Geotechnical Engineering Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering V. N. S. MurthyGeotechnical Engineering Principles and Practices of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering V.N. S. Murthy Consulting Geotechnical Engineer Bangalore, India MARCEL Marce Dexxer, Inc. New York - BasetLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Murthy, V.N.S. Geotechnical engineering : principles and practices of soil mechanics and foundation engineering / V.N.S. Murthy. p. cm. — (Civil and environmental engineering ; 10) ISBN 0-8247-0873-3 (alk. Paper) 1. Engineering geology. 2. Soil mechanics. 3. Foundations. 1. Title. II. Series. TA705 M85 2002 624.1'S1--de21 2002073993 ‘Typesetting and illustr ions by: Aicra Info Mates Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, indie, ‘This book is printed on acid-free paper. Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland tel: 41-61-260-6300, fax: 41-61-260-6333 World Wide Web http:/www.dekker.com ‘The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above. Copyright © 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Current printing (last digit): 1098765432 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICACONTENTS Foreword Mark T. Bowers Foreword Bengt B. Broms Preface CHAPTER INTRODUCTION Ld General Remarks 1.2 A Brief Historical Development 13 Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering CHAPTER2 SOIL FORMATION AND CHARACTERIZATION 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Rock Classification 2.3 Formation of Soils 2.4 — General Types of Soils 2.5 Soil Particle Size and Shape 2.6 Composition of Clay Minerals 2.7 Structure of Clay Minerals 2.8 — Clay Particle-Water Relations 2.9 Soil Mass Structure yauuna wo © 11 14 17 xixii CHAPTER3 SOIL PHASE RELATIONSHIPS, INDEX PROPERTIES AND CLASSIFICATION 3.1 Soil Phase Relationships 3.2 Mass-Volume Relationships 3.3. Weight-Volume Relationships 3.4 Comments on Soil Phase Relationships 3.5 Index Properties of Soils 3.6 The Shape and Size of Particles 3.7 Sieve Analysis 3.8 The Hydrometer Method of Analysis 3.9 Grain Size Distribution Curves 3.10 Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils 3.11 Consistency of Clay Soil 3.12 Determination of Atterberg Limits 3.13. Discussion on Limits and Indices 3.14 Plasticity Chart 3.15 General Considerations for Classification of Soils 3.16 Field Identification of Soils 3.17 Classification of Soils 3.18 Textural Soil Classification 3.19 AASHTO Soil Classification System 3.20 Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) 3.21 Comments on the Systems of Soil Classification 3.22 Problems CHAPTER4 SOIL PERMEABILITY AND SEEPAGE 4.1 4.2 43 4.4 4.5 4.6 47 48 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 414 Soil Permeability Darcy’s Law Discharge and Seepage Velocities Methods of Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity of Soils Constant Head Permeability Test Falling Head Permeability Test Direct Determination of k of Soils in Place by Pumping Test Borehole Permeability Tests Approximate Values of the Hydraulic Conductivity of Soils Hydraulic Conductivity in Stratified Layers of Soils Empirical Correlations for Hydraulic Conductivity Hydraulic Conductivity of Rocks by Packer Method Seepage Laplace Equation Contents 19 19 20 24 25 31 32 33 35 43 44 45 47 52 59 67 68 69 69 70 23 76 80 87 87 89 90 91 92 93 97 101 102 102 103 112 114 114Contents 4.19 Flow Net Construction 116 4.16 Determination of Quantity of Seepage 120 4.17 Determination of Seepage Pressure 122 4.18 Determination of Uplift Pressures 123 4.19 Seepage Flow Through Homogeneous Earth Dams 126 4.20 Flow Net Consisting of Conjugate Confocal Parabolas 127 4.21 Piping Failure 131 4.22 Problems 138 CHAPTERS EFFECTIVE STRESS ANDPORE WATER PRESSURE 143 5.1 Introduction 143 5.2 Stresses when No Flow Takes Place Through the Saturated Soil Mass 145 