1 ‫ ﻛـﻤـﺎل ﻋـﻜـﺮﻳﺶ‬.

‫أ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ وﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻪ اﻹﺣـﺘـﻤـﺎﱄ‬

۫ ̶߼ǪȅȔ˅̙ȅ˅̀˧ ҡȓǪˇ ̤˅̎߆ ̢̬̤ȇ|˅̶˷˅̜̀ȇǫȓ˅‫˧ ̇د‬Ҡ ̢̪̬؈˼ ʿ˅˾ ˬǭ˰̊ Ȃ˅̵̰Ǚː̾ʿǪ̸˻ ̉ːˈ˲֗ߘ ߆
̬̽˰̙Ǫ̸̤Ǫ̬ˁԴ˴̤Ǫdz˰̊ ː˷Ǫǵdz˅̢̰̲؈̴̭˅Ȕ̙ȉǵ˅̞֗ ̰ˈ̣ ޶ Ȁ ȇ˲̇ ̤˅̲˖˷Ǫǵdz߆ ǙҠ ˜߂|ː̰̾̋ ̪ː̾˽ ˅˭ࠄ ̊ ˴̟‫ ˷ٸ‬ːˈ˲ˣ˕̤Դ
ǵȇ˲߼Ǫː̻˅̎ࠃ ǪȔȅ̸ˈ˴̤Ǫǵ˅̇ ˕̭ȔǪˑ ̜ȇǙȄ̸̤̾Ǫ߆ ː̊ dz̸߼Ǫ̌ ̤˅ˋ߼ǪǙ˲̶˺ǭ˰̪ȃҠ ˭˅̸̪̻̀ːˈ̸˩˸ ߼Ǫ̌ ̤˅ˋ߼ǪǙ̞ ̰ˋ̤Ǫࠃ ǪȔ˅̸̪̻̀
̬̪˰˕؈˰̜ˑ ̸̜̤ǪǪ˱̵ȅȔ˅̙ǵ˅̇ ˕̭ҟȔǪˑ ̜ȇȃ̸˧Է‫˔˲̟ڂ‬ȅߐǪǴȔ˅̙Ǚ˅̶˷˅̜̀ȇ˅‫˧ ̇د‬Ҡ ̢̪̬؈˼ ʿ˅˾ ˬ˅̶ߚǙȂ˅ˋ̑˻ ̤Ǫࠃ ǪȔ
̸֣˰̻˰˸ ˖̤Ǫːˈ˲̺̙֗̚Ǚ۸ ̋ ̪dz˰̋ ˈ˅̶̄ ˈǵ̢̬؈ː̾ʿǪ̸˻ ̉ːˈ˲֗Ի˅˕̭̬̪ːˤ̀˖̭ߘ |Ҡ ˞̪ː̊ ˅˷̘ ˾ ̭ࠃ ǪȔǭ˰˨Ǫȇː̭̾Զ
‫ ﻓﻮﻗﺖ‬. ‫ ߆˨˅ߦ ̊ﺪم إﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻬﺪف‬¢߁ǵȇȀ ˰̶̤Ǫːˈ˅˽ ǪȔːˤ̀˖̰̤Ǫˑ ̭ߐǪǴȔǪ 1ːؒ ̝̤ǪǤ˅̄ ̉ȔǪ˅̢̰̲؈̴̭˅Ȕ̙۸ ̋ ̪Ȁ ˰̵
ːˈ˲ˣ˕ˈː̄ ˋ˒˲̪˅‫؟‬ҡȓː̾ʿǪ̸˻ ̉Ǯ Ǫ‫̤˜˅ م ̮ ˸̫ز˅̪˗̏ٸ‬Ǫȃ˅˜߼Ǫ߆ Ȁ ˰̶̤Ǫːˈ˅˽ ǪȔǮ Ǫ˲̪dz˰̊ ȇȃȇҡȓǪȃ˅˜߼Ǫ߆ ǵ˅̇ ˕̭ҟȔǪ
ࠃ ǪȔː̀ˌ̻˲ˣ˕̤ǪԻ˅˕̰̤Ǫ̬̪ȃ˅̝˕̭ҟȔԴ˅̰̤˦̫˸ ̼‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ǪȄ̸̶̚߂|˅̝ˋ̑˸ ̪˅‫ؙ‬Ȅ˴߫Ǫ̢̬؈ҟԻ˅˕̰̤Ǫȅ ǫȓ˘ ̀˧ː̾ʿǪ̸˻ ̉
. ‫̤ ̋˰دﯾﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﰀ‬ǪߦǪ߱Ǫ

‫ ߱ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﺎء اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬ːˤ̀˖̭ߘ ̂ ˈ˲˔ Ω“ࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪǤ˅́ ̤̚Ǫ”ː̰̾̋ ̤ǪǤ˅́ ̙߆ ː̙˲̋ ̪ߦǪdz̸̵ X ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ‬
ܺ ‫׷‬Ω՜ ܺሺ߱ሻൌ ‫ ˧̀ ˘{ݔ‬x̺̝̝̀˧dz˰̋ ˈ
2 ‫ ﻛـﻤـﺎل ﻋـﻜـﺮﻳﺶ‬.‫أ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ وﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻪ اﻹﺣـﺘـﻤـﺎﱄ‬

‫ اﻻٕﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﰀ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ إﱃ اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ‬: 1-4 ‫اﻟﺸﲁ‬

: 1-4ȃ˅˞̪
‫ ﻧﻌﺮف‬. Ω = {ܲܲǡܲ‫ܨ‬ǡ‫ܲܨ‬ǡ‫̵̸{}ܨܨ‬ː̾ʿǪ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫːˈ˲ˣ˕̤Ǫ̳˱̶̤ː̰̾̋ ̤ǪǤ˅́ ̙|۸ ˕̻˰̝̭۸ ˕̋ ̄ ̜ࠒ ˲ˊȄ̸̝̭
̣ ˞̪ː̢̲̫߼ǪԻ˅˕̰̤Ǫː̊ ̸ࠈ ̬̪ːˤ̀˖̭࠘ ߱ ȇǭǵ̸˾ ̤Ǫǵ̸̶̆ Ǯ Ǫ˲̪dz˰̊ ݊˘ ̀˧ ܺሺ߱ሻൌ ݊ : X ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ‬
: ‫ ﱔ‬X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ˅̵˱˭ȓ̻ܱ̂ ̤Ǫ‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ| FP
Ͳ߱ ൌ ܲܲ
ܺ(߱) ൌ ൝ͳ߱ ൌ ሺܲ‫ܨ‬ǡ‫ܲܨ‬ሻ
ʹ߱ ൌ ‫ܨܨ‬

