picture or to separate
some valuable data from it. It is a sort of signal dispensation in which input is a
picture, similar to a video frame or photo and yield might be picture or qualities
related to that picture. Generally, the Image Processing framework incorporates
regarding pictures as two-dimensional signals while applying effectively set signal
preparing processing to them.

The discipline of this technique is a huge one, including digital signal processing
procedures just as strategies that are explicit to pictures.We represent pitures in
memory as function of two variables x and y. To be prepared carefully, it must be
inspected and changed into a matrix of numbers. Since a PC addresses the numbers
using definite accuracy, these numbers must be quantized to be addressed
carefully. Image Processing comprises the control of those finite numbers.

Image as a Matrix

Images can be represented as matrix having rows and columns.

Below is the syntax of image representation. The right side of this equation is
computerized image. Each element in this matrix is picture element, or pixel.

Types of Image Processing

We have Analog Image Processing and Digital Image Processing under Image
processing technology. We can use Analog techniques for the hard copies like
photos and printouts.

We use digital Processing techniques for manipulating or changing digital images

digitally. As we know raw information from imaging sensors from satellite stage
contains inadequacies.

WORKING : ( FLOWCHART AND ALGORITHM )

BELOW DIAGRAM SHOWS THE STAGES INVOLVED IN WORKING OF

IMAGE PROCESSING
WORKING DESCRIPTION OF IMAGE PROCESSING

Image Acquisition: This is often the primary digital step in image processing. We can also
say that it is the most fundamental basic step in processing. Picture Acquisition intends to
just acknowledge preparing, clog, stockpiling, printing, and display of such pictures.

Image Enhancement: Image upgrade might be a course of changing mechanized pictures

to more outcomes appropriate for display or various picture examination.
Because for instance , you'll close up sound, sharpen, or activate image, which makes it easier
to spot key features.

Image Restoration: Image Restoration may be a function of taking disrupted/ noisy

image and measuring an fresh new image. Changing or manipulation of images can
happen somehow or another like activity obscuring, sound and camera center the point of
picture rebuilding methods is proportional back clamor and recover the deficiency of choice.
Coloring Image Processing: Color Image Processing needs an understanding about
Physics of light, also chromatic vision phycology.The shade of human use subtleties of
arrangement of materials, building materials, food, places and season of day.

Wavelets Processing and Multiple Solutions: At the point when Decorated photograph
through environment, mists, trees, and blossoms,you'll use a special level brush counting on
the dimensions of topographies. Wavelets are compared to those brushes. Wavelets change is
an effective apparatus for picture portrayal.The wavelet change takes into account the
examination of numerous arrangements of the picture.

Image compression: Image compression is generally performed to reduce to cost of

picture.However excessive compression can destry image. Processes can receive visual
rewards awareness and resource information picture resources for complex impacts related to
ordinary pressing strategies.
Character recognition: Optical character binding, ordinarily got to by OCR, machine
worked or electronic substitution of scanned pictures or kindly or typed text that's ,
computer-readable text. It's normal utilized as a presence to get to records from the moment
a substitution kind of information source, regardless of whether paper, receipt, proclamation,
pay, business cards, number of printed records or email.It’s a standard thanks to make digital
printed manuscripts like people who often digitally searched, and stored within the machine
processes like machine change and online display, text-to-discourse, recovery of key
information and text mining.

Libraries involved in Image Processing

 SciPy:: It is a basic science module of Python. It can be used for basic deception and
various tasks.
 ITK (Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit) : It is an open-source,
shortcut machine that gives builders a complete set of photograph evaluation software
program tools.

 PIL (Python Imaging Library) : It is a Python library that helps in managing, and
storing a picture report formats.

 OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision Library) : It is the greatest library used
for image processing used in digital programming. OpenCV-Python is basically a
OpenCV Python Application Programming Interface.

Image Processing with OpenCV Library

( ALGORITHM )_____________
Lets take an example to demonstrate:-

We will write an alogithm to output

this actual image from red, blue and
green input images.