5.3. Stresses When Flow Takes Place Through the Soil from Top to Bottom 146 5.4 Stresses When Flow Takes Place Through the Soil from Bottom to Top 147 5.5 Effective Pressure Due to Capillary Water Rise in Soil 149 5.6 Problems 170 CHAPTER6 STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN SOILS DUE TO SURFACE LOADS 173 6.1 Introduction 173 6.2 Boussinesq’s Formula for Point Loads 174 6.3. Westergaard’s Formula for Point Loads 175 6.4 Line Loads 178 6.5 Strip Loads 179 6.6 Stresses Beneath the Corner of a Rectangular Foundation 181 6.7 Stresses Under Uniformly Loaded Circular Footing 186 6.8 Vertical Stress Beneath Loaded Areas of Irregular Shape 188 6.9 Embankment Loadings 191 6.10 Approximate Methods for Computing o, 197 6.11 Pressure Isobars 198 6.12 Problems 203 CHAPTER7 COMPRESSIBILITY AND CONSOLIDATION 207 7.1 Introduction 207 7.2 Consolidation 208 7.3. Consolidometer 21274 1S 7.6 27 7. 8 3 @ 7. - 1 4 10 11 12 13 14 Contents The Standard One-Dimensional Consolidation Test Pressure-Void Ratio Curves Determination of Preconsolidation Pressure e-log p Field Curves for Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Clays of Low to Medium Sensitivity Computation of Consolidation Settlement Settlement Due to Secondary Compression Rate of One-dimensional Consolidation Theory of Terzaghi Determination of the Coefficient of Consolidation Rate of Settlement Due to Consolidation Two- and Three-dimensional Consolidation Problems Problems CHAPTER8 SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL 8g 1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8. e 8 8 8g 8 8 8g 8 8. 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ae 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 Introduction Basic Concept of Shearing Resistance and Shearing Strength The Coulomb Equation Methods of Determining Shear Strength Parameters Shear Test Apparatus Stress Condition at a Point in a Soil Mass Stress Conditions in Soil During Triaxial Compression Test Relationship Between the Principal Stresses and Cohesion ¢ Mohr Circle of Stress Mohr Circle of Stress When a Prismatic Element is Subjected to Normal and Shear Stresses Mohr Circle of Stress for a Cylindrical Specimen Compression Test Mohr-Coulomb Failure Theory Mohr Diagram for Triaxial Compression Test at Failure Mohr Diagram for a Direct Shear Test at Failure Effective Stresses Shear Strength Equation in Terms of Effective Principal Stresses Stress-Controlled and Strain-Controlled Tests ‘Types of Laboratory Tests Shearing Strength Tests on Sand Unconsolidated-Undrained Test Unconfined Compression Tests Consolidated-Undrained Test on Saturated Clay Consolidated-Drained Shear Strength Test Pore Pressure Parameters Under Undrained Loading Vane Shear Tests 213 214 218 219 219 224 233 240 242 243 247 253 253 253 254 255 256 260 262 263 264 265 266 268 269 270 274 275 276 276 278 284 286 294 296 298 300Contents 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.29 Other Methods for Determining Undrained Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils The Relationship Between Undrained Shear Strength and Effective Overburden Pressure General Comments Questions and Problems CHAPTERS SOIL EXPLORATION 9.1 9.2 9.2 9.4 BS 9.6 97 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.417 Introduction Boring of Holes Sampling in Soil Rock Core Sampling Standard Penetration Test SPT Values Related to Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils SPT Values Related to Consistency of Clay Soil Static Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Pressuremeter The Flat Dilatometer Test Field Vane Shear Test (VST) Field Plate Load Test (PLT) Geophysical Exploration Planning of Soil Exploration Execution of Soil Exploration Program Report Problems CHAPTER 10 STABILITY OF SLOPES 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 Introduction General Considerations and Assumptions in the Analysis Factor of Safety Stability Analysis of Infinite Slopes in Sand Stability Analysis of Infinite Slopes in Clay Methods of Stability Analysis of Slopes of Finite Height Plane Surface of Failure Circular Surfaces of Failure Failure Under Undrained Conditions (¢, = 0) Friction-Circle Method Taylor's Stability Number Tension Cracks Stability Analysis by Method of Slices for Steady Seepage xv 302 304 310 311 317 317 318 322 325 327 330 330 332 343 349 351 351 352 358 359 361 362 365 365 367 368 371 372 376 376 378 380 382 389 393 39310.