: 2-4ȃ˅˞̪
ܱ ̤Ǫ‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ|Ȁ ˰̶̤Ǫːˈ˅˽ ǪȔǮ Ǫ˲̪dz˰̊ : X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ǪȀ ˲̋ ̭|ǭ˰˨Ǫȇǭ˲̪۸ ̋ ̪Ȁ ˰̵̸֣˰̻˰˸ ˖̤Ǫːˈ˲֗߆
.‫ ﻫﻮ إﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻬﺪف‬A ‫ ﻟﯿﻜﻦ اﳊﺪث‬. 0ȇǫȓ1࠘ ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ǪǪ˱̵˅̵˱˭ȓ̻̂
ܺ(߱) ൌ ൜0 ߱ൌ‫ܣ‬
1 ߱ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ഥ
̳˱̵˅̵˱˭ȓ̂˒ܱ ̤Ǫː̻dz˰̋ ̤Ǫ‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫȇ X , Y , Zǭ‫̢̤ˍٸ‬ǪȀ ȇ˲߬Դ˅̶̤˴̪˲̯ː̾ʿǪ̸˻ ̋ ̤ǪǮ Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫȅ ǫȓࠃ ǪȔǭǵ˅˺ ҟȔǪǵ˰֗
‫ݔ ﱔ اﻟﻘﳰﺔ‬ȅ ǫȓܳ ̋ ̻Ǫ˱̵ ܺሺ߱ሻൌ ‫̢̯˗ ˇݔ‬۸ ޽Ǚࠅ Ǫ̸˕̤Ǫࠄ ̊ x , y , z ‫ﳊﺮوف اﻟﺼﻐﲑة‬Դ˅̶̤˴̪˲̯Ǯ Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ
. X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ǪȃҠ ˭̬̪ ߱ ːˤ̀˖̰̤Դː̄ ˋ˒˲߼Ǫ
|̣ ˾ ˗̪ȇǫṛ̑ ˾ ̲̪̚ࠃ ǪȔ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ̘ ̰̾˾ ˒˅̢̰̲؈̴̭˅Ȕ̙Ǚ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ˅̵˱˭ȓ̻ܱ̂ ̤Ǫː̻dz˰̋ ̤Ǫ‫˒ˋ ̋˅̥ ̧̝ ۮ‬ȇ

|˰̋ ̧ ̥̣ ˈ˅̜˅‫̢̤ر‬ȇdzȇ˰ࠌ‫̜ ̴ؒ̎ٸ‬dz˰̊ ȅ̸̢̽˰̜ȇǫȓǪdzȇ˰ࠌ̴ؒ ̜dz˰̊ ȅߐǪǴȔǪ̣ ˾ ̴̲̪̭̚ǫȓ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̉‫̬̪̉˗̏ٸ‬ȃ̸̝̭

ܺ ‫׷‬Ω → R

ܺ(߱) ൌ ‫ݔ‬ ,
3 ‫ ﻛـﻤـﺎل ﻋـﻜـﺮﻳﺶ‬.‫أ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ وﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻪ اﻹﺣـﺘـﻤـﺎﱄ‬

‫ݔ = ݔ‬ଵ , ‫ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ݔ‬ଷ , … . . , ‫ݔ‬௡ ‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ̴̬̪˕̲̪dz˰̊

‫ݔ = ݔ‬ଵ , ‫ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ݔ‬ଷ , … ˰̋ ̧ ̥ߧˈ˅̝̤Ǫ‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ̴̬̪˕̲̪‫̎ٸ‬dz˰̊
: 3-4ȃ˅˞̪
ː̀̚˒˅̶̤Ǫǻ ̸̄ ߭Ǫdz˰̊ { X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ǪȀ ˲̋ ̭Ǚː̰̾̋ ̪ː̝̄ ̲̪̬ާ ̺̚˒˅̵̂ ˬ 1000Ǯ ҟ˅˾ ˒ȔǪː̟‫ ݾ‬Ȉ ߱
ȉ ȇ˅˸ ̴̼˕̲̪dz˰̊ ̸̵ X˅̵˱˭ȓ̻ܱ̂ ̤Ǫ‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫdz˰̋ ̙| 1000 ...... ، 1 ، 0‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ˱˭ȓ̻̂ȅ ǫȓ̢̬؈ X|Ȅ̸̤̾Ǫ߆ ߦ̸̏˻ ߼Ǫ
‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ǪԷ‫̉˕ ٴ‬ǪǪǴȔǪ˅̪ǫȓ|Ǫ˱̵̢ȇ 4 ‫ ﰒ اﻟﻘﳰﺔ‬3 ‫ ﺗﻠﳱﺎ اﻟﻘﳰﺔ‬2ːؒ ̝̤˅̙ߧ˾ ̲̪̚‫̤̝ ۮ ̜࠘ ۮ‬Ǫ̳˱̵ȇǙː̻dz˰̊ ːؒ ̜ 1001
˅‫̢̤ر‬ȇǭdzȇ˰ࠌ‫̤̝ ۮ̎ٸ‬Ǫ̳˱̵| ∞ ........... ، 2 ، 1 ، 0‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ˱˭ȓ̻̂ȅ ǫȓ̢̬؈‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ǪǪ˱̵ȅȔ˅̙Ȅ̸̤̾Ǫ߆ Ǯ ˅߼ߑ ߼Ǫdz˰̊ { Y
|˰̋ ̧ ̥ߧˈ˅̜

‫̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ːˋ̑˸ ̱ ̤Դ|‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ‫ ̊ ࠄࠍ˕ ̧ ̘̜ ۮ‬Ǯ ҟۡ ˧ȔҟǪǽǶ̸˕˒̘ ̠̾۸ ˋ̻‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̉‫˧ ۡ ࠅ߼˕̏ٸ‬ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ
ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪ ߧ˕̟ ߦǪ˰ˈ Ȁ ˲̋ ̻  ࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪ ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ ȅȔ˅̙ Ǚ X‫اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬
|ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdz˅‫ ̮ ˸̫ز‬Ǫǵ˅˾ ˗ˬ ǪȔȇ(ܲ‫ ݊݋݅ݐܿ݊ݑܨݏݏܽ ܯ ݕݐ݈ܾܾ݅݅ܽ݋ݎ‬: ‫)݂ ݉݌‬
: 5-4ȃ˅˞̪
1 ، 0‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ˱˭ȓ̻̂ȅ ǫȓ̢̬؈ X|ǭ˲̵˅̇ ̤Ǫ̴ˡȇҡȓǪdz˰̊ { X ‫ ﻧﻌﺮف اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ‬،‫ﰲ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ رﱊ ﺛﻼث ﻗﻄﻊ ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ‬
{ࠆ ̻ࠇ̴̟ˈ˅˸ ˧̢̬؈‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ̳˱̵̬̪ːؒ ̜ߙ ˊ̂ ˋ˒˲߼Ǫȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪ| 3 ، 2 ،
{߆ ̣ ˜؏˔ܱ ̤Ǫȇ 8̸̵ː̰̾̋ ̤ǪǤ˅́ ̙‫̰̉˅ ޜ‬dz˰̊ ȅ ǫȓȉ ǫȓ 2ଷ = 8 ̸̵ːˈ˲ˣ˕̤Ǫ̳˱̶̤ː̢̲̫߼ǪԻ˅˕̰̤Ǫdz˰̊
Ω = {ܲܲܲ, ܲܲ‫ܨ‬, ܲ‫ܲܨ‬, ܲ‫ܨܨ‬, ‫ܲܲܨ‬, ‫ܨܲܨ‬, ‫ܲܨܨ‬, ‫}ܨܨܨ‬

