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1. Introduction member and the filler plates. The number of development bolts
is typically determined by multiplying the number of bolts in the
Filler plates are used in bolted steel connections where hot- connection by the ratio of the filler cross-sectional area to the
rolled structural steel members of different depths are joined. Filler combined cross-sectional area of the connected member and filler
plates are commonly found in long-span truss connections, steel plate. If the filler and connected member are constant width, this
girder splices, and column splices. Typical filler plate thicknesses ratio reduces to the thickness of the filler divided by the combined
range from 6 to 102 mm (1/4 to 4 in.) or larger. For long-span thickness of the filler and connected member. The filler plate can
trusses in particular, recent fabrication and erection practices have also be developed by a weld to the connected member with an
favored the use of oversized holes in connections with fillers so equivalent strength as the slip strength of the required number of
that the trusses may be erected in place without first checking bolts.
fit-up through a trial erection on the ground. Previous work has Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures—Parts 1–8: Design of
Joints [2] refers to filler plates as ‘‘packing’’. In bolted connections,
concentrated on the behavior of connections with filler plates
fillers are accounted for in Section 3.6.1 by specifying a bolt shear
thinner than 25 mm (1 in.). The 2005 Specification for Structural
strength reduction factor as a function of filler thickness and bolt
Steel Buildings of the American Institute of Steel Construction
nominal diameter. Development of the filler has not provided an
(AISC) [1] accounts for fillers in Section J5 by requiring a reduction
alternative to the bolt shear strength reduction. As in the 2005 AISC
in the bolt shear strength, a requirement that the connection be
Specification [1], a reduction is not required for very thin fillers,
designed as slip-critical at strength load levels, or development specifically, those thinner than one-third the nominal diameter of
of the filler (or, equivalently, extension of the connection splice the bolt. Early research on the effect of fillers in bolted connections
plate to include bolts sufficient to develop the filler). Fillers are included a series of tests conducted at Dorman Long and Company
considered developed when an additional number of bolts or in 1965 which used fillers in a bolted splice connection, reported by
equivalent welds are provided to enable a more uniform stress Lee and Fisher [3]. The specimens were constructed using standard
distribution throughout the combined section of the connecting size bolt holes with filler plate thicknesses ranged from 2 to 25 mm
(1/16 to 1 in.). In 1981 Frank and Yura [4] further studied the effect
of undeveloped fillers. The tests specimens had filler thicknesses
∗ Corresponding address: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ranging from 2 to 19 mm (0.075 to 0.75 in.) using standard size
400 Snell Engineering Center, 360 Huntington Avenue, Northeastern University, holes. The effect of multiple filler plates i.e., multi-ply fillers, was
Boston, MA 02115, USA. Tel.: +1 617 373 3242; fax: +1 617 373 4419. investigated by testing a single 19 mm (0.75 in.) thick plate and
E-mail address: jf.hajjar@neu.edu (J.F. Hajjar). three 6 mm (0.25 in.) plates.
0143-974X/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2010.10.003
380 D.J. Borello et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 379–388
Table 1
Specimen test matrix.
Specimen name Upper column Development
Consistent with the observations of Lee and Fisher [3], Frank W14 × 730. The top column was a W14 × 159, W14 × 455, or
and Yura [4] observed that the addition of a filler plate reduced W14 × 730. The W14 × 159 and W14 × 455 top column specimens
the slip resistance by approximately 17%. However, the addition required a filler plate of 95 mm (3 3/4 in.) and 41 mm (1 5/8 in.)
