Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Financial Reporting & Analysis
Session 10 B: MBA 2020
Preparing and Understanding Balance Sheet
Learning Goals
• Elements of Balance Sheet – A quick revision
• Describe alternative formats of balance sheet presentation (including format as
per Schedule III, Division II of Companies Act 2013)
• Preparation and Understanding of Classified Balance Sheet (or Statement of
Financial Position)
– Total Assets :
• Distinguish between Current Assets and Non‐Current Assets
– Total Liabilities:
• Distinguish between Current Liabilities and Non‐Current Liabilities
– Components of shareholders’ equity
• Share Capital: Common (Equity) shares, Preference shares, Other Equity
• Bonus Share, Stock Split, Share Buyback
• Some Important Concepts and their computation:
– PP&E, Net Working Capital, Net Worth, Total Borrowings, Financial assets,
Financial Liabilities, Receivables net of Allowance for doubtful debt
• Standalone Balance Sheets ‐ Asian Paints and Infosys
• Discussion on selected Assignments
• Chemalite Inc. Case 2
NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES
Long Term Liabilities
• Obligations a company reasonably expects to pay at least after one year in the future
or beyond the normal operating cycle (typically will be paid out of noncurrent assets)
• Primarily in the nature of long‐term financing like Long term Borrowings, Notes
Payables, Debentures or Bonds payable, Term Loans from banks or others
– Secured Loans : Loans secured by mortgage of assets ‐ Mortgage Payable
• Deferred Tax Liability: Taxes Payable is future arising from Taxable Temporary
difference (Always non‐current in nature)
• Lease Liabilities (Lease payments due) and Pension Liabilities (for pension benefits
payable to employees)
Non‐current liabilities
a Financial liabilities
i Borrowings
ii Trade payables
iii Other financial liabilities
b Provisions
c Deferred tax liabilities (net)
d Other non‐current liabilities
53
2.12 Other financial liabilities 2020 2019 DEFERRED INCOME TAX ASSETS 2020 2019
NON-CURRENT Property, plant and equipment 203 223
Others
Trade receivables 182 164
Compensated absences 32 38
Accrued compensation to employees 12 - Compensated absences 380 349
Payable for acquisition of business - Contingent consideratio - 41 Post‐sales client support 101 95
Rental deposit 5 - Derivative financial instruments 4 4
TOTAL NON-CURRENT OTHER FINANCIAL LIABILITIES 49 79 Credits related to branch profits 377 340
CURRENT others 93 93
Unpaid dividends 30 29 Deferred Income Tax Assets 1,340 1,268
Others
Intangibles ‐ ‐
Accrued compensation to employees 2264 2006
Accrued expenses (1) 2646 2310 Branch profit tax ‐541 ‐505
Retention monies 30 60 Derivative financial instruments ‐106 ‐1
Payable for acquisition of business -Contingent consideratio 151 75 Others ‐48 ‐7
Capital creditors 254 653 TOTAL DEFERRED INCOME TAX Liabilities ‐695 ‐513
Financial Liability relating to buyback - 1202
Deferred income tax assets after set off 1,429 1,114
Compensated absences 1,497 1,373
Other payables (2) 603 807
Deferred income tax liabilities after set off 556 541
Foreign currency forward and options contracts 461 13
TOTAL CURRENT OTHER FINANCIAL LIABILITIES 7936 8528
TOTAL FINANCIAL LIABILITIES 7985 8607
56
ASIAN PAINTS
57
EQUITY
Equity Financing vs Debt Financing
Equity Debt
Advantages Advantages
• Less risky than financing with debt • Shareholders’ control is not affected
• Dividends do not have to be paid unless board ‐ Bondholders don’t have voting rights – Full
declares them control retained by current SH
• Cash generated by profitable operations can be • Tax Savings ‐ Interest is tax deductible
reinvested back into the company. • Helps to expand
• Protection to debt‐holders • Often Higher EPS, ROE
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
• Debt requires interest payments
• Dividends paid on stock are not
‐ Company must pay the fixed charges in
tax‐deductible
good times as well as in bad times
• Issuance of stock dilutes ownership
• Debt reduces Solvency
‐ In periods of low earnings and weak cash
position – may call for bankruptcy
X currently has 100,000 shares of common
stock o/s issued at $25 per share and no
debt (SE= $2500,000).