X(PPP)=0 , X(PPF)=1 , X(PFP)=1 , X(PFF)=2 , : ‫ ﻛﲈ ﯾﲇ‬3 ، 2 ، 1 ، 0‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ˱˭ȓ̂˒Ի˅˕̰̤Ǫ̳˱̵

X(FPP)=1 , X(FPF)=2 , X(FFP)=2 , X(FFF)=3 .
{ࠅ ˅˕̤ߐȅ̸̢˔‫ؙ˱̳̤ˋ̝ ۮ‬ː̄ ˋ˒˲߼ǪǮ ҟۡ ˧ȔҟǪȅȔ˅̙ࠅ ˅˕̤Դȇ
P(X=0) = P(PPP) = 1/8
P(X=1) = P(PPF , PFP , FPP ) = 3/8
P(X=2) = P(PFF , FPF , FFP ) = 3/8
P(X=3) = P(FFF) = 1/8
4 ‫ ﻛـﻤـﺎل ﻋـﻜـﺮﻳﺶ‬.‫أ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ وﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻪ اﻹﺣـﺘـﻤـﺎﱄ‬

{ࠆ ̻ࠇ̟ȃȇ˰ˡ߆ ˅̶˾ ˮ̧ ̭Ǯ ҟۡ ˧ȔҟǪ̳˱̵

(5-4”ȃ˅˜̧̫ ̥‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̉‫˧ ۡ ࠅ߼˕̏ٸ‬ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ{ 1-4ȃȇ˰ˡ
‫ݔ‬௜ 0 1 2 3
ܲ(ܺ = ‫ݔ‬௜) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

|ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdẓ ˜؅ ܲ(ܺ = ‫ݔ‬௜)˘ ̀˧Ǚ X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫˧ ۡ ࠅ̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ̣ ˜؈ȃȇ˰߫ǪǪ˱̵

{ࠆ ̻ࠇ̟ː̙˲̋ ̪ߦǪdz࠘ ݂(‫)ݔ‬ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdzȇǫȓȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߧ˕̟ߦǪdzǙ X‫ﻟﯿﻜﻦ اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬
{ǿˈ‫˔؏ڂ‬ȇ ݂௑ : ܺ(Ω) ⟶ [0 , 1]
1. ݂(‫ݔ‬௜) = ܲ(ܺ = ‫ݔ‬௜)

2. ݂(‫ݔ‬௜) ≥ 0 , ∀ ‫(ܺ ∈ ݔ‬Ω)

3. ∑௡௜ୀଵ ݂(‫ = )݅ݔ‬1

ːˍˠ̸̪Ǯ ҟۡ ˧ȔҟǪ‫̜ ۮ‬ȅ ȓǫ˘ ̀˧ː̝̝ࠌȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdzǻ ȇ‫ ݾ‬ȅȔ˅̙Ǚː̻˰̝̭̈ ̄ ̜ǯ Ҡ ˙ࠒ ˲ˊ̛ ̧ ̋ ˕߼Ǫ“5-4) ‫ﰲ اﳌﺜﺎل‬
. (1/8+2/8+2/8+1/8) = 1Ǯ ҟۡ ˧ȔҟǪǽ̸ࠈȇǙ
. ‫ݔ‬௜ ‫ اﻟﻘﳰﺔ‬X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ˱˭ȓ̻̂ȅ ǫȓȃۡ ˧ ǪȔ: ‫ﺗﻌﲏ‬ ܲ(ܺ = ‫ݔ‬௜)ːˈ˅˗̢̤Ǫȅ ǫȓࠃ ǪȔǭǵ˅˺ ҟȔǪǵ˰֗

: 6-4ȃ˅˞̪
‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ǪȀ ˲̋ ̭|۸ ˕̻˲̠ǭdz˅̊ ǪȔȅȇ˰ˈȇ˅̾ʿǪ̸˻ ̉ˇ ˩˸ ̮ |ǤǪdz̸˷Ǯ Թ˲̠ 3 ‫ و‬Ǥ˅́ ̾ˈǮ Թ˲̠ 4ࠄ ̊ ȁȇ˰̰˽ ȉ̸˕֤
. Xǿǿ̤ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdz˰ˡȇǫȓ|ːˈ̸˩˸ ߼ǪǤ˅́ ̾ˋ̤ǪǮ Թ˲̢̤Ǫdz˰̊ { X ‫اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ‬
. 2 ، 1 ، 0 ‫ وﱔ‬X‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ˅̵˱˭ȓ̻̂ȅ ǫȓ̢̬؈ܱ ̤Ǫ‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫҟȇǫȓdz˰֣
{ࠆ ̻ࠇ̟‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ̳˱̵̬̪ːؒ ̜ߘ ȃۡ ˧ ǪȔˇ ˸ ֣‫׼‬
‫ܥ‬ଶଷ 1
ܲ(ܺ = 0) = ଻= 7
‫ܥ‬ଶ

‫ܥ‬ଵସ‫ܥ‬ଵଷ 4
ܲ(ܺ = 1) = ଻ = 7
‫ܥ‬ଶ
5 ‫ ﻛـﻤـﺎل ﻋـﻜـﺮﻳﺶ‬.‫أ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ وﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻪ اﻹﺣـﺘـﻤـﺎﱄ‬

‫ܥ‬ଶସ 2
ܲ(ܺ = 2) = ଻= 7
‫ܥ‬ଶ

: (2-4) ‫ ﳕﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ اﳉﺪول‬X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdz

(6-4”ȃ˅˜̧̫ ̥‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫˧ ۡ ࠅ̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ{ 2-4ȃȇ˰ˡ
‫ݔ‬௜ 0 1 2