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 Contents Bishop’s Simplified Method of Slices Bishop and Morgenstern Method for Slope Analysis Morgenstern Method of Analysis for Rapid Drawdown Condition Spencer Method of Analysis Problems CHAPTER 11 LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE 11 1 1 ll. ll. in Rb ib IL 11 ll 11 ll. te bbocweua 0 1 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15, Introduction Lateral Earth Pressure Theory Lateral Earth Pressure for at Rest Condition Rankine’s States of Plastic Equilibrium for Cohesionless Soils Rankine’s Earth Pressure Against Smooth Vertical Wall with Cohesionless Backfill Rankine’s Active Earth Pressure with Cohesive Backfill Rankine’s Passive Earth Pressure with Cohesive Backfill Coulomb's Earth Pressure Theory for Sand for Active State Coulomb’s Earth Pressure Theory for Sand for Pa: Active Pressure by Culmann’s Method for Cohesionless Soils Lateral Pressures by Theory of Elasticity for Surcharge Loads on the Surface of Backfill Curved Surfaces of Failure for Computing Passive Earth Pressure ive State Coefficients of Passive Earth Pressure Tables and Graphs Lateral Earth Pressure on Retaining Walls During Earthquakes Problems CHAPTER12 SHALLOW FOUNDATION I: ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY 12.1 12:3 12.3 12.4 1 & 12.6 123 12.8 IZ. 12.10 12.11 12.12 1 Introduction The Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Soil Some of the Terms Defined ‘Types of Failure in Soil An Overview of Bearing Capacity Theories Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Theory Skempton’s Bearing Capacity Factor N. Effect of Water Table on Bearing Capacity The General Bearing Capacity Equation Effect of Soil Compressibility on Bearing Capacity of Soil Bearing Capacity of Foundations Subjected to Eccentric Loads Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Footings Based on SPT Values (N) The CPT Method of Determining Ultimate Bearing Capacity 400 403 405 408 411 419 419 420 421 425 428 440 449 452 455 456 458 462 464 467 476 481 481 483 483 485 487 488 493 494 503 509 515 518 518Contents 12.14 12.15 12.16 12.17 12.18 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Footings Resting on Stratified Deposits of Soil Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Top of a Slope Foundations on Rock Case History of Failure of the Transcona Grain Elevator Problems CHAPTER13 SHALLOW FOUNDATION II: SAFE BEARING PRESSURE AND SETTLEMENT CALCULATION 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 183 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 Introduction Field Plate Load Tests Effect of Size of Footings on Settlement Design Charts from SPT Values for Footings on Sand Empirical Equations Based on SPT Values for Footings on Cohesionless Soils Safe Bearing Pressure from Empirical Equations Based on CPT Values for Footings on Cohesionless Soil Foundation Settlement Evaluation of Modulus of Elasticity Methods of Computing Settlements Elastic Settlement Beneath the Corner of a Uniformly Loaded Flexible Area Based on the Theory of Elasticity Janbu, Bjerrum and Kjaernsli's Method of Determining Elastic Settlement Under Undrained Conditions Schmertmann’s Method of Calculating Settlement in Granular Soils by Using CPT Values Estimation of Consolidation Settlement by Using Oedometer