It is considering two alternatives for raising
an additional $5 million:
Plan A: 200,000 shares of common stock at
$25 per share.
Plan B: $5 million of 12% bonds at face value. 59
EPS 1050/300= 3.5 630/100= 6.3
Equity: Share Capital – Issuance of Shares
Stockholders’ Equity = Contributed Capital + Retained Earnings + Accumulated OCI
Contributed capital (Paid‐in Capital) is generally shown as two amounts:
• The par value of the issued stock and India: Shareholders' Equity = Equity Share Capital + Other Equity
• The Additional paid‐in capital in excess of par (called Share/securities Premium in India ‐ Reserves)
• Authorised Capital and Face Value
– Maximum amount of capital that the company is authorised to issue to its shareholders during its
life – part remains unissued
Par value per share : Set when the stock is
– Mentioned in Memorandum of Association authorized, establishes a company’s legal
• Large authorised capital signals ? Ambition to grow large capital
– Face Value or Par value is the value assigned per share
= Authorized capital amount / Max number of shares that can be issued
• Issued Capital: Part of the ‘Authorized capital’ which has been issued to investors for subscription
• Subscribed & fully paid up: Part of the ‘issued capital’ which has been subscribed by investors, fully paid
XYZ issued 20,000 shares of $10 par value common stock for cash at $12 per share
Issuance of common stock affects paid‐in capital accounts
New Common Stock, or
Cash (20,000 shares x $12) Dr. 240,000 Equity Share capital Issue
Common stock (20,000 x $10) (Equity Share Capital) Cr. 200,000
Additional Paid‐in capital (Equity Share Premium ‐Reserves) Cr. 40,000
Contributed capital US
Common stock, $10 par value, 20,000 shares authorized, issued, and outstanding $200,000
Additional paid‐in capital 40,000
Total contributed capital $240,000
Retained earnings 153,732
Total stockholders’ equity 393,732 60
Shareholders’ Equity: Equity & Other Equity
1) Share Capital (Equity and Preference) Less: Treasury Stock if any
2) Other Equity
Reserves & Surplus
– Capital Reserve : Not available for distribution of dividend (capital profits)
– Share (Securities) Premium (Addln paid in capital ‐ US) ‐ Reported as part of Reserves
– Revenue Reserve : Reserve other than capital reserve ( Example: General reserve)
– Other Reserves created for specific purpose like Capital Redemption Reserve
– Retained Earnings ‐ Surplus or deficit in Profit and Loss Account
Opening Balance
Add: Net Profit for the period
Less: Dividends
Less: Transfers to say, General Reserve or Debenture Redemption Reserve
Closing Balance ( Can have a negative balance ?)
Other Comprehensive Income – Accumulated (AOCI) (Items which bypass Income Statement)
Movement in Shareholders’ Equity
Beginning SH’s Equity + or – Change = Ending SH’s Equity
1) EQUITY + Issuances EQUITY
Beg Stock / Share Capital – Repurchases End Stock/ Share Capital
2) OTHER EQUITY + Net income OTHER EQUITY
Beg Retained earnings and other – Dividends End Retained earnings and other
Reserves Reserves
Beg Accumulated other + Other comprehensive income End Accumulated other
comprehensive income – Other comprehensive loss comprehensive income
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Shareholders’ Equity: Equity & Other Equity
1) Share Capital (Equity and Preference) Less: Treasury Stock if any
2) Other Equity
Reserves & Surplus
– Capital Reserve : Not available for distribution of dividend (capital profits)
– Share (Securities) Premium (Addln paid in capital ‐ US) ‐ Reported as part of Reserves
– Revenue Reserve : Reserve other than capital reserve ( Example: General reserve)
– Other Reserves created for specific purpose like Capital Redemption Reserve
– Retained Earnings ‐ Surplus or deficit in Profit and Loss Account
Opening Balance
Add: Net Profit for the period
Less: Dividends
Less: Transfers to say, General Reserve or Debenture Redemption Reserve
Closing Balance ( Can have a negative balance ?)