݂(‫ݔ‬௜ ) = ܲ(ܺ = ‫ݔ‬௜) 1/7 4/7 2/7

. 1 ‫ و‬0۸ ˈǭǵ̸˾ ࠌȇːˍˠ̸̪‫ ߚ̶˅̜ ۮ‬2/7 ، 4/7 ، 1/7‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ{ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdzǻ ȇ‫ݾ‬
ଵ ସ ଶ
∑ ݂(‫ = )ݔ‬+ + = 1
଻ ଻ ଻

|˅̭̾˅̾ˈߕ ˺ȇǫȓː̾̀ Թǵː̏̾˽ ߙ ˺߆ ˅‫̤˕ ̋ˋٸ̉ر‬Ǫ̢̬؈ǴȔǪࠅ ȇ˰߫Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫࠄ ̊ ‫̻̝˗ ޠ‬ҟ ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdẓ ̾˜؅
|̣ ˾ ̰̚߼Ǫ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdz̬̉‫˒ ̋ ٴ‬ȅ ǫȓ˅‫̢ر‬؈ܱ ̤Ǫː̭̾˅̾ˋ̤Ǫȃߑ ˺ ҡȓǪ̘ ̧ ˕ࠍࠆ ̻ۤ ̙ȇ
: (1-4”ߙ ˻ ̤Դȅ̸̢̽ȅ ǫȓ̢̬؈ ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪ߱‫̤ˋ̾˅ م‬Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦ǪǙ“6-4) ‫ﰲ اﳌﺜﺎل‬
(6-4)ȃ˅˜̧̫ ̥ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪ߱‫̤ˋ̾˅ م‬Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫ{ 1-4 ‫اﻟﺸﲁ‬

{ࠆ ̻ࠇ̟ࠅ ۡ ˧ ǪȔǰǵ˰̪ߙ ˺ࠄ ̊ ˅́ ̻ǫȓࠁ̾˜؅̢̬؈ȇ

6 ‫ ﻛـﻤـﺎل ﻋـﻜـﺮﻳﺶ‬.‫أ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ وﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻪ اﻹﺣـﺘـﻤـﺎﱄ‬

(6-4”ȃ˅˜̧̫ ̥X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫˧ ۡ ࠅ̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȔҟǪǰǵ˰߼Ǫ{ 2-4 ‫اﻟﺸﲁ‬

˰˨Ƕȇ˅ˤ˕̻ҟ Xȅ̸̠ȃۡ ˧ ǪȔǬ ˅˸ ˧ࠃ ǪȔǰ˅˕֣˅̰̭˅Ȕ̙Ǚ X‫̪̬̜ ۮ‬ːؒ ̜ߘ ȃۡ ˧ȔǪǬ ˅˸ ˧ࠃ ǪȔ˅̰˗ˠ˅˨ࠃ ǪȔː̙˅̀ ǪȔ
|̺ߞǪ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Դ̹̫˸ ̼ː˕ˈԶːؒ ̜ȉȇ˅˸ ̼ȇǫṛ̑ ̜ǫȓ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫȅ̸̢̽ȅ ǫȓȃۡ ˧ ǪȔ| x ‫ﻣﻌﲔ‬

ȉ ȇ˅˸ ˓ȇȓǫ̣ ̜ǫȓۤ ̜‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ˱˭ȓ̻̂ȅ ǫȓȃۡ ˧ ǪȔ˅‫؟‬ȓ̂ˈܺ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫ߞ̺)ݔ(ܨ̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdzȀ ˲̋ ˒
{ˇ ˗̢̯ȇ Rː̝̝̀̀߬ǪdzǪ˰̊ ҡȓǪː̊ ̸ࠈ ̬̪ː̰̾̋ ̪ːؒ ̜
‫ܨ‬௑ : ܴ ⟶ [0 , 1]

‫ = )ݔ ≤ ܺ(ܲ = )ݔ(ܨ‬෍ ݂(‫ݔ‬௜) , −∞ < ‫∞ <ݔ‬

௫೔ஸ௫

|ː̝̝̀̀߬ǪdzǪ˰̊ ҡȓǪː̊ ̸ࠈ ࠄ ̊ ː̙˲̋ ̪࠘ ȇ|̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪ˰ˈ̺ߞǪ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdz̺̫˸ ̮ Ǫǵ˅˾ ˗ˬǪȇ
{ː̤̾˅˕̤Ǫ˼ ʿ˅˾ ߭Ǫ̛ ̝֡ߦǪ߱Ǫ̳˱̵ȇ
1. 0 ≤ ‫ ≤ )ݔ(ܨ‬1

2. ‫ݔ(ܨ‬ଵ) ≤ ‫ݔ(ܨ‬ଶ ) : ‫ݔ ﻓﺎٕن‬ଵ ≤ ‫ݔ‬ଶ : ‫إذا ﰷن‬

3. ݈݅݉ ௫→ିஶ ‫ = )ݔ(ܨ‬0

4. ݈݅݉ ௫→ାஶ ‫ = )ݔ(ܨ‬1

. 1 ‫ و‬0۸ ˕ؒ ̝̤Ǫ۸ ˈǭǵ̸˾ ࠌǭǵȇ‫̤ ޢ‬Դ̶̺̖̙̺ߞǪ˲˔ȃۡ ˧ ǪȔ˅̵ǵ˅ˋ˕̉Դ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdzȅ ǫȓࠃ ǪȔ‫ ࠃ˓ ˻ٸ‬ȇҡȓǪː̾˽ ˅߭Ǫ
X‫ߞ̺̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪȅ ǫȓܳ ̋ ˒ː˜̤˅˜̤Ǫː̾˽ ˅߭Ǫ| x߆ ǭ˰̻Ǫ‫ߦ̪ٿ‬Ǫdz࠘ ̺ߞǪ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdzȅ ǫȓܳ ̋ ˒ː̱̀ ˙ҟǪː̾˽ ˅߭Ǫ
7 ‫ ﻛـﻤـﺎل ﻋـﻜـﺮﻳﺶ‬.‫أ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ وﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻪ اﻹﺣـﺘـﻤـﺎﱄ‬

‫ ≤ ݔ‬−∞ ‫ ﻓﺎﳊﺪث‬. ‫(ܨ‬−∞) = ܲ(ܺ ≤ −∞) = 0 ، 0ǭǵȇ‫̤ ޢ‬Դȉȇ˅˸ ̼ −∞ࠃ ǪȔȃȇʼ ˒ːؒ ̜̬̪̣ ̜ҡȓǪ
+∞ࠃ ǪȔȃȇʼ ˒ːؒ ̜̬̪̣ ̜ҡȓǪX‫ߞ̺̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪȅ ǫȓࠃ ǪȔ‫˓ ˻ٸ‬ː̋ ˈǪ˲̤Ǫː̾˽ ˅߭ǪȅȔ˅̙Ụ̈̌ ˈ˅̝߼Դ |̣ ̾˩˕̑˸ ̪ǯ ˰˨̸̵
ȓ ˰˨̸̵ ܺ ≤ +∞ ‫ اﳊﺪث‬. ‫(ܨ‬+∞) = ܲ(ܺ ≤ +∞) = 1 ، 1ǭǵȇ‫̤ ޢ‬Դȉȇ˅˸ ̼
|˰̠̾ǫǯ
ȃ˅ࠋࠃ ǪȔ̺؏̱˒ xːؒ ̝̤Ǫȅ̸̢˔ȅ ǫȓȃۡ ˧ ǪȔǬ ˅˸ ˧˅̢̰̲؈ȅȔ˅̙Ǚ x߆ ǭ˰̻Ǫ‫ߞ̺̪ٿ‬Ǫ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdzȅ̸̠̬̪˅̜Ҡ ̄ ̭Ǫȇ
: ‫ ܽ[ ˧̀ ˘ܽ > ܾ ﻛﲈ ﯾﲇ‬, ܾ]
‫ )ܾ ≤ ܺ(ܲ = )ܾ ≤ ݔ ≤ ܽ(ܨ‬− ܲ(ܺ ≤ ܽ) = ‫ )ܾ(ܨ‬− ‫)ܽ(ܨ‬

