Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81070-8 - A History of Modern Morocco
Susan Gilson Miller
Index
More information
Index
Ababou, M’hamed, 175
qAbd al-qAziz (Sultan), 35
civil unrest during reign of, 75–6
currency value under, 62
decline of makhzan under, 57–8
demoralized military under, 65–6
economic instability under, 60–3
foreign loans under, 62–3
ibn Musa and, 56
lack of political experience, 58–60
loss of national support for, 77–8
political instability under, 63–9
political legacy of, 56–8
response to French aggression, 69–74
tartib under, 61–2
qAbd al-Hafiz (Sultan), 35. See also Hafiziyya
period
bayqa for, 77
Berber support for, 76
Glawa support for, 76
al-Kattani support for, 68
political instability under, 78
Treaty of Fez and, 78–9
qAbd al-Qadir al-Jazapiri, 14–15
qaskar nizami and, 38
Battle of Isly and, 18–19
Bugeaud and, 18
as hero against French invasion, 14–15
historical mythology of, 19–21
jihad against French by, 17
Moroccan support for, 18
pilgrimage of, 14
as political exile, 19
qAbd al-Qadir Ashqash, 21
295
© in this web service Cambridge University Press
qAbd al-Qasim al-Zayani, 8–9
qAbd al-Rahman (Sultan)
Fall of Algiers and, 13–14
Hay and, 26
Tlemcen region and, 14
Treaty of Lalla Maghnia and, 19
Treaty of Tangier and, 19
Wadaya revolt under, 15–17
qAbd al-Salam, Mawlay, 47
qAbdallah (Sultan), 8
qAbduh, Muhammad, 54, 80
qAbid al-Bukhari (infantry corps), 16. See
also jaysh
Abrines, G. T., 84
L’Action du Peuple, 133
ADFM. See Democratic Association of
Moroccan Women
al-qAdl wa-l-Ihsan, 190
administrative reforms, in government
structures, 33–5
under Hassan I, 34–5
under Muhammad IV, 34
Tanzimat as influence on, 34
umana as part of, 34
AEMNA. See North African Muslim
Students Association
agriculture
colonial capitalism through, 113, 114–15
qushr on, 240
Aherdane, Mahjoubi, 157
AIU. See Alliance Israélite Universelle
Alarcón, Pedro Antonio de, 25, 32
qAlawi dynasty, 30
Alfonso XIII (King), 104, 137
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81070-8 - A History of Modern Morocco
Susan Gilson Miller
Index
More information

296 Index

Algeria. See also qAbd al-Qadir al-Jazapiri; Balafrej, Ahmed, 122, 127, 145, 149
Tlemcen region Maghreb under, 132–3
Battle of Isly and, 18–19 as political refugee, 136
French occupation of, 7, 12–14, 17–21 Balibar, Étienne, 129
Hassan II and, foreign policy towards, bandits, as political figures, 64–5. See also
165–6 al-Kattani, Muhammad b. al-Kabir
Treaty of 1832 and, 15 Bu Himara, 65
Treaty of Lalla Maghnia and, 19 historical legacy of, 69
Treaty of Tangier and, 19 al-Raysuni, Ahmed, 65, 66–7
Algiers, fall of, 12–14. See also Tlemcen Basri, Driss, 185–6, 205, 231
region firing of, 206, 222
qAbd al-Qadir al-Jazapiri and, 14–15 Battle of Isly, 18–19
qAbd al-Rahman and, 13–14 bayqa (oath of allegiance to sultan), 13, 239
refugees during, 13 for qAbd al-Hafiz, 77
Treaty of 1832 and, 15 Bazzaz, Sahar, 68
Wadaya unrest after, 15–17 Bedouin, Mohamed, 198
Ali Zaoua, Prince of the Streets, 200 Beigbeder, Juan, 137
Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU), 44–5 Bekkaï, M’Barek, 154
education reform through, 100 Belal, Abdul Aziz, 173
Moroccan Relief Fund and, 45 Belarbi, Aïcha, 192
ALN. See Moroccan Army of Liberation Ben Abdallah, qAllal, 151
Alouia, Khalid, 206 Ben qArafa, Mawlay Muhammad, 150, 151
Amar, Ali, 197, 225 Ben Barka, Mehdi, 154, 155, 166–8. See also
Amazigh movement, 194, 196 National Union of Popular Forces
AMDH. See Moroccan Association of disappearance of, 167–8
Human Rights Ben Thami, Jilali, 103
Amekrane, Mohamed, 177 Benabdeljalil, Muhammad, 125
AMU. See Arab Maghreb Union Benaïssa, Mohamed, 225
Anglo-French accord (1904), 62–3 Benhlal, Mohammed, 100
Aouchar, Amina, 138 Benjelloun, Abdelslam, 137
Aourid, Hassan, 222 Benkirane, Abdelilah, 190, 236
Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), 211 Benlyazid, Farida, 200
Arab Spring, 214, 234–6 Benmousa, Chakib, 222