Other Comprehensive Income – Accumulated (AOCI) (Items which bypass Income Statement)
Movement in Shareholders’ Equity
Beginning SH’s Equity + or – Change = Ending SH’s Equity
1) EQUITY + Issuances EQUITY
Beg Stock / Share Capital – Repurchases End Stock/ Share Capital
2) OTHER EQUITY + Net income OTHER EQUITY
Beg Retained earnings and other – Dividends End Retained earnings and other
Reserves Reserves
Beg Accumulated other + Other comprehensive income End Accumulated other
comprehensive income – Other comprehensive loss comprehensive income
62
Infosys 2020
63
Infosys 2020
Statement of Changes in Equity
60,244 ‐139 = 60,105
2129 + 60,105= 62,234
64
ASIAN PAINTS
Statement of Changes in Equity
9186.26 + 171.11 =9357.37
67
Some Calculations
• Property, Plant & Equipment (net)
NCV = GCV of PP&E – Accumulated Depreciation
• Capital Work in Progress is not yet PP&E
• Working Capital (or Net Current Assets) = Current Assets ‐ Current Liabilities
• Net Worth or Shareholders’ Equity:
= Contributed Capital (Capital Stock + Additional Paid‐in Capital) + Retained Earnings [US]
or = Share Capital + Other Equity [=Reserves and Surplus (including Securities Premium, Surplus
in P/L or Retained earnings, other reserves like General Reserve) + AOCI] India
= Total Assets – Total Liabilities = NET ASSETS
= Non‐Current Assets ‐ Non‐Current Liabilities + Working Capital
Book value per share : The equity a common stockholder has in the net assets of the corporation from
owning one ordinary/ common share
= [Shareholders Equity‐ Preferred Equity (if any)]/ Number of common shares outstanding
• Capital Employed:
– Net Worth + Non‐current liabilities (typically Long‐term, Interest Bearing Debt)
– Total Assets – Current Liabilities
– Non‐Current Assets + Working Capital
• Borrowings:
– Long Term Borrowings, Short‐term Borrowings, Current Maturity of Long‐term borrowings
(OFL) , Redeemable Preference Shares 68
Calculations ‐ Asian Paints 2020 2019 Growth Alternatively 2020 2019 Growth
Property, plant and equipment Capital Employed
5,734 5,532
Gross Carrying value 3.65% Total Assets 13,587.62 13,682.89 ‐0.7%
Equity Share capital 96 96 0.00%
Net Working Capital or Net Current Assets
71
Stockholders earn a return on their investment by:
Dividends are not guaranteed
• Receiving dividends, and
• By selling shares for more than they paid for them (capital gains)
Cash Dividends
Distributions to stockholders of a corporation’s assets that are generated by earnings
For a corporation to pay a cash dividend, it must have: Pro‐ rata: Dividend paid in
1. Adequate Retained earnings proportion to the ownership
2. Adequate cash (Need of cash for expansion, handling uncertainties‐lawsuits)
3. Declaration by the Board of Directors (senior managers have influence) and
approval by SH
Illustration: On Dec. 1, the directors of Media General declare a 50¢ per share cash dividend on
100,000 shares of $10 par value common stock. The dividend is payable on Jan. 20 to shareholders of
record on Dec. 22:
December 1 (Declaration Date) Dr Cr.
(Cash) Dividends (Reduces Retained Earnings) Dr. 50,000
Dividends payable (Creates Current Liability) 50,000
December 22 (Record Date) No entry
January 20 (Payment Date) Dr Cr.
Registered SHs eligible for dividends
Dividends payable (CL Reduces) Dr. 50,000
72
Cash (CA Reduces) 50,000
Stock Dividends or Issue of Bonus Shares
Proportional distribution of shares among corporation’s stockholders
Reasons why corporations issue stock dividends:
1. Satisfy stockholders’ dividend expectations without spending cash.
‐ Gives stockholders some evidence of the company’s success without reducing working capital
2. Increase the marketability of the corporation’s stock.
– Reduces the stock’s market price by increasing the number of shares outstanding
3. Emphasize that a portion of stockholders’ equity has been permanently reinvested in the
business – not available for cash dividend
– No effect on the par/ face value per share, Total Liabilities or Earnings
– No effect on Total Assets : The assets of a corporation are not reduced as they would have been if a
cash dividend had been declared and paid
Results in decrease in retained earnings and increase in contributed capital
Stock Split
Subdivision of shares into smaller denomination
• Increases the number of shares of stock ‘Issued & outstanding’ and reduces
the par value in the same proportion
• Has the effect of lowering a stock’s market value per share and increasing the
demand for the stock at this lower price
• No entry recorded for a stock split – No effect on Equity
No effect on : Balance Sheet, Income Statement or Cash flow Statement except
• adjustment in number of shares and par value
Stock split changes par value per share but does not affect any balances in stockholders’ equity accounts
74
Stock Split Illustrated
July 15: MUI Corporation’s 15,000 shares of $5 par value common stock issued
and outstanding were split 2 for 1.