ː̊ ̸ࠈ ߆ ː̙˲̋ ̪ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdzۣ ̿ˈǙː̝̝̀̀߬ǪdzǪ˰̊ ҡȓǪː̊ ̸ࠈ ࠄ ̊ ː̙˲̋ ̪ǭ˰̻Ǫ‫ߦ̪ٿ‬Ǫdz࠘ ̺ߞǪ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdz
.‫ﳏﺪدة ﻣﻦ ﻗﲓ اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ‬

{“̈ ˈԵ” 5-4ȃ˅˞̪

: ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎء‬ .‫ﻧﻘﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺛﻼث‬ ‫رﱊ‬ ‫ﲡﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﺘﱪ‬
Ω = {ܲܲܲ, ܲܲ‫ܨ‬, ܲ‫ܲܨ‬, ܲ‫ܨܨ‬, ‫ܲܲܨ‬, ‫ܨܲܨ‬, ‫ܲܨܨ‬, ‫}ܨܨܨ‬
|̴ˡ̸̤Ǫǵ̸̶̆ Ǯ Ǫ˲̪dz˰̊ { X ‫ﻟﯿﻜﻦ اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ‬
. X‫̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdz˰ˡȇǫȓ|1
. X‫ߞ̺̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdz˰ˡȇǫȓ|2
. ܲ(ܺ ≥ 1) ، ܲ(ܺ > 2) ، ܲ(ܺ < 3)ˇ ˸ ˧ȓǫ|3

: ‫اﳉﻮاب‬
: (3-4”ȃȇ˰߫Ǫ߆ ǭ˅̄ ̋ ̪࠘ ȇǙȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪ˰ˈ̛ ̧ ̋ ˕߼Ǫ̛ ˈ˅˸ ̤Ǫȃ˅˜߼Ǫ߆ ȃǪʼ ˸ ̤ǪǪ˱̵̣ ˨̛ ˋ̑˷ |1
(5-4)ȃ˅˜̧̫ ̥ࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ{ 3-4ȃȇ˰ˡ
‫ݔ‬௜ 0 1 2 3
ܲ(ܺ = ‫ݔ‬௜) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

{ࠅ ˅˕̤ߐȅ̸̢̽ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪ߱‫̤ˋ̾˅ م‬Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫ

8 ‫ ﻛـﻤـﺎل ﻋـﻜـﺮﻳﺶ‬.‫أ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ وﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻪ اﻹﺣـﺘـﻤـﺎﱄ‬

(5-4)ȃ˅˜̧̫ ̥ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪ߱‫̤ˋ̾˅ م‬Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫ{ 3-4 ‫اﻟﺸﲁ‬

X̣ ˾ ̰̚߼Ǫ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߧ˕̟ߦǪ߱‫̤ˋ̾˅ م‬Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫ

{ࠆ ̻ࠇ̟ȅ̸̢̽X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫ߞ̺̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdzdz˅֚ ǪȔ|2

‫(ܨ‬0) = ܲ(ܺ ≤ 0) = ෍ ݂(‫ݔ‬௜) = ݂(0) = 1/8
௫೔ஸ଴

1 3
‫(ܨ‬1) = ܲ(ܺ ≤ 1) = ෍ ݂(0) + ݂(1) = + = 1/2
8 8
௫೔ஸଵ

1 3 3
‫(ܨ‬2) = ܲ(ܺ ≤ 2) = ෍ ݂(0) + ݂(1) + ݂(2) = + + = 7/8
8 8 8
௫೔ஸଶ

1 3 3 1
‫(ܨ‬3) = ܲ(ܺ ≤ 3) = ෍ ݂(0) + ݂(1) + ݂(2) + ݂(3) = + + + =1
8 8 8 8
௫೔ஸଷ

{ࠆ ̻ࠇ̟ȅ̸̢̺̽ߞǪ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪ߱ࠅ ȇ˰߫Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫ

(5-4)ȃ˅˜̧̫ ̥̺ߞǪ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ{ 4-4ȃȇ˰ˡ
‫ݔ‬ 0 1 2 3
‫)ݔ ≤ ܺ(ܲ = )ݔ(ܨ‬ 1/8 4/8 7/8 1

{ː̤̾˅˕̤Ǫː̏̾˾ ̤Դ˅́ ̻ǫȓ˅‫̢̲̰˅̟˕˅ˊد‬؈

‫‪9‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻛـﻤـﺎل ﻋـﻜـﺮﻳﺶ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ وﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻪ اﻹﺣـﺘـﻤـﺎﱄ‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪< 0‬ݔ‬

‫‪⎧ 1/8‬‬ ‫‪< 1‬ݔ ≤ ‪0‬‬
‫⎪‬
‫‪) = 4/8‬ݔ(ܨ‬ ‫‪< 2‬ݔ ≤ ‪1‬‬
‫‪⎨7/8‬‬ ‫‪< 3‬ݔ ≤ ‪2‬‬
‫⎪‬
‫‪⎩1‬‬ ‫‪≥ 3‬ݔ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺣﺴﺎب‪{ː̤̾˅˕̤ǪǮ ҟۡ ˧ȔҟǪ‬‬
‫‪(2) = 7/8‬ܨ = )‪ܲ(ܺ < 3) = ܲ(ܺ ≤ 2‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪(2) = 1 −‬ܨ ‪ܲ(ܺ > 2) = 1 − ܲ(ܺ ≤ 2) = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪= 1/8‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ܲ(ܺ ≥ 1) = 1 − ܲ(ܺ < 1) = 1 − ܲ(ܺ = 0) = 1 −‬‬ ‫‪= 7/8‬‬
‫‪8‬‬

‫‪ ˅̾ˋ̤Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫ‬م߱‪{ࠅ ˅˕̤Ǫߙ ˻ ̤Դȅ̸̢̽̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪ‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﲁ ‪ ˅̾ˋ̤Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫ{ 4-4‬م߱‪ ̤Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪ‬ٵ‪(5-4)ȃ˅˜̧̫ ̥̺ߞǪ‬‬
‫‪ ˅̾ˋ̤Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫ‬م߱‪ ̤Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪ‬ٵ‪̏˕̧̫ ̥̺ߞǪ‬ٸ‪Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‬ف‪X̣ ˾ ̰̚߼Ǫ‬‬