of multi-ply filler plates produced a more drastic reduction in respectively. All surfaces of the specimens were blasted to a Class
slip resistance, 46% below that of no fillers. The shear strength of B surface using a compressed air nozzle and G40 (type GL) steel
connections with fillers decreased with increasing filler thickness, grit size steel shot. The resulting surface profile met SSPC-SP6 [12]
while the multi-ply fillers showed a small additional decrease in and measured 3.57 mils with a 0.43 mil standard deviation using
shear strength relative to the connection with a single-ply filler. pressofilm tape. Two specimens (159n-2ply1 and 159-2ply2) were
Based on these experiments, an empirical equation for the shear tested with two undeveloped filler plates consisting of an 89 mm
strength reduction was developed as a linear function of filler (3 1/2 in.) and a 6 mm (1/4 in.) plate placed back-to-back, rather
thickness, which is utilized in the 2005 AISC Specification [1]. In than a single filler plate that was 95 mm (3 3/4 in.) thick, as
recent work by Dusicka and Lewis [5] experiments were performed was used for the other W14 × 159 specimens. Two specimens
with high strength materials and fillers up to 51 mm (2 in.) thick. (159h-TC and 159n-TC) utilized ASTM F2280 ‘‘Twist-Off’’ tension
Similar trends were found for thin fillers as in prior research. control structural bolts [13]. The remaining specimens utilized
However, the shear strength of the 51 mm (2 in.) thick fillers ASTM A490 [14] structural bolts pretensioned using the turn-
was greater than that of the 25 mm (1 in.) thick fillers, indicating of-nut method. For two specimens (159f-weld and 159h-weld)
that the detrimental effects do not monotonically increase with the development was achieved by a fillet weld, instead of bolts,
filler thickness. Earlier work published in Japanese by Miyachi between the filler plate and top column at each flange tip.
and Koeda [6], Takizawa et al. [7], Sugiyama et al. [8], and Kanda The splice plates were connected to the top and bottom
et al. [9] complements the studies summarized herein. columns with twenty-four and sixty-four 229 mm (9 in.) long
The present investigation explored the effect of thick fillers bolts, respectively. Up to as many as sixteen 178 mm (7 in.) long
[thicker than 25 mm (1 in.)] on the slip-critical strength and additional ‘‘development bolts’’ connected the filler plate to the
shear strength of connections while also considering the effects top column. The top column was assembled in a negative bearing
of development and multiple plies. This paper summarizes the condition to provide the opportunity for the maximum possible
results of the experimental testing performed at the University slip within the bolt holes between the top column, the filler
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Details of the research program plate(s), and the splice plate. The bottom column was assembled
are reported in [10]. Detailed analysis of the behavior of these in a bearing condition between the column and splice plate to
connections are discussed in [11]. effectively eliminate the possibility of slip in this location. All
bolts were 29 mm (1 1/8 in.) diameter with the threads excluded
2. Test setup from the shear plane. For the A490 bolts, the elongation of four
control bolts was monitored and if necessary re-torqued along
2.1. Test specimens with neighboring bolts [10]. The bolt holes were oversized by
8 mm (5/16 in.) to a diameter of 37 mm (1 7/16 in.) for 15 of
Sixteen specimens were tested, to replicate common bolted the specimens; the bolt holes of the remaining specimen (730-std)
splice connections between wide-flange members of different were standard [30 mm (1 3/16 in.) diameter]. An 89 mm (3 1/2 in.)
depths, designed to explore the effect of filler thickness, filler gap was provided between the top and bottom columns to allow
development, development method, and bolt pretension method. for movement between the columns.
The specimen test matrix is shown in Table 1. The specimen The filler was designated as undeveloped, half developed,
name was based on the nominal weight of the top column (in lbs or fully developed. Development was achieved using additional
per foot), the development (n—none, h—half, f—full), and unique 178 mm (7 in.) long bolts or fillet welds between the filler plate
details. Where duplicate specimens were tested, an additional and top column. Full development was determined as the number
specimen number was added to the end of the designation. For of bolts through the filler needed to uniformly distribute the load of
example, the second undeveloped specimen with a W14 × 159 top the connection across the filler plates and flange of the top column,
column was identified as 159n2. rounded to a whole number of bolt rows. For example, for the
Each specimen, shown in Fig. 1, consisted of two wide-flange specimens with W14 × 455 top columns [82 mm (3.21 in.) thick
members, connected by two 51 mm (2 in.) thick splice plates, flanges with 41 mm (1.625 in.) thick filler plates], the required
with filler plates provided where required to provide a constant number of bolt rows for full development was 2 [e.g., (6 bolt rows)
connection depth. The bottom column for all specimens was a (41 mm)/(82 + 41 mm)]. Half development was achieved using
D.J. Borello et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 379–388 381
(a) Photograph of specimen. (b) North and south schematic of specimen. (c) East and west schematic of specimen.
Table 2
Summary of measured bolt properties.
