a A Sin wt fp oitle) == A Sin ot YA sin & F NG 090 885 0h OE : ecg L186 5 be FERS yea gin vot ye Asin (eat ties) ee 2 A snet Cos 120 Gos wt Sin 128 Y Ant elec wise NOTE? OF the phase angle lies in betwee” Cc te (80, the dineehon motation 1F aterm fs in the clockwise where if the phase angle Lies In betwee |i0 360 > the direction of notakton Sf in the ant’ Clockursee enc Mens inemen t an a opencking CRO in Duel / %Y Mode, by Dying ; pron signal do external anck by diving nln gignat lo Y Chamet so that Lissaseus pellenn ahicued on the semeen af CRO and by dnacaiil panger's to the pattern “we nH neasume a aKnown § near mequency by usie Fo) unkner frequency by using fell asing. me lain fy Mare numben Of Hestzontal dangenis dagen f, May vumber ay Vertical Fan@ents deacon to UP Horizontal Trtersechons dean tobe Max no. ¢f ye Of verkcal Tater wee Hons dancin to LP2 axis Medulobion: } - Ld fn. No of gors | Tp A . | . Modulated feeg, fh 8 pod plode era 4 4 Se 2 2 aa SPECIAL CASES! @Paches Of CRO | 1ox1 Probe | High Iuopalareh Probes 4 mancan Q-7- Let G= Shunt capacilance Of He probe RF Resistance op the Probe Cys inp Capac an ce of eR, RF Laput tesistance Of CROle capac’ lance SLiviaey nadig OO AHenuation factor _ cae P CRO Amplifers + oo — 2 types of ampli bens : Ro consists Sf ampli frese amplpiece | F > Hosntgontal ) Vertical DeesUse fo etmplify ine Sanat whieh is given do homi zontal des lebing | Jare, in the nommal mode which Ampli-fies ¢ the ouctpict sweep Wen i neen, Whereas in the Dual mode which ampli HES EX Inpeg channel siqnat . Vestcot Amplifier: Ueect to ampl'fyy the sig, Shech is given” fo. vertical deflectng plate | which i an deqesmines the sensinyy sek cal amplifier a pew. of the signal. Bu: 36 dees Sse imi: te tet = hte " menSUREMENT of ENERGY co bot-g @ Tae x . + Enenay = foun Wat elt Velt- Amp- see ° « nccording to DEB? Jantegnecing Type Tosiaument + Pt) Driving Tenqe TRY i) Braking Temqie (7) ny) Regestering Mechanism Daiving Jonques the tortie ichich ''s 3 fo nevalve the isk. Driving tongue ig oblate! by using F/M: Inducten Effect Braking Torque: the tongue ohich ts -requr’® 4o crevolve the digk At A Constant speed + Baaking Torque 16 cbtalned by using Pes ane!popigcess ingide the Erengu reter rear Y Se pia ie Ex» Tg meter ean medten veoaking principle 's silos enenqd : san sparen action. T+, Wonkin principal gi Lat do 1-G aM 14 works en, te ‘ ple OF Electro me nehe Tnducthon fffect, Theemg of mks en the principle of t Pnsinume nts. uments ¢Let He &, sin ot : f= Goa Sin ft -B) = a & Ct Siw wot | ob, Sin (Ot- 98) 2. g bags t, by 0 Edd Tnpe dance path cffereal by tet Ze = . Ihe | Altaninitom Disk = 4 fm be the Fady Tinpedance angle, ; af xe aa ; a= 4as'[%E] » [Ze = rer ig = 4 > le logs e by fe t ; me, Way Teh be Gr LF * ie) My, & Sie, CoB Hp]Gs (LE, v fa) = 7 Te Thode = ‘a- 3e te (ey (okt PD ae $, Ten, Cos (e+ LP) - #74 : sin (oat) sinh = Ae SinB f se mesistve pedance path is cs eo ee, op fay 7 wen CEO. soe acres a wet i ex ae ate * Veg [ite aif] © Tn wre Analysis cf Enexy melen Sinéle One 4 assump Hons Wade | ID Vellage Drop access Series Co) is’ ye lected, ViDeoutes =O > Vn = Veh= M + [eno Vin oY) 3) flex pareducect in shunt coil lags, the applied voltage by aw / a S > idée. chy, Jags Mare by 0 “et . fy lags Waar Me be SD prartcnllG 3 Vee Me: by 10 ® bag Adjwshnent oe CSaoteatig) | | Vaew lo ee gxhe & Lao oe Fou. +5, Mal My Bin (4 ) Ba GX MAL Gp Ty & Ae power ——— > @® At $s, rl = IG] fi a oe fire Power. ° rs,1 . nev/ kWh" ns nev kth melon duty a