‫̪˞˅‪: 7-4ȃ‬‬
‫̤˕̢̬̻̰߱˅‪ ̤Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdz‬ٵ‪̏˕̧̫ ̥̺ߞǪ‬ٸ‪Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‬ف‪ X‬ﻛﲈ ﯾﲇ ‪:‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪ < −2‬ݔ‬
‫⎧‬
‫‪ < 0‬ݔ ≤ ‪⎪0.2 − 2‬‬
‫‪) = 0.7‬ݔ(ܨ‬ ‫‪< 2‬ݔ ≤ ‪0‬‬
‫‪⎨1‬‬ ‫‪≥ 2‬ݔ‬
‫⎪‬
‫⎩‬
10 ‫ ﻛـﻤـﺎل ﻋـﻜـﺮﻳﺶ‬.‫أ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ وﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻪ اﻹﺣـﺘـﻤـﺎﱄ‬

|ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߧ˕̟ߦǪdz˰ˡȇǫȓ|1
. 2 ‫ و‬0 ، 2-{ː̤̾˅˕̤Ǫ‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ˱˭ȓ̻̂X ، ‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﻌﻄﯿﺎت‬
‫(ܨ‬−2) = 0.2 − 2 ≤ ‫ < ݔ‬0 ⇒ ݂(−2) = ܲ(ܺ = −2) = 0.2

‫(ܨ‬0) = 0.7 0 ≤ ‫ <ݔ‬2 ⟹ ‫(ܨ‬−2) − ‫(ܨ‬0) = ݂(0) = ܲ(ܺ = 0) = 0.7 − 0.2 = 0.5

‫(ܨ‬2) = 1 ‫ ≥ݔ‬2 ⟹ ‫(ܨ‬2) − ‫(ܨ‬0) = ݂(2) = ܲ(ܺ = 2) = 1 − 0.7 = 0.3

: (5-4”ȃȇ˰߫Ǫ߆ ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdz˼ ˮ̧ ̭

(7-4)ȃ˅˜̧̫ ̥ࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ{ 5-4ȃȇ˰ˡ
‫ݔ‬ -2 0 2

݂(‫)ݔ = ܺ(ܲ = ) ݔ‬ 0.2 0.5 0.3

̺ߞǪ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪdz۸ ؒ ̦Ǫࠄ ̊ ȇȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdzǵ˅˸ ̤̿Ǫࠄ ̊ ” (7-4)ȃ˅˜̧̫ ̥ࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̧ ̥‫̤ˋ̾˅ م‬Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫ{ 5-4 ‫اﻟﺸﲁ‬
(
X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߧ˕̟ߦǪ߱‫̤ˋ̾˅ م‬Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫ X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫ߞ̺̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ‫̤ ٵ‬Ǫ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪߦǪ߱‫̤ˋ̾˅ م‬Ǫ̣ ̾˜؏̦Ǫ

ː̄ ˷̸˕߼Ǫːؒ ̝̤Ǫ̈ ̸̜˕̤Ǫ˶ ̝̻̿˘ ̀˧|‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ̬̽˅ˋ˒ȇ̈ ̸̜˒̸̵ ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪː̻˲̇ ̭߆ ҟࠇ̋ ˕̑˷ ǪȔ‫̟ ٶ‬ȓҡǪ‫߼̚˅̵ ۮ‬Ǫ̬̪
ȅ˅˾ ˮ̧ ̻ȅ˅˷˅̝̀߼ǪȅǪ˱̵|̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤ǪǮ Ǫ‫˒̏ٸ‬ȇǫȓˑ ˖˻ ˖̤Ǫ̬̽˅ˋ˕̤Ǫ˶ ̝̻ۣ̿ ̿ˈǙࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ̂ ˷̸˗̪ȇǫȓ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬
|‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫˧ ۡ ࠅ̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ
11 ‫ ﻛـﻤـﺎل ﻋـﻜـﺮﻳﺶ‬.‫أ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ وﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻪ اﻹﺣـﺘـﻤـﺎﱄ‬

‫( ﯾﻌﻄﻰ‬Xǿǿ̤ː̋ ̸̜˕߼Ǫːؒ ̝̤Ǫȇǫȓ” X ‫ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ‬. f(x)ࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪ̴̋ ̻Ƕ̸˒ߦǪdzǙ X ‫ﻟﯿﻜﻦ اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ‬
{ː̤̾˅˕̤Ǫː̏̾˾ ̤Դ
ߤ = ‫ = )ܺ(ܧ‬෍ ‫ݔ‬. ܲ(ܺ = ‫ = )ݔ‬෍ ‫ݔ‬. ݂(‫)ݔ‬
௫ ௫

|‫̤̝ ۮ‬Ǫ̳˱̵Ǯ ҟۡ ˧ ǪȔȉȇ˅˸ ˓˦̀ˠ˲˔Ǯ Ҡ ̪˅̋ ؄‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬Ǫ‫߼˲ ݍ߿˕ ̧ ̘̜ ۮ‬Ǫ̂ ˷̸̤Ǫ̸̵‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̉‫˒̸̜ ̪̈˗̏ٸ‬
̴̸̭̠̬̉Ǫ‫̤˲̪˴ߤ ˒ ̋ˋٸ‬Դࠀ˴̪˲̯ȇ‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫˧ ۡ ࠅ̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ˴̟˲̪̬̉‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ː̋ ̸̜˕߼Ǫːؒ ̝̤Ǫ‫˒ ̋ ٴ‬
.(3Ǥ˅˾ ˧ȔҟǪȃ̸˾ ̙߆ ࠀȇ˅̲˖̰̑˷ ȉ ߳Ǫː̰̾̋ ̤Ǫ̂ ˷̸˗̪̣ ˈ˅̝̪߆ ” X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫߼˕̏ٸ‬ǪǮ ˅˷˅̝̤̀‫˧ ˾˅ف‬ȔҟǪ̈ ؏߽ Ǫ̂ ˷̸˗̪
: 8-4ȃ˅˞̪
Ǚdz˲̯ː̋ ̄ ̜ࠒ ǵːˈ˲֗
଺
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
‫ = )ܺ(ܧ‬෍ ‫ݔ‬. ൬ ൰ = 1. + 2. + 3. + 4. + 5. + 6. = = 3.5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2
௫ୀଵ