Bolt property A490 178 mm (7 in.) length A490 229 mm (9 in.) length F2280 178 mm (7 in.) length F2280 229 mm (9 in.) length
applied prior to testing to inhibit specimen rotation. Load was and F2280 bolts, with results summarized in Table 2. Bolts of the
applied by controlling the hydraulic oil pressure and volume. The same size and type (A490 or F2280) were from the same heat.
tests were generally carried out at an approximate loading rate of The relationship between the bolt pretension and bolt elongation
4.5 kN (1 kip) per second to obtain a quasi-static loading protocol. was determined using a Skidmore–Wilhelm machine by W&W
Typically, during sudden jumps in displacement, the load briefly Steel Corporation following standard procedures [4]. The number
dropped and fluctuated as the hydraulic pressure stabilized. After of turns past snug-tight required for the A490 bolts to reach
bolt shear failure of one side of the connection, the load was the tension strength plateau, 5/6th of a turn, was subsequently
immediately removed by the operator. used for the installation procedure. The plateau force, Tb , was
To verify instrumentation, the specimen was typically initially assumed to be the clamping force per bolt due to pretension in
loaded elastically to 890 kN (200 kips), then unloaded to zero. subsequent calculations of predicted slip strength. The capacity
Monotonic load was then applied to failure, with brief pauses to of the Skidmore–Wilhelm machine was reached prior to reaching
observe behavior. the pretension force of the F2280 bolts. Therefore insufficient
ancillary data was available to predict the slip strength of the
3. Predicted strength specimens utilizing F2280 bolts and their predicted slip strengths
are excluded from test-to-predicted comparisons in this work.
3.1. Material properties The slip coefficient was determined at the University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign using a procedure comparable to that
The column wide-flange shapes were specified as ASTM A992 outlined in RCSC [20] Appendix A. The 2005 AISC Specification [1]
steel [17]. The filler and splice plates were specified as ASTM A572 provides a nominal slip coefficient of 0.50 for Class B surfaces. In a
Grade 50 steel [18]. The plates and wide-flange shapes of the same recent statistical study in which the results of 354 tests of blast-
size came from the same heats (with exception of two heats for cleaned surfaces were compiled, the mean slip coefficient was
the splice plates). Measured steel properties from the mill reports determined to be 0.525 with a coefficient of variation of 0.193 [21].
are detailed in [10]. However, the strength of the specimens was Fourteen slip tests were performed, including combinations of
generally governed by the bolt properties. Therefore, these plate most of the faying surfaces present in the full-scale specimens,
and shape material properties did not control the ultimate strength utilizing plates from the same heats. The plate thickness was
of the specimens, unless reported otherwise. not changed from the original plate thickness; therefore, the
thickness did not conform to the RCSC Specification [20]. To
3.2. Ancillary tests mimic the RCSC Specification and bring the applied force closer
to the faying surface, 16 mm (5/8 in.) wide shims were placed
Ancillary tests were conducted to determine the bolt shear between the testing machine and specimen at a location closest
strength, tensile strength, pretension force, and slip coefficient. The to each faying surface [10]. Table 3 summarizes the components
bolt tension and shear strengths were determined as per ASTM of slip test specimens and the experimental slip coefficient. The
F606-06 [19] at the University of Cincinnati for both the A490 average slip coefficient of the ancillary tests was 0.46. This value
D.J. Borello et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 379–388 383
Table 3
Ancillary slip test matrix.
Specimen number Outside plates Inside plates µ
Type Thickness Type Thickness
7C-1 0.49
7C-2 W14 × 159 30 mm (1 3/16 in.) Filler 95 mm (3 3/4 in.) 0.52
7C-3 0.45
7D-1 0.43
7D-2 W14 × 455 81 mm (3 3/16 in.) Filler 41 mm (1 5/8 in.) 0.405
7D-3 0.45
Average 0.46
Standard deviation 0.07
Coefficient of variation 0.15
8000 8000
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
6000 6000
4000 4000
2000 2000
08top-1e
08top-1w
0 0
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 40
Time (min) Top Column Displacement (mm)
(a) Load versus time. (b) Load versus top column displacement.