Test Data Skempton-Bjerrum Method of Calculating Consolidation Settlement (1957) Problems CHAPTER 14 SHALLOW FOUNDATION III: COMBINED FOOTINGS AND MAT FOUNDATIONS 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Introduction Safe Bearing Pressures for Mat Foundations on Sand and Clay Eccentric Loading The Coefficient of Subgrade Reaction Proportioning of Cantilever Footing xvii 521 529 532 533 536 545 545 548 554 555 558 559 561 562 564 565 568 569 575 576 580 585 585 587 588 588 591xviii 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 14, 14, 10 11 Contents Design of Combined Footings by Rigid Method (Conventional Method) Design of Mat Foundation by Rigid Method Design of Combined Footings by Elastic Line Method Design of Mat Foundations by Elastic Plate Method Floating Foundation Problems CHAPTER15 DEEP FOUNDATION I: PILE FOUNDATION 15.1 Introduction 15.2. Classification of Piles 15.3. Types of Piles According to the Method of Installation 15.4 Uses of Piles 15.5 Selection of Pile 15.6 Installation of Piles PART A—VERTICAL LOAD BEARING CAPACITY OF A SINGLE VERTICAL PILE 15.7 15.8 15.9 15: is: 15: TS 13; 15. Tas: 15. 15. 15. 10 11 12 T3: 14 15 16 17 18 19 General Considerations Methods of Determining Ultimate Load Bearing Capacity of a Single Vertical Pile General Theory for Ultimate Bearing Capacity Ultimate Bearing Capacity in Cohesionless Soils Critical Depth ‘Tomlinson’s Solution for Q, in Sand Meyerhof's Method of Determining Q, for Piles in Sand Vesic’s Method of Determining Q, Janbu’s Method of Determining Q, Coyle and Castello’s Method of Estimating Q, in Sand ‘The Ultimate Skin Resistance of a Single Pile in Cohesionless Soil Skin Resistance Q,by Coyle and Castello Method (1981) Static Bearing Capacity of Piles in Clay Soil 15.20 Bearing Capacity of Piles in Granular Soils Based on SPT Value 15.21 Bearing Capacity of Piles Based on Static Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) 15.22 Bearing Capacity of a Single Pile by Load Test 15.23 15.24 Bearing Capacity of Piles Founded on a Rocky Bed 15.25 Pile Bearing Capacity from Dynamic Pile Driving Formulas Uplift Resistance of Piles 592 593 594 595 595 603 605 610 613 613 617 618 620 621 622 624 625 628 628 629 631 631 635 652 666 670 671Contents PART B-PILE GROUP 15.26 15.27 15.28 15.29 15.30 15.31 15.32 15.33 15.34 Number and Spacing of Piles in a Group Pile Group Efficiency Vertical Bearing Capacity of Pile Groups Embedded in Sands and Gravels Settlement of Piles and Pile Groups in Sands and Gravels Settlement of Pile Groups in Cohesive Soils Allowable Loads on Groups of Piles Negative Friction Uplift Capacity of a Pile Group Problems CHAPTER 16 DEEP FOUNDATION II: BEHAVIOR OF LATERALLY LOADED VERTICAL AND BATTER PILES 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Winkler’s Hypothesis 16.3. The Differential Equation 16.4 Non-dimensional Solutions for Vertical Piles Subjected to Lateral Loads 16.5 p-y Curves for the Solution of Laterally Loaded Piles 16.6 roms’ Solutions for Laterally Loaded Piles 16.7. A Direct Method for Solving the Non-linear Behavior of Laterally Loaded Flexible Pile Problems 16.8 Case Studies for Laterally Loaded Vertical Piles in Sand 16.9 Case Studies for Laterally Loaded Vertical Piles in Clay 16.10 Behavior of Laterally Loaded Batter Piles in Sand 16.11 Problems CHAPTER 17 DEEP FOUNDATION III: DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 177 17.8 Introduction Types of Drilled Piers Advantages and Disadvantages of Drilled Pier Foundations Methods of Construction Design Considerations Load Transfer Mechanism Vertical Bearing Capacity of Drilled Piers The General Bearing Capacity Equation for the Base Resistance 4 = Gora) xix 674 674 676 678 681 689 690 692 694 696 699 700 701 704 706 709 716 722 725 731 yi 741 741 741 743 743 751 752 754 TSS.Xx 17 18 19 Contents Bearing Capacity Equations for the Base in Cohesive Soil Bearing Capacity Equation for the Base in Granular Soil Bearing Capacity Equations for the Base in Cohesive IGM or Rock The Ultimate Skin Resistance of Cohesive and Intermediate Materials Ultimate Skin Resistance in Cohesionless Soil and Gravelly Sands Ultimate Side and Total Resistance in Rock Estimation of Settlements of Drilled Piers at Working Loads Uplift Capacity of Drilled Piers Lateral Bearing Capacity of Drilled Piers Case Study of a Drilled Pier Subjected to Lateral Loads Problems CHAPTER 18 FOUNDATIONS ON COLLAPSIBLE AND EXPANSIVE SOILS 18. 