: 9-4ȃ˅˞̪
: (6-4) ‫ ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﰣ ﰲ اﳉﺪول‬X‫ف‬Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‫˧ ۡ ࠅ̥ ̧̫˕̏ٸ‬ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ˅̰̻߱˘ ̀˧Ǚː̻˰̝̭̈ ̄ ̜ǯ Ҡ ˙ࠒ ǵːˈ˲֗
(5-4)ȃ˅˜̧̫ ̥ȃۡ ˧ȔҟǪߦǪdz{ 6-4ȃȇ˰ˡ
‫ݔ‬௜ 0 1 2 3
ܲ(ܺ = ‫ݔ‬௜) = ݂(‫ݔ‬௜) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

1 3 3 1 3
‫ = )ܺ(ܧ‬෍ ‫ݔ‬. ݂(‫ = )ݔ‬0. + 1. + 2. + 3. = = 1.5
8 8 8 8 2
௫

ࠄ ̊ ̴ˡ̸̤Ǫǵ̸̶̆ Ǯ Ǫ˲̪dz˰̊ ̂ ˷̸˗̪ȇǫȓ̴ˡ̸̤Ǫǵ̸̶̆ Ǯ Ǫ˲̪dz˰̋ ̤̣ ̸̻̄ ̤ǪȈ ˰߼Ǫࠄ ̊ ː̋ ̸̜˕߼Ǫːؒ ̝̤Ǫ̣ ˜؅ 1.5 ‫اﻟﻘﳰﺔ‬
̸̵̴ˡ̸̤Ǫǵ̸̶̆ Ǯ Ǫ˲̪dz˰̊ ̂ ˷̸˗̪ȅȔ˅̙Ҡ ˞̪ǭ˲̪ 1000ː̻˰̝̭̈ ̄ ̜ǯ Ҡ ˙ࠒ ǵːˈ˲֗ǵ˲̢̯˅߼̴̭ǫȓȉ ǫȓỤ̈̌ ̸̻̄ ̤ǪȈ ˰߼Ǫ
. 1500
߆ ۸ ˍ̸̵̪ࠇ̟̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̤Ǫ̂ ˷̸˕˒ 1.5ː̄ ̝̰̤Ǫȅ ǫȓԷ˰ˡ̸̤ːˈ˲ˣ˕̤Ǫ̳˱̶̤ࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪ̈ ̻Ƕ̸˕̧ ̥ࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪǰǵ˰߼Ǫࠃ ǪȔԷ˲̇ ̸̭̤
: (6-4) ‫اﻟﺸﲁ‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻛـﻤـﺎل ﻋـﻜـﺮﻳﺶ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ وﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻪ اﻹﺣـﺘـﻤـﺎﱄ‬

‫اﻟﺸﲁ ‪̏˕̧̫ ̥ࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪǰǵ˰߼Ǫ{ 6-4‬ٸ‪Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‬ف‪(5-4)ȃ˅˜̧̫ ̥X‬‬

‫‪̏˕̧̫ ̥ࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪǰǵ˰߼Ǫ‬ٸ‪Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‬ف‪X‬‬

‫‪(ܺ) = 1,5‬ܧ‬

‫‪ ، X߆ ː̻dz˰̊ ߦǪdz‬اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫)ݔ(݃‬ ‫ﻟﯿﻜﻦ ‪̏˗̪ X‬ٸ̉ ˻̸‪Ǫ‬ف̪̲̚ ˾ ̣‪ ، f(x)ࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪ̴̋ ̻Ƕ̸˒ߦǪdzǙ‬وﻟﺘﻜﻦ‬
‫‪) ǿ̤ޫ Թ˲̤Ǫ‬ݔ(݃ ‪:‬‬
‫)ݔ(݂ ‪).‬ݔ(݃ ‪)] = ෍‬ݔ(݃[ܧ‬
‫‪௫‬‬

‫ˇ‪)] .‬ݔ(݃[ܧ‬ ‫‪˸ ˧ȓǫǙ‬‬ ‫̄ ̭̝̈˰̻‪ଶ̢̬˕̤|“ː‬ݔ = )ݔ(݃‬ ‫̤̰̂‪̜ǯ Ҡ ˙ࠒ ǵːˈ˲֗”̛ ˈ˅˸ ̤Ǫȃ˅˜߼Ǫ˱˭ȓ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪) = 02 . + 12 . + 22 . + 32 . = 3‬ݔ(݂ ‪ଶ.‬ݔ ‪(ܺ ଶ) = ෍‬ܧ = ])ݔ(݃[ܧ‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪௫‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻟﯿﻜﻦ اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﰄ ‪ f(x) ࠅ ۡ ˧ȔҟǪ̴̋ ̻Ƕ̸˒ߦǪdzǙ X‬و ‪{ˑ ˈԶdz˰̊ c‬‬
‫ܿ = )ܿ(ܧ ‪1.‬‬
‫اﻻٕﺛﺒﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫ܿ = ‪) = ܿ. 1‬ݔ(݂ ݔ∑ܿ = )ݔ(݂ ‪ ܿ.‬ݔ∑ = )ܿ(ܧ‬ ‫;‬ ‫‪) = 1‬ݔ(݂ ݔ∑‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻛـﻤـﺎل ﻋـﻜـﺮﻳﺶ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ وﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻪ اﻹﺣـﺘـﻤـﺎﱄ‬

‫)ܺܿ(ܧ ‪2.‬‬ ‫)ܺ(ܧ ‪= ܿ.‬‬

‫اﻻٕﺛﺒﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫)ܺ(ܧ ‪) = ܿ.‬ݔ(݂ ‪ .‬ݔ ‪) = ܿ∑௫‬ݔ(݂ ‪.‬ݔܿ ‪(ܿܺ) = ∑௫‬ܧ‬

‫])ݔ(݃ܿ[ܧ ‪3.‬‬ ‫])ݔ(݃[ܧ ‪= ܿ.‬‬

‫اﻻٕﺛﺒﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫])ݔ(݃[ܧ ‪) = ܿ.‬ݔ(݂ ‪).‬ݔ(݃ ݔ∑ܿ = )ݔ(݂ ‪).‬ݔ(݃ܿ ݔ∑ = )ݔ(݂ ‪)].‬ݔ(݃ܿ[ݔ∑ = ])ݔ(݃ܿ[ܧ‬