#Import the Header File #Reading Image file from File Location

import cv2 img = cv2.imread(‘image.jpg’)

ALGORITHM

import cv2
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
img = cv2.imread('image.jpg') // Combination of all colors
b,g,r = cv2.split(img) # get b,g,r
rgb_img = cv2.merge([r,g,b])
plt.imshow(rgb_img)
x,y,z = np.shape(img)
red = np.zeros((x,y,z),dtype=int)
green = np.zeros((x,y,z),dtype=int)
blue = np.zeros((x,y,z),dtype=int)
for i in range(0,x):
for j in range(0,y):
red[i][j][0] = rgb_img[i][j][0]
green[i][j][1]= rgb_img[i][j][1]
blue[i][j][2] = rgb_img[i][j][2]
plt.imshow(red) // red color image
plt.imshow(green) // green color image
plt.imshow(blue) // Blue color image
#Now we will again create the original image from these Red, Blue and
Green Images
retrack_original = np.zeros((x,y,z),dtype=int)

for i in range(0,x):
 for j in range(0,y):
retrack_original[i][j][0] = red[i][j][0]
retrack_original[i][j][1] = green[i][j][1]
retrack_original[i][j][2] = blue[i][j][2]
cv2.imwrite('ori.jpg',retrack_original)
plt.imshow(retrack_original)

Given Image

Output Image

SOME APPLCATIONS OF IMAGE PROCESSING

 Image restoration and sharpening

This technique is used to tranform images that have been clicked from
the camera into better quality enhanced image or to manipulate those
images to get that desired result. This also refers to as photoshop the
images. This typically includes blurring, sharpening, Zooming, gray scale
to color transformation, detecting edges and the other way around,
image recognition and retrieval.

Lets take a look at few examples:

Zommed
 Original

Blurr image Sharp image

 UV Imaging

Image Processing is used in field of remote sensing to detect damaged or

effected areas in infrastructure caused by earthquakes.
Since the location effected via way of means of the earthquake is once in
a while so wide , that it now no longer viable to take a look at it with
human eye which will estimate damages. Even if it's far , then it's far
very traumatic and time ingesting procedure. So a option to that is
discovered in virtual photograph processing. An photograph of the
effected location is captured from the above floor after which it's far
analyzed to discover the diverse kinds of harm achieved via way of
means of the earthquake.

 Line follower robot

We can make robots work by following a line using image processing

techniques and thus we call them line follower robots. It helps robots in
floowing a particular path and perform specific tasks.
ADVANTAGES OF IMAGE PROCESSING

 Image processing is reliable, fast and customer-friendly.

 We can get enhanced image in any desired format
 It plays a crucial role in education like statistics, data science etc.
 It is based upon Silent Sound Technology which can benefit the people like in
face detection, fingerprint recognisation.
 It has big scope in Artificial intelligence and machine learning.

DISADVANTAGES OF IMAGE PROCESSING

 It can be very costly depending upon system and sensor used

 Lack of qualified professionals
 Copyright misuse

CONCLUSION
In today's era Image processing is growing rapidly at unbeleivable pace
,mostly in area of computer Vision.
You have seen some features of Image processing in this report along
with libraries involved.
Well, there are many more besides these and its growing pace is never
ending.
We can enhance the quality of image like image restoration, edge
detection, applying filters, increasing intensity of images, recognizing
the objects in image and many more. The main
important thing is that it is cost-effective and very fast as digital images
are processed by computers.

However, it also have some disadvantages like certainly at some point

we cannot enhance the quality beyound a particular picture size. For
example, a good scenery cannot be made up of an picture file of 600kb
but it is easy and simpler to make picture smaller .

REFERENCES

 https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2021/05/digital-image-processing-
real-life-applications-and-getting-started-in-python/


https://www.bharathuniv.ac.in/colleges1/downloads/courseware_ece/notes/B
EC007%20%20-Digital%20image%20processing.pdf
 https://www.ques10.com/p/33595/what-is-image-processing-explain-
fundamental-steps/
 https://medium.com/futframe-ai/fundamental-steps-of-digital-image-
processing-d7518d6bb23c
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/image-
enhancement#:~:text=2.1%20Image%20enhancement,important%20features%2
0of%20an%20image.&text=Certain%20spectral%20components%20of%20
an,may%20need%20to%20be%20enhanced.