Arabization, 188–9, 198, 226 Bennani, Salma, 222
army. See qaskar nizami Bennouna, Mehdi, 137
Arslan, Shakib, 123, 127, 138 Berber dahir, 125–9
qaskar nizami (modern army), 239 public protests against, 127
qAbd al-Qadir al-Jazapiri and, 38 Berber dialect. See tamazight
development of, 37 Berber tribes
under Hassan I, 41–2 Amazigh movement, 194, 196
under Muhammad IV, 38–41 cultural revival for, 194–6
tabor, 38 exemption from Shariah, 126
Association Générale, 116–17 under Muhammad VI, 225–7
Aubin, Eugène, 57, 58 resistance to French rule during
Auriol, Vincent, 150–1 Protectorate period, 96, 97–8
Ayache, Albert, 117, 141 schooling for, 100
Ayache, Germaine, 30 support for qAbd al-Hafiz, 76
al-qAynayn, Ma, 54, 71, 180 tamazight among, 195, 226, 240
defense against French aggression, 71 Berenguer, Dámaso, 105
Ayouch, Nabil, 200 Berque, Jacques, 110, 131, 191
Azziman, Omar, 201, 202 Berrada, Hamid, 168

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81070-8 - A History of Modern Morocco
Susan Gilson Miller
Index
More information
Index
bidonvilles, 115
Blachère, Régis, 151
bled (rural area), 239
administrative reforms’ impact on, 35
colonial capitalism in, 113, 114–15
division into military regions, 94
indirect rule in, 95
makhzan treatment of, 31
during Protectorate period, 94–9
Bouabid, Aberrahim, 154, 155, 167
Boukous, Ahmad, 195, 226
Bourguiba, Habib, 210–11
Bourqia, Rahma, 64
bread riots, 186
brigandage, as aspect of Moroccan
culture, 64
Brunot, Louis, 101
Bu Himara, 65
as mahdi, 65
Bugeaud, Thomas, 18
Battle of Isly and, 18–19
Bush, George W., 233
CAM. See Moroccan Action Committee
capitalism. See colonial capitalism
Casablanca, urban reform of, 93
cash wealth, tax on. See tartib
CCDH. See Consultative Committee of
Human Rights
CDT. See Democratic Confederation of
Workers
censorship. See also foreign press
under Muhammad VI, 197–8
nationalism and, 124
Chafik, Mohamed, 226
Chaoui, Touria, 155
Chraibi, Driss, 198
Christians. See also dhimmis
in Morocco, as missionaries, 74–5
Churchill, Winston, 144
cinema, early history of, 199
cities. See also specific cities
growth of, economic reform as influence
on, 31–2
hadariyya in, 93
madina in, 239
mellah in, 239
migration to, 115–16
redesign of, during Protectorate period,
92–4
civic culture. See hadariyya
© in this web service Cambridge University Press
297
civil society, 269
resurgence of, 219–20
civil unrest
under qAbd al-qAziz, 75–6
in Fez, after Treaty of Fez, 88–9
under Hassan II, 169
as historical theme, 218–19
influx of foreigners as factor in, 75–6
against Jews in Fez, 89
during Protectorate period, 88–9
CNDH. See National Council on Human
Rights
code of family law. See Mudawwana
Cohen, Levy, 84
Cohen, Shana, 209
colonial capitalism. See also economic
reform
through agriculture, 113, 114–15
development of trade unions with, 116–17
immigration as influence on, 111–12
international investment during, 112
through natural resources, 116
during Protectorate period, 111–17
railroad system development and, 112–13
colonialism. See Protectorate period
communication reforms, under Muhammad
IV, 39. See also foreign press
Consultative Committee of Human Rights
(CCDH), 202
Cooper, David, 74
Cooper, Frederick, 21
co-optation, 97–8, 99, 196, 217–18
of ulama, 218
currency, value of
under qAbd al-qAziz, 62
of mithqal, 32, 240
in Moroccan monetary system, 32
dahir (royal decree), 239
under Muhammad III, 10
under Muhammad IV, 46
for rights of dhimmis, 46
al-Dakali, Abu Shuqayb, 87, 131
Daoud, Zakya, 199
Darqawiyya brotherhood, 12–13
Daure-Serfaty, Christine, 201, 221
Dawud, Muhammad, 137
de Amicis, Edmondo, 49
de Beauvoir, Simone, 192
de Castries, Henri, 102
de Cénival, Pierre, 102
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81070-8 - A History of Modern Morocco
Susan Gilson Miller
Index
More information
298 Index
de Gaulle, Charles, 142
de Rivera, Primo, 107
Democratic Association of Moroccan
Women (ADFM), 193