is within a standard deviation of the mean slip coefficient reported 4. Specimen behavior
in [21]. Therefore the ancillary tests were deemed as an accurate
representative of the slip coefficient present on the tested surfaces The typical response of a typical specimen, including both load
and this value was used to predict the slip strength of each surface versus time and load versus the displacement of the base of the
in the large scale specimens. top column is shown in Fig. 4. Prior to slip, the load–displacement
relation exhibited elastic behavior, indicated by the stiff linear
3.3. Predicted strength response. Upon reaching the slip load, there was a sudden increase
in displacement, corresponding to the slip of at least one of the
The predicted slip strength of the large connections utilizing faying surfaces (Fig. 5(a)). Since the machine could not maintain
A490 bolts (the pretension force was unavailable for the F2280 force during this dynamic action (because the hydraulic oil volume
bolt) was calculated as the product of the pretension force obtained required time to restabilize), the load decreased after slip. As
from the ancillary tests, the slip coefficient of 0.46 obtained from the load was stabilized, slip continued. The load stabilization
the ancillary slip tests, the number of splice plate slip planes (equal typically took approximately 30 s, during which the specimens
to 2, independent of the number of filler plates), and the number often experienced additional slip events over a period of several
of bolts in the splice plate per side of the connection (equal to 12). or tens of seconds following the initial event. The expected total
The predicted shear strength was calculated as the product of the slip was twice the difference between the hole diameter and the
measured bolt shear strength from ancillary bolt shear tests, and bolt’s shank diameter [3 mm (0.125 in.) for standard holes, 16 mm
the number of bolts between the splice plate and top column. The (0.625 in.) for oversize holes], after which the bolts would be
predicted strength presented in this paper does not account for the expected to come into a bearing condition. Evidence of this is
filler and hence represents the expected strength for an equivalent seen in Fig. 4(b), indicated by a noticeable increase in stiffness
connection without fillers; this is commonly the approach used in of the connection. As the load was further applied, the bearing
practice. Predicted strengths were also developed using a similar surfaces began to yield in compression and bolts began to yield
procedure for tests reported herein from the literature to provide in shear, lowering the stiffness of the specimen. Ultimately, all
a consistent strength parameter for comparison. of the bolts going through the splice plate on one side of the
384 D.J. Borello et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 379–388
specimen suddenly failed in shear (Fig. 5(b)), indicating that the regression excluded specimens without fillers. There is evidence
shear strength of the connection had been reached. that addition of each ply reduces the slip strength of connections.
After initial slip between two surfaces, prior to shear failure of The mean test-to-predicted ratio for connections with 0 plies is
the connection, six bolts (approximately 3%) prematurely failed 1.18; with 1 ply is 1.0; with 2 plies is 0.7; and with 3 plies is 0.51.
through the threads at the face of the nut (these bolt failures for Based on a linear regression as shown in Fig. 6, the recommended
each specimen are itemized in [10]); no correlation was found with slip strength reduction factors are summarized in Table 6; it is
overall specimen performance and these premature bolt failures, recommended to reduce the slip strength by 10% per ply of the filler
as the shank of the bolt often stayed in the hole. on each side of the connection. However, neglecting the reduction
for a single filler ply may be adequate and appropriate for design.
5. Slip strength A statistical analysis of slip strength of connections with multiple
plies, including the effect of development is presented in [10,11].
Slip was taken as the load at which relative displacement The test-to-predicted ratios of slip strength versus filler
between any two surfaces initiated. Slip was accompanied by a thickness are shown in Fig. 7 using the results of Lee and
loud noise and a violent vibration. Table 4 summarizes the design, Fisher [3], Frank and Yura [4], and this work. No discernable
predicted (based on measured properties), and experimental slip trend can be identified, indicating that filler thickness does not
loads for each specimen. The average of all the test-to-predicted significantly influence the slip strength. The slip strengths for
ratios is greater than unity. This could be because of the uncertainty the same set of tests separated by hole size are shown in Fig. 8.
of the slip coefficient, the randomness of bolt pretension despite No significant difference in strength is seen, indicating that it is
the use of control bolts, small eccentricities in the test specimens, unnecessary to reduce the strength of connections for oversize
or mechanisms other than pure friction (such as ‘‘gouging’’ holes, except to account for the increased consequences of slip with
between the plates) to resist some of the loading. oversize holes [21]. Therefore, the slip strength of a connection is
Consistent with previous work [4], there is only a slight predominantly seen to be a function of the number of filler plies
difference between the slip strengths of the 730 specimens with and independent of filler thickness and bolt hole size.