‫])ݔ(‪[݃௜‬ܧ‪)] = ∑௜‬ݔ(‪[∑௜݃௜‬ܧ ‪4.‬‬

‫اﻻٕﺛﺒﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫])ݔ( ‪) + ⋯ ݃௡‬ݔ(‪) + ⋯ + ݃௜‬ݔ(‪) + ݃ଶ‬ݔ(‪[݃ଵ‬ܧ‬
‫)ݔ(݂ ‪)].‬ݔ( ‪) + ⋯ + ݃௡‬ݔ(‪) + ⋯ + ݃௜‬ݔ(‪) + ݃ଶ‬ݔ(‪= ෍ [݃ଵ‬‬
‫‪௫‬‬
‫… ‪) +‬ݔ(݂ ‪).‬ݔ(‪) + ⋯ + ෍ ݃௜‬ݔ(݂ ‪).‬ݔ(‪) + ෍ ݃ଶ‬ݔ(݂ ‪).‬ݔ(‪= ෍ ݃ଵ‬‬
‫‪௫‬‬ ‫‪௫‬‬ ‫‪௫‬‬
‫])ݔ(‪[݃ଷ‬ܧ ‪)] + ⋯ +‬ݔ(‪[݃௜‬ܧ ‪)] + ⋯ +‬ݔ(‪[݃ଶ‬ܧ ‪)] +‬ݔ(‪(݃ଵ‬ܧ = )ݔ(݂ ‪).‬ݔ( ‪+ ෍ ݃௡‬‬
‫‪௫‬‬
‫])ݔ(‪[݃௜‬ܧ ‪= ෍‬‬
‫‪௜‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻟﯿﻜﻦ ‪̏˗̪ Xn ، ... ، X2 ، X1‬ٸ‪̿ˈۤ ̙ߧ̝˕̑˸ ̪ߧ˾ ̲̪̚ː̾ʿǪ̸˻ ̉Ǯ Ǫ‬ر˅{‬

‫)‪(ܺ௜‬ܧ ‪(∑௡௜ୀଵ ܺ௜) = ∑௡௜ୀଵ‬ܧ ‪5.‬‬
‫̥ ̧˕ˌ ˸̑̾ ̂{̭ ̋˕ ٴ̪˗̏ٸ̬̽̉ ˻̸‪ X۸ ̧ ̝˕̑˸ ̪۸ ̾ʿǪ‬و ‪: Y‬‬
‫)ܻ(ܧ ‪(ܺ) +‬ܧ = )‪(ܺଵ + ܺଶ‬ܧ‬

‫اﻻٕﺛﺒﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻛـﻤـﺎل ﻋـﻜـﺮﻳﺶ‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻐﲑ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻲ اﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ وﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻪ اﻹﺣـﺘـﻤـﺎﱄ‬

‫)ݕ ‪,‬ݔ(݂ ‪ ෍‬ݕ ‪) + ෍‬ݕ ‪,‬ݔ(݂ ‪ ෍‬ݔ ‪) = ෍‬ݕ ‪,‬ݔ(݂ ‪).‬ݕ ‪ +‬ݔ( ‪(ܺ + ܻ) = ෍ ෍‬ܧ‬
‫‪௫‬‬ ‫‪௬‬‬ ‫‪௫‬‬ ‫‪௬‬‬ ‫‪௬‬‬ ‫‪௫‬‬

‫)ܻ(ܧ ‪(ܺ) +‬ܧ = )ݕ(݂ ‪ .‬ݕ ‪) + ෍‬ݔ(݂ ‪ .‬ݔ ‪= ෍‬‬

‫‪௫‬‬ ‫‪௬‬‬

‫)‪(ܺ௜‬ܧ ‪(∏௡௜ୀଵ ܺ௜) = ∏௡௜ୀଵ‬ܧ ‪6.‬‬

‫)ܻ(ܧ ‪(ܺ).‬ܧ = )ܻܺ(ܧ‬ ‫̥ ̧˕ˌ ˸̑̾ ̂{̭ ̋˕ ٴ̪˗̏ٸ̬̽̉ ˻̸‪ X۸ ̧ ̝˕̑˸ ̪۸ ̾ʿǪ‬و ‪: Y‬‬
‫اﻻٕﺛﺒﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫)ܻ(ܧ ‪(ܺ).‬ܧ = )ݕ(݂ ‪.‬ݕ ‪) ෍‬ݔ(݂ ‪.‬ݔ ‪) = ෍‬ݕ(݂ ‪).‬ݔ(݂ ‪).‬ݕݔ( ‪(ܻܺ) = ෍ ෍‬ܧ‬
‫‪௫‬‬ ‫‪௬‬‬ ‫‪௫‬‬ ‫‪௬‬‬

‫‪̏˕߼Ǫ̬̽˅ˋ˒ .‬ٸ‪Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‬ف‪ X‬ﻫﻮ اﻟﻘﳰﺔ اﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﳌﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫̴̋ߤ = )ܺ(ܧ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﻜﻦ ‪̏˗̪ X‬ٸ̉ ˻̸‪Ǫ‬ف̪̲̚ ˾ ̣‪̸̜˒Ǚ‬‬
‫‪̏˕߼ǪȀ Ǫ˲֣ ǪȔ‬ٸ‪Ǫ̸˻ ̋ ̤Ǫ‬ف̬̪̉˗̸˷ ̴̄‪{ȅ ǫȓȉ ǫȓǙ‬‬
‫)ݔ(݂ ‪ − ߤ)ଶ .‬ݔ( ‪(ܺ − ߤ)ଶ = ෍‬ܧ = ‪ܸ(ܺ) = ߪଶ‬‬
‫‪௫‬‬

‫‪(ܺ − ߤ)ଶ = ܺ ଶ − 2ܺߤ + ߤଶ‬‬

‫)‪(ߤଶ‬ܧ ‪(ܺߤ) +‬ܧ‪(ܺ ଶ) − 2‬ܧ = )‪(ܺ ଶ − 2ܺߤ + ߤଶ‬ܧ = )ܺ(ܸ‬

‫‪(ܺ)]ଶ‬ܧ[ ‪(ܺ ଶ) −‬ܧ = ‪(ܺ ଶ) − ߤଶ‬ܧ = ‪(ܺ ଶ) − 2ߤଶ + ߤଶ‬ܧ = ‪(ܺ) + ߤଶ‬ܧߤ‪(ܺ ଶ) − 2‬ܧ =‬
‫‪) − ߤଶ‬ݔ(݂ ‪ଶ‬ݔ ‪= ෍‬‬
‫‪௫‬‬

‫‪(ܺ)]ଶ‬ܧ[ ‪) −‬ݔ(݂ ‪ଶ‬ݔ ‪(ܺ)]ଶ = ෍‬ܧ[ ‪(ܺ ଶ) −‬ܧ = )ݔ(݂ ‪ − ߤ)ଶ .‬ݔ( ‪(ܺ − ߤ)ଶ = ෍‬ܧ = )ܺ(ܸ‬
‫‪௫‬‬ ‫‪௫‬‬

‫‪{ːˤ̀˖̰̤Դȇ‬‬
‫‪(ܺ)]ଶ‬ܧ[ ‪(ܺ ଶ) −‬ܧ‪ߪ = ඥܸ(ܺ) = ඥ‬‬

‫‪̏˕߼ȉǵ˅̾̋ ߼ǪȀ Ǫ˲֣ȔҟǪȉ ǫȓ‬ٸ̉ ˻̸‪Ǫ‬ف|‬