newly Cosiaueted Pmenay i offeret by Als dese, . in arn days due to fou eton lee oes oe compensating winding ic megisters avencome static fricHon pened by AL diac, © provided Inside the Energy Me ton, Q CREEPING ¢_ Guppin is the slow srotaton Of disk Gnden no-load Cohditon And sbightly bhgher specd under “Ughtly Leaded and Loaded condition 5. Reasons: kee 3 a The main Teason for caceping is the ever- compensation provided in onden to overcome state frichen affered by AY Dise Over vol ages across shunt Magnet Mechanical vibmatons Je mpencclune 6) 2 Du je excessive’ mise in a) Due Re met = she Creeping w akin 4 Diam he reduces by henomena Cor ; posite hele in Hee edn ieally sr OP Ay Disk- NOTE: ter My, = Meastered rev Ny~ Tae Vey }. Escor = No - Nt x 100 Nr Tf gneve tve > Nm>NT Ff ern « - ve 9 Nwc? Sl 5 fortwer, pelt: helen ine EAS REO i og how das to. Puenqy Consumed ly Load ' = ve © Phantom Leading” : In ondest “ln Qveid Unnecessary | eee leases auoung The testing of Energy -moten Peeponcde comangement i usec knovon a>‘ Phartom 1 ead ing? + An a frarlom Looking » Shurt Coil iy | LMendieed by Normal Supply Vella ge whereas the, cemien Col is enenqized by a sepanate supply Soun ee having Low voltage but sur rlang | naleal etumenk go Hd the Power Less in dhe “series COM TA Soren andr Power corsuned in the calibration work ts MINIMUM, P Consumed by Shunt Cai) = Wee by Sous coil = Vy Tinea = 2270X5 = oo W & LOAD Sy 226 Noo > Rep Partat Comme) =: Prewer cait 2 LOAD ~ = 6X5 = 30W + Photal Gvrstaned D.V.M + o005f Of sending _, Highest Accunac 4 i) hk Stability = povcoz), * ee gesoltchon = 2 = Ieee * igh Sensitivity ew. : a = Bf 4. f/p Range =F) 000000: te lopg. cooTED 4 gustant mead- olf Face -s Calibnotion can he clone independent OL meas =. ees to ead jnue RMS Value ¢ Susiteh , aie de pes precess > Ae ——> [Rech hen DYd 4 a) t Se ean na : | a x | = fi wpedance Of DVM is*Gveny high 2 }o-70M0 5 Mone danabil hy > Digna dofa tangy ho potoce ss, Gad Fasy to. Shave dig iat data > Fosy Fo s#adabie > No Panotlax 3 No txisnal effect —> Compacd si om F Si PCy west HPQ Adee the basic measwiable potnt Of Dyer ss Lew volage De supple 2 Fm att these PYM we must meguine Ay, Convem ter, vasircally then ane ww Afar Jy Me of ADE Mar «ype i> Flash Type ) SAR Type yy) Dual Slope qriegrator type cv rt ype (ay Constant, Type Cues) ny Ramp Wo Single Slope Trlegnahny type Parallel (@ Comparator tyne Store Case Ramp Mi Basie Ramp vt t Bash Tape Gampenractac Type > (Phstest an (Actliost oy car Tyre > J fastest and medanale Cost 3 Teu puck Bere. Inlegnaler ype dGlonest & lester Got > a7 ae Nele: Speed ¢ fLash > SAR > Dual Slope crc «FLASH > SAR > Pual Stope Aeereracy : Dual Slope > SARD FLASH Flash Type Ade is more sensitive do femperratur vaniahon so that least aceurale. fy Dual Slope Prteqaartey type is les sensibive Jo noise ane temp. variadlion, so mast acewrate‘pare ADC: t+ ee Pye Vien pe | pie. —— Generator a inated tl Lf tsi Lee) Tens Feu Vv y 0 hot xf, mio Y= - * No. of Clock pulses counked by Cou cawWhe ALWAYS set MSBFI BT, Consden 4 bil converter > b, «t cae@: Va > Veeg bye sas be bey Yer Noe Veet Voes 2 2: e 2 f 5 c s S A] Nagsb> 5 a oot 9 956 (250 G25 i wero rf) 1 vO XO \ V2 3 Fave NOT pppricante Foe cAseO v: tax@: fF Va < Vaeg 2 Sed bye! Sb a bs bm & be \ oe Nog Vag 708 } Z Veg oes 9! g 2 A Veg 2 OVO 2, = “Se 5 2 2 * A 2:5 |. og 07625. Of BIS; LR. Vy ot | | 48 V2 3FOV D@ NZ DME pie Panes © Fetal no. of digits displayed = N+ where Ne No. of Pull digits tohich cam ai'splay any value ferom Ont TV, Full digits can determine the xesoluton 4 the displ a the lef} Most Digit is known as “Halt Digit” which can display cither 0% A + Hou Digit 1s nespmsible for ovka nange foci Utgi Man ee oe. gescluion = Lean e Full Seat Nolne i] ag NO Maxima VObue ve Dithyed ai PYM i NFB —— Geial no. of Digits displayed = Btl*4 tet (o- 10%) > Veep to \ Resolution 2 = apron i SW oa; Q digits before forom Righ? side ole: | o | © | D minimum Value elele > ual scale vOlue a] a [| S Maximum value 1 oven sange focilly je Qvailable . 