standard and oversized holes. One of the specimens with two plies,
159n-2ply1, experienced very early slip between the two plies of 6. Shear strength
the filler plate on one side of the connection, at 52% of the predicted
load. The specimen was disassembled and there were no noticeable At failure, all bolts on one side of the specimen were
irregularities on the surfaces that failed early. The duplicate of that suddenly sheared into two pieces, often exiting the hole with
specimen, 159n-2ply2, experienced slip at 106% of the predicted significant velocity. Table 7 summarizes the design, predicted and
load, resulting in an average slip strength for the two specimens of experimental shear loads for each specimen. The shear strength
79% of the predicted value. of specimens 159h-TC and 159n-TC exceeded the capacity of the
The slip test-to-predicted ratio of each specimen type is testing machine (13.3 MN (3000 kips)). The shear strength of
summarized and disaggregated in Table 5. There is evidence that specimen 159f-weld was not achieved due to local buckling of the
each additional ply reduces the slip strength of the connection. top column prior to shear failure, but it exceeded its predicted yield
A linear regression analysis conducted on the slip strengths of strength. For these three specimens, the resulting lower bound of
undeveloped fillers combined with previous literature is presented the measured shear strength was plotted but was neglected for
in Fig. 6. In order to avoid a reduction for zero plies, the linear subsequent statistical calculations.
D.J. Borello et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 379–388 385
Table 4
Slip strength experimental test results.
Name Test kN (kips) φ Pn kN (kips)a Predicted kN (kips) Test-to-predicted ratio
Table 5
Slip strength test-to-predicted ratio by specimen type.
Specimen type Number of specimens Slip strength test-to-predicted ratio
Mean value Standard deviation
0 1.0
Slip Test-to-Predicted Ratio
of 0.05. There are several possible reasons for the test-to-predicted Number of Plies
Table 7
Shear strength experimental test results.
Name Test kN (kips) φ Pn kN (kips)a Predicted kN (kips) Test-to-predicted ratio
1 − 0.0051t
Slip Test-to-Predicted Ratio
t ≤ 25 mm
κ= (SI )
0.87 + 0.0031(t − 25) 25 mm < t ≤ 67 mm
1.0
Lee & Fisher
(2)
1 − 0.13t t ≤ 1 in. 0.8
κ= (US ) Frank & Yura
0.87 + 0.08(t − 1) 1 in. < t ≤ 2.625 in. 0.6
Borello, Denavit, &
Hajjar
These formulas can be compared with the reduction formula in the 0.4
AISC Specification [1] (including a 6 mm (0.25 in.) offset to avoid a
reduction for thin fillers used for fit-up): 0.2
be to retain the 2005 AISC [1] equation [Eq. (3)], which is presently
applicable for fillers 6 mm (0.25 in.) to 19 mm (0.75 in.) thick, 1
1.00
Denavit, &
Hajjar
in design than for connections with standard holes (e.g., by
designing slip-critical connections to have a lower reliability
Test-to-Predicted Ratio
Reduction
0.95
Equation A
against slip than for connections with standard holes).
Reduction • The shear strength exhibited in these connections was consis-
Equation B
0.90 tently larger than the slip strength, and was larger than the
2005 AISC
(F&Y)
predicted value for all but four of the specimens. Those four
0.85
specimens all had test-to-predicted ratios larger than 0.90.
0.80
2005 AISC
(F&Y) with 0.85 Therefore, it is recommended that the shear strength of con-
Cap
nections with filler plates be reduced per Eq. (1), derived in this
0.75 work (rounded values in the equation may be adopted for de-
0 20 40 60 80 100
sign), or Eq. (3), consisting of the equation in the 2005 AISC Spec-
Filler Thickness (mm)
ification [1] but with a minimum value of the reduction of 0.85.
In addition, for these equations, a 6 mm (1/4 in.) offset, com-
Fig. 9. Shear test-to-predicted ratio versus filler thickness. parable to what is used in the 2005 AISC Specification [1], may
be used to avoid a reduction for thin fillers with little loss of
with fillers with greater than one ply to attain the best accuracy accuracy.
in the test-to-predicted ratios, but that the value of the reduction • The specimens never failed in bolt shear immediately after bolt
is modest (0.95 for two and three plies) and can likely be neglected slip (other than 12 occasional premature bolt failures [10]),
for design. despite potentially large dynamic effects during slip; rather,
A direct comparison between different levels of development the specimens took on significant additional load prior to bolt
in bolted connections is seen in this test series. For the specimens shear failure. Additional reductions for multiple plies may be
with a W14 × 455 top column, a trend is seen in the effect necessary, although the values are such that they become
of development on the bolt shear strength. The fully developed significant only for connections with four plies or more per side
of the connection, which are rare.