1 General Considerations PART A—COLLAPSIBLE SOILS 18.: 18.. 2) 3 18.4 18.5 18.6 General Observations Collapse Potential and Settlement Computation of Collapse Settlement Foundation Design Treatment Methods for Collapsible Soils PART B—EXPANSIVE SOILS 18. 18. 7 8 18.9 18 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Distribution of Expansive Soils General Characteristics of Swelling Soils Clay Mineralogy and Mechanism of Swelling Definition of Some Parameters Evaluation of the Swelling Potential of Expansive Soils by Single Index Method Classification of Swelling Soils by Indirect Measurement Swelling Pressure by Direct Measurement Effect of Initial Moisture Content and Initial Dry Density on Swelling Pressure Estimating the Magnitude of Swelling Design of Foundations in Swelling Soils Drilled Pier Foundations Elimination of Swelling Problems 756 756 759 760 763 764 777 779 787 787 791 791 793 793 795 796 799 800 800 800 801 803 804 804 806 812 813 814 817 817 827 828Contents. CHAPTER19 CONCRETE AND MECHANICALLY STABILIZED EARTH RETAINING WALLS PART A—CONCRETE RETAINING WALLS 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Conditions Under Which Rankine and Coulomb Formulas Are Applicable to Retaining Walls Under the Active State 19.3 Proportioning of Retaining Walls 19.4 Earth Pressure Charts for Retaining Walls 19.5 Stability of Retaining Walls PART B—MECHANICALLY STABILIZED EARTH RETAINING WALLS 19.6 General Considerations 19.7 Backfill and Reinforcing Materials 19.8 Construction Details 19.9 Design Considerations for a Mechanically Stabilized Earth Wall 19.10 Design Method 19.11 External Stability 19.12 Examples of Measured Lateral Earth Pressures 19.13. Problems CHAPTER 20 SHEET PILE WALLS AND BRACED CUTS 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Sheet Pile Structures 20.3 Free Cantilever Sheet Pile Walls 20.4 Depth of Embedment of Cantilever Walls in Sandy Soils 20.5 Depth of Embedment of Cantilever Walls in Cohesive Soils 20.6 Anchored Bulkhead: Free-Earth Support Method—Depth of Embedment of Anchored Sheet Piles in Granular Soils 20.7 Design Charts for Anchored Bulkheads in Sand 20.8 Moment Reduction for Anchored Sheet Pile Walls 20.9 Anchorage of Bulkheads 20.10 Braced Cuts 20.11 Lateral Earth Pressure Distribution on Braced-Cuts 20.12 Stability of Braced Cuts in Saturated Clay 20.13 Bjerrum and Eide Method of Analysis 20.14 Piping Failures in Sand Cuts 20.15 Problems 833 833 833 833 835 836 839 849 849 851 855 857 859 863 875 877 881 881 883 883 885 896 908 913 916 925 931 935 938 940 945 945xxii CHAPTER 21 SOILIMPROVEMENT 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Mechanical Compaction 21.3 Laboratory Tests on Compaction 21.4 Effect of Compaction on Engineering Behavior 21.5 Field Compaction and Control 21.6 Compaction for Deeper Layers of Soil 21.7 Preloading 21.8 Sand Compaction Piles and Stone Columns 21.9 — Soil Stabilization by the Use of Admixtures 21.10. Soil Stabilization by Injection of Suitable Grouts 21.11 Problems APPENDIXA SIUNITS IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING APPENDIXB SLOPE STABILITY CHARTS AND TABLES REFERENCES INDEX Contents 951 951 952 953 959 962 973 974 980 981 983 983 987 993 1007 1025aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your 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