10 range = 9-19 2 1 cee = va ee (o- 1v) D> 0-000 999 fs-i90) + 60.00 14-99, 199-9 3 ooo: o - (o-100v) * .Essen Analyste. ® Gu santeed A cenacy Conon “(@aAe): ynanu {ae lover Pf always mmenboned by : te fur seate Value Gage is aluody $ caleualed ward F GaEs TY FSD > CD insdoument Constant ston 2 Qe alee known 4S AE | Reading) he, lie | (a eo Lee al = % LE eo vg fag caledt Variable sven Cemph (0-108) 5 G-AE = riy fsD Lead 2 Peta fete nate \ikq—> qatol L—>| i ; aKq an 2 ol > 2 FRA : #1337 4 \ ( sig 34 He? | 1 \ } 1 4 ky — \e ky = "Se ae “ a x geal’@ne $s Abwtys monk a = lake oned Nae pe a = fest fal ce _msland fsvom) Atlus , it IS abso eae tr magnetite a whereas te LE Me die Bai Ee Achar en : gee seen lee can » 80 thak jy aide is moving pie slo E Sto” it is. lee eving 4 -. ae 1 Clays Calewase Coxlteah a4 oyu da decides ~tie td Une E Mo Qectoy wna: tthe $A daument . suo mesistors ane qiven as G= lo + 4% »R-mt2y Pp = TOF find eqerclent ves vesistona’ o phen connected in segues ep find AoRo pink Ri Pe a) pind R/Re nema €5 sees R= Rt = oo 244 (P29 Pa ( gn cose OF Muliiplication ov, Division ; _ added but hovt Add eu fe, ane simply vaue fom addition ~ subteacten Se Ty Come im Value form oe simple added bit q Le wy RR _ (oe )- CP PY 2(50 230% = 50% 1O%, 2 RR F (10 +47) (» t27)= 5000 t & a 2 - wot 4% = 2t 6% Ro sot27 in paralel Fingk equiveleer 9 When comme ctest yesistance R= ul = —_—_—_sFr Ry PPRe tao + 337, Sttorcut is . ORCUT iS” invalid only Ponatlet Pa 5000tTyres Of, Ennons T + censtnuctonal poser _» Enso due tor + =e Inconzect Adjustment inherent short ay comri of ihe a» Tmpreper Appl ction eee ber ; . ; Ensen due to <4 Misneadting of instu defeetive ports oF 5 Weng Geiuitation frslrumert fr: weak Magnet SBI> UL weak Spring’ > Kb > Ted to Loading efeet of O8@ > Misuse. of insimument Loven -y systematic Random Farrar v ~y Cavinonmental oenayvedinet Emon > Caen due fo lempy One a the dicebitert onal > Enron due to Eomen fg known as | Humidity Ponallax Exccet” which | can eliminakd by > Esmen due te Placing Miancy even tae scale Stnay field hich occtms Eaters DOS moter as Random / these Random fevusr q "Gaussionjation ae . pevia a ° jation oe cna ¥ exage Dev! + Ide} * dele Help a pevieton T= 5. Stan deer Probable Cowon = -fanee| Mintmum Range G ener = = Kinin & Maximus evey = =-% mtn Rang a d° n Xmax ange cf cay -p Mow oA Range of ceerer = Mri t See 7 Span = Xmax ~ Kaun Range = ( %iavs Kain) Beesi) RT Fooums ane given in the form Of std deviation oa Let x = Ae eS + Hw) wv wv fe 2 ae On) ; f= 4oo t 224A | iy Of Coturs ane given the -foom Of “Uncertainty” > wo tet x= > %2> %a) xe fF oy Bs : 2 Fy Oe OD) : NOTE: “he wond ee refers ts doubiness Of a mieagirement, Un certainty aud LE: Ave vot of alk ¢ same. w,, - = | (anyer (# vv age k Ts x (= ie ig (Bye —_ Byes ; & V=200t2% » T= lot, » Fink Power ae i i = yc: ah 200 (ons = 44: 72. Pa 2000 44-72 = 20007 22367, MEASUREMENT Of RestsTANCE =‘ sere purpast Resisianee is daltitied as 3 hype s only for Sh. meaguareme