specimen, 455f, achieved 99% of its predicted shear strength while
the less than fully developed specimens, 455n1, 455n2, and 455h,
• In this work, a developed filler plate is seen to act quite inte-
grally with the member to which it is connected. Developing or
achieved 90%, 92% and 90% of their predicted shear strengths,
extending the connection helps to mitigate reductions both in
respectively. This data indicates that a connection with developed
slip strength due to multiple plies or in shear strength due to
fillers may not suffer the same detrimental effects in shear as
thick fillers or multiple plies. However, for assessment of slip
one with undeveloped fillers. It is seen in Table 7 that specimens
in particular, the evidence is less definitive, because an inad-
159f, 159h, 159f-weld, and 159h-weld achieved slightly higher
equate number of tests have been completed, for example for
shear strengths than specimens 159n1 and 159n2. However,
investigation of slip strength with multi-ply specimens that are
the series of tests with a W14 × 159 top column all achieved
developed and also since the number additional bolts provided
higher than predicted shear strengths, limiting the applicability
by developing the connection depends on the size of the filler.
of a comparison based on development. Another option is to
Specimens with filler plates welded to the columns also per-
consider part of the connection as effectively developing the rest
formed well. This research also shows that undeveloped con-
of the connection, dividing some of the bolts into development
nections generally perform well both for bolt slip and for bolt
bolts and connection bolts. A detailed analysis of developed and
shear. Reduction formulas and associated statistical assessment
undeveloped connections is outlined in [10].
are presented to account for the effect of the number of plies on
the slip strength and the filler thickness on the shear strength
7. Conclusions for cases where the connection is not developed. Assessment
of the undeveloped connections as effectively developing a re-
The research presented in this paper and summarized in duced number of bolts also shows that extending the connec-
detail in [10], augmented by previous studies from the literature, tion works well to ensure the predicted slip and shear strengths
demonstrates definitive trends regarding the influence of filler are reached in the connection.
plates on the slip and shear strengths of bolted connections,
including: Acknowledgements
• The connections tested in this work generally provided This work was supported by the American Institute of Steel
excellent resistance to slip, with only three falling below Construction, W&W Steel Corporation, and the University of
the predicted value, and with two of those having test-to- Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. In-kind funding was provided by
predicted ratios above 0.93. When combined with assessment Lohr Structural Fasteners. The authors thank G.A. Rassati and
of experiments reported in the literature on the behavior of J. Swanson of the University of Cincinnati for conducting the
connections with fillers, the slip strength is seen to generally ancillary bolt shear and tension tests; Prof. P. Dusicka of Oregon
be reduced by the introduction of filler plates, independent of State University and Prof. G. Grondin of the University of Alberta for
filler thickness and hole size. Recommended filler reductions sharing data related to their research on bolted steel connections;
are presented, with a reduction of 0.8 recommended for two- Prof. J. Philips, Director of the 3000,000 lb Testing Machine at
ply filler connections, and 0.7 recommended for three-ply filler the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, for his extensive
connections. The reduction in bolt shear strength for a single- contributions to this research; Prof. J. Song of the University of
ply filler plates is modest (0.9) and could be neglected in design. Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for his contributions to the statistical
• For connections with filler plates, the bolt hole oversize does assessment of slip strength; and K. Elam, D. Foley, G. Banas,
not affect the slip strength of the connection. Therefore, there T. Prunkard, M. Bingham, and M. Parkolap of the University of
388 D.J. Borello et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 379–388
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for their pivotal contributions to [9] Kanda K, Uemura A, Mori T. Slip resistance of high strength bolted single
the execution of the experiments. The authors also thank the friction joints with filler plates. Journal of Constructional Steel 2006;14:
639–46 [in Japanese].
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Chair and AISC Director of Research), C.J. Carter, and C.J. Duncan, report series. Urbana (IL): Department of Civil and Enviromental Engineering,
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AISC; S. Armbrust, T. Winneberger, and W. Lindley, W&W Steel [11] Denavit MD, Borello DJ, Hajjar JF. Bolted steel slip-critical connections with
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