Common Stock Before Stock Split After Stock Split
Shares issued and outstanding 15,000 30,000
Par value per share $5.00 $2.50
Amount of common stock equity $75,000 $75,000
Each stockholder’s proportionate interest in A stock split does not increase the
the company remains the same because authorized capital, nor does it change the
each share of $5 par value stock was balances in the accounts in the
converted to 2 shares of $2.50 par value stockholders’ equity section of the balance
stock. sheet.
No journal entry required, memorandum entry is appropriate.
Stock Spilt‐
Asian Paints
– 30‐Jul‐2013
75
Comparison: Stock Dividend and Stock Split
DIFFRENCE :
– A stock dividend changes the makeup of stockholders’ equity in that it
transfers capital from retained earnings to permanent capital accounts.
– A stock split does not change the makeup or balances of stockholders’
equity
SIMILARITY:
– Stock splits and stock dividends reduce earnings per share because they
increase the number of shares issued and outstanding.
Stock Dividend Stock Split
Retained Earnings Decrease Same
Common Stock Increase Same
Par Value Per Share Same Decrease
76
Comparison: Stock Dividend and Stock Split
DIFFRENCE :
– A stock dividend changes the makeup of stockholders’ equity in that it
transfers capital from retained earnings to permanent capital accounts.
– A stock split does not change the makeup or balances of stockholders’
equity
SIMILARITY:
– Stock splits and stock dividends reduce earnings per share because they
increase the number of shares issued and outstanding.
Stock Dividend Stock Split
Retained Earnings Decrease Same
Common Stock Increase Same
Par Value Per Share Same Decrease
77
Accounting for Treasury Stock or Buy Back
Treasury stock ‐ Corporation’s own stock that it has reacquired from shareholders, but
not retired. Repurchase of a company’s own
Why Corporations purchase their outstanding stock ? stock off the open market
1. To have stock available so that they can be reissued to officers and employees
under bonus and stock compensation plans.
2. To maintain a favourable market for company’s stock
3. To have additional shares available for use in acquiring other companies.
4. To increase earnings per share by reducing the number of shares O/S.
5. To prevent a hostile takeover.
• Generally accounted for by
• Debiting Treasury Stock for the price paid. (credit Cash)
• Treasury stock is a contra stockholders’ equity account, not an asset.
• Purchase of treasury stock reduces stockholders’ equity and assets (cash)
• No voting rights or Dividends
TCS: The Board of Directors of the Company at its meeting held on February 20, 2017, has approved
buyback up to 56,140,351 equity shares of Re 1 each, on a proportionate basis, at a price of Rs
2,850 per equity share (AR 2017 – buy back in May 2017)
78
Accounting for Treasury Stock
Number of
shares issued Mead acquires 4,000 shares of its stock at $8 per share.
has not Treasury stock (4,000 x $8) Dr. 32,000
Cash Cr. 32,000
changed,
Even though
the number
of shares
outstanding
has
decreased.
79
Impact ‐ Summarized
Bonus
Buy Back or Issue or
New Share Treasury Cash Stock
Impact Issue Stock Dividend Dividend Stock Split
Number of Shares
1 Outstanding Increase Decrease Same Increase Increase
80
Impact ‐ Summarized
Bonus
Buy Back or Issue or
New Share Treasury Cash Stock
Impact Issue Stock Dividend Dividend Stock Split
Number of Shares
1 Outstanding Increase Decrease Same Increase Increase
81
EXTRA – Not part of syllabus
82
Accounting for Treasury Stock
Number of
shares issued Mead acquires 4,000 shares of its stock at $8 per share.
has not Treasury stock (4,000 x $8) Dr. 32,000
Cash Cr. 32,000
changed,
Even though
the number
of shares
outstanding
has
decreased.