Democratic Confederation of Workers
(CDT), 185
Democratic Party for Independence (PDI), 156
Descos, Léon, 252. See also Aubin, Eugène
dhimmis (non-Muslims), 239
dahir in favor of, 46
rights for, 44, 45
Diouri, Khadija, 135
Diouri, Muhammad, 135
dissident territories. See siba
Dlimi, Ahmed, 177
The Door to the Sky, 200
Douiri, Adil, 222
Dreams of Trespass (Mernissi), 192
Écochard, Michel, 146
economic reform, 30–3
British influences on, 248
during Era of Jihad, 9
Free Trade agreement (1856) and, 43
growth of cities during, 31–2
monetary system during, 32–3
under Muhammad IV, 9, 30–1
trade expansion and, 31–2
educational reform
for Berbers, 100
elitist selectivity in, 101
in free schools, 100–1
for girls, 100
for Jews, 100
for Muslims, 100
during Protectorate period, 99–102
separate schooling as part of, 99–100
EEC. See European Economic Community
Eisenhower Doctrine, 265
emigration
to Europe, 232
during World War I, 103–4
environment, 53, 64, 153, 217
Equity and Reconciliation Commission
(ERC), 5
Muhammad VI and, 223–4
Era of Jihad (1830-1860). See also qAbd
al-Qadir al-Jazapiri; Algiers, fall of;
Muhammad III; Sulayman
Algerian refugees during, 13
British influences during, 22–4
© in this web service Cambridge University Press
economic reform during, 9
political reform during, 9
religious reform during, 10, 11–12
Spanish influence during, 24–7
Tetuan War during, 24–7
treaties of protection for British
nationals, 23
Wadaya revolt during, 15–17
Wahhabism during, 11–12
ERC. See Equity and Reconciliation
Commission
Euan-Smith, Sir Charles, 50
Europe. See also specific nations
during Era of Jihad, growing political
influence of, 7–8, 21–4
Moroccan emigration to, 232
Moroccan Question for, 72
during Moroccan reform movement,
diplomacy issues with, 42–9
Morocco as trade partner with, 207–8
protection policies in Morocco influenced
by, 47
Sulayman and, overseas trade with, 10–11
Tangier influenced by, 83
European Economic Community (EEC), 208
European Free Trade Agreement (1996), 208
Fakihani, Abdelfattah, 198
FAR. See Royal Moroccan Armed Forces
al-Fasi, Malika, 191
al-Fasi, Muhammad qAllal, 72, 123, 136
CAM and, 130–1
in nationalist movement, 127, 131
political exile of, 136
al-Fassi, Abbas, 229
fatwa (legal opinion by ulama), 239. See also
fiqh
under Muhammad IV, 10
FDIC. See Front for the Defense of
Constitutional Institutions
Fez
civil unrest in, after Treaty of Fez, 88–9
Jews in, 89
Filali-Ansari, Abdou, 198
fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), 239
Forbes, Rosita, 67
foreign press
during Hafiziyya period, 85–6
under Hassan II, 197
in Morocco, 84–6, 219
in Tangier, 84
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81070-8 - A History of Modern Morocco
Susan Gilson Miller
Index
More information
Index
France. See also Protectorate period
qAbd al-Qadir al-Jazapiri as leader of holy
war against, 17
administrative division of Morocco by, 88
aggression into southern Morocco, 70–1
Anglo-French accord (1904), 62–3
Battle of Isly and, 18–19
end of Protectorate, 151–3
invasion of Algeria by, 7, 12–14
Moroccan emigration to, 103–4
in Rif War, 107–8
Treaty of 1832 and, 15
Treaty of Algeciras and, 73–4
Treaty of Fez and, 78–9, 88
Treaty of Lalla Maghnia and, 19
Treaty of Tangier and, 19
Franco, Francisco, 107
rise to power, 137–8
Torres and, 138
free schools, 100–1
nationalism through, 122
Free Trade agreement with Great Britain
(1856), 43
French Section of the Workers International
(SFIO), 133
Front for the Defense of Constitutional
Institutions (FDIC), 157
Fundamental Law, 163
Gaillard, Henri, 91
Geertz, Clifford, 161
Germany, in Morocco, 72
Treaty of Algeciras, 73–4
Ghallab, Abdelkarim, 198
girls, education for, 100
for Jews, 100
for Muslims, 100
al-Glawi, Madani, 76
al-Glawi, Thami, 150
globalization, Morocco and, 4–5
Great Britain
Anglo-French accord (1904), 62–3
economic reform in Morocco influenced
by, 248
Free Trade agreement (1856), 43
Statute of Tangier and, 88