nt }) Low Resistance ><1-0% _ Asmachere sesistance > Series field winding resist ance +». Shunt Resistance of @field trading! nesistance heahng Clements om os { a]44 Wt Nee > Gud Ra : hey Tema i a E Helale Sto ty Specimen BPAtHOn ce @ Which one op the Follovsing Netiod i measure Lew Resistance 2 ) ®-O Method fi) Polentiometere Me tod a5) KELVIN donble Bovdge Un Mop the above & Meastrement Of Medium Resislance: ) @O-B Method 4) Chinmeter Method hs) Substitution Methed iy thheaslone Boiage uethe ©. Meatunement oO, High Resislanee + i) Loss Of Clange methedl Vi) Dinees deflechon Method nid Mega- Chm baidge hy Meqge.\ . Subshtuton meted * on qusitch or = slandaxd Resistance di oO a ee ey wv Ose TT £ Ae : po® R £-—@ 1 af stich 15 moved fo PE@ > O.% 4% = ave @ " noon pa > & & Ty = ays78 Eons phe best Method Fe meastore Praeheat CKI. ‘5 one Cf wesigance in isapys HE only aifficuthy % this method. is the Choice f 4 siandand gesistance dial swileh PeDue to Aqeing effeed the Gatlery voltage fait cleo Mediuma wed 22 mer ELIE aeeuncely eter BQ > Rate Rs?" res 3 knoe BS Shvdank A > Unknoteh suppl 2 PE *ethly pelechy 3D Anserval- in Asin Resist ootye cf o Type cf geo of ny 5 change._in Deflecken i v= chamge in voHage iB. = Delec too ef - slase indeflection _ 46 unit change tin Res H ra a arate peor 7 : Seo «| | j | ~ os = meditium the order OF resistance be lor 2 1oK ® fer balanced current (ie. Vie = Vap 4,P= 1.R—-O Dy Kp. DR ae TyS = =H Ps=R4| “() 5] F «#84 }-8 Baridge Sensi aone ee = PID + (RNs) hm fee i tr p Rw ee “pre Baldge? [assuming pe6-R° 5] Sth = see + RUR Hk tensile > Re Yn > thee 4] BE ae af $2 Quasie® > Bridge £ a Tensile > gait x “ap & Campreive ty 5G, - iy $ Gyie 3 ae tt 514 4 4 Rant Re “ey | Sdeatty >Ry= o ey oo ee q° 3 Brn »@ Jeu nesistance most + 5 used a ated iw He onder : ter P,Q > Cuter am 5 pays Tent com nah r cr pa te ; nate 4 nesislences qy mesistances > Link resistance ¢ DS Stondend ne sistance RB Urkradn Resisiance aP = qR+%p——O 4,02 18 +hY—-® under balanced Cuditer, oO, => be % pat py 8 q pie pegted 48 re \ 4 Ps 4 éa]} et Pg re RegrStre WEASTONE BRIDGES — Med/uy gishance " Vin, DOUBLE BRIDGE: Very Ler lance wt ie" » Capacitance DPE RIG BRIDGE: at f LJGINS BRIDGE! ,o- ong oo FEWUCNY yt nef d , ol Fay’ BRIDGE: pe High ate % (\ iiem ef Resitlance Equal | YY FOSTER BRIDGE ; cpened > Capacitar is changed) traced > Capaci tes ie clischanged 1 \ t - alr) > \F "tT e| Tas bine ead mettroct te mecedusre He inculachon underground Cable becuse capacitance Se thak thene is he the ence cable jatance 4 offous, Avie neea? ep mo copa Ver Ine insulecton ehenred whieh Woks » they Hee met I capaci lewe Sh Mee Cincut Al capaci lane % He cmeutt(INDUC I 1 @-@ Method ) : a. 3 @ punted : n. Masnell’s duc tance Pride 6 « L-¢ Bnidqe 6 Hens Budge q. Chews ” g. Andesen Comporuscn Melbndru terse Ghnesae # —° TPNSTRUMENT “Transformer: nsfer mer Cet) i fe- 4r° Potential Teransformer. (PT) polential TranafemeTNSTRUMENT Transformers. - eum pan er sete d eet Ne Np 2 Burdens dhe Load whieh vonnceted ou CT Secondary elde 18 Krimn OS Burden, daluch includes Motes Tmpedance 2vA . a” 5 knovin 0 Buaclen 1 ON,» Np one + unit me “td, ' de = er jre Del Tore Aabuaden angle 24-24% Vs a'> 4a! I x © DY burden 13 pure S70 pert mesistve a4-0 @ Potential Branaformer. (PT)! n= DE > Np>Ns » Ns veorMeasteeme nt of, Paver wing CT % PT $ —_—— {4 oN hae) p D ee per ey WU Ts BA a CORTON —— | ate /Nov g . abode . 40 /-45A nee ct > A> BA 40-4 — ? \ Fee = ULAR A IT > 4auov — 110Vv = 3tejaW Ci . o\ z= Nn Z45