treaties of protection in Morocco, 23, 47
Green March, 181
Guebbas, Muhammad, 41, 85
Guedira, Ahmed Reda, 155, 164
Gulf War, 190
© in this web service Cambridge University Press
299
habous (religious endowment), 239
Hached, Farhat, 149
hadariyya (civic culture), 93
Hafiziyya period, 76–81
foreign press during, 85–6
political legacy of, 80–1
as political transition period, 79–80
al-Hajwi, Muhammad, 68, 87, 102, 131
on traditional health practices, 140
Halstead, John, 132
Hamou, Moha ou, 96
Hardy, Georges, 128
harka (military expedition), 239
of Hassan I, 36
Harris, Walter, 61, 91, 106
Hassan I (Sultan), 30
administrative reforms under, 34–5
qaskar nizami under, 41–2
death of, 52
diplomatic style of, 50
harka of, 36
maks system under, 50–1
military reform under, 41–2
Hassan II (King), 144
Algeria and, 165–6
ALN and, 156–7
ascension to power of, 162
Berber cultural revival under, 194–6
Bourguiba and, 210–11
civil unrest under, 169
Constitution under, 164
death of, 212
development of political Islam under,
188–91
economic boom under, 184
economic instability under, 171–4
FAR under, 162
foreign policy of, 164–6, 211–12
freedom of press under, 197
Fundamental Law under, 163
Green March under, 181
human rights movement during reign of,
201–4
inter-Arab relations under, 211
literary production during reign of, 198–9
as national unifier, 184–6
nationalists’ support for, 164
political coups during reign of, 174–9
political legacy of, 212–13
public perception of, 162–3
al-Qaddafi and, 209–10
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81070-8 - A History of Modern Morocco
Susan Gilson Miller
Index
More information
300
Hassan II (King) (cont.)
sacred union of political parties under, 181
security forces under, 157–8, 170–1
support of U.S. in Gulf War, 190
UNFP opposition to, 166–8
U.S. relations with, 165, 190, 209
Western Sahara War under, 180–4
women’s rights movement under, 191–4
Hay, John H. Drummond, 23, 43
qAbd al-Rahman and, 26
health care
al-Hajwi on, 140
nationalism as influence on, 139–40
Henry, Clement, 208
al-Hiba, Ahmad, 89
Hibou, Beatrice, 203
historiography, Moroccan. See also Equity
and Reconciliation Commission
ERC and, 5
under Hassan II, 5
Kitab al-Istiqsa, 86
lack of written sources for, 5
modernization of, 86
Holden, Stacy, 63
hubus (religious endowment), 239
human rights movement, during reign of
Hassan II, 201–4
hurm (sacred sanctuary), 75, 239
al-Husayni, Hajj Amin, 138
Hussein, Saddam, 190
ibn Musa, Ahmad (Ba Ahmad), 56
ibn Zaydan, qAbd al-Rahman, 102
Ibrahim, Abdallah, 158, 172
Idris, Ahmad b., 14
IHEM. See Moroccan Institute for Higher
Education
Ila al-Amam, 170
Independence Party (PI), 136, 144–6
Muhammad V and, 146–51
struggle for power with Muhammad V,
155
infantry corps. See qAbid al-Bukhari
Instance of Equité and Reconciliation. See
Equity and Reconciliation Commission
IRCAM. See Royal Institute for Amazigh
Culture
Islam
Arabization, 188–9
politics and, 188–91
Islamic law. See Shariah
© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Index
Ismapil (Sultan), 8
Istiqlal Party
foundation of, 136, 144–5
ideology of, 146, 164, 180, 188–9
under Muhammad IV, 146, 148–9, 153,
155, 229–30
Muhammad V and, 145–51, 153–4, 155
political divisions within, 154–6, 157–8
political mobilization and, 147–8, 149–50
the press and, 145, 197
Jamaï, Abubakr, 197, 225
jaysh (military contingents), 239
Wadaya in, 16
Jettou, Driss, 228
Jewish quarter. See mellah
Jewish question, 46
Jews. See also dhimmis
AIU and, 44–5, 100
in Fez, attacks on, 89
girls’ education, 100
mass exodus of, 159–60
Montefiore and, 44–6
rights for, 44, 45
schooling for, 44–5, 100
in Tangier, 83
as protégés, 44
Le Journal, 225
Julien, Charles-André, 151
Justice and Development Party (PJD),
190–1, 236
al-Kattani, Muhammad b. al-Kabir, 54, 67–9
qAbd al-Hafiz supported by, 68
capture and death of, 68–9
lack of historical acknowledgment for, 69
zawiya for, 67–8
al-Kattani, Muhammad b. Japfar, 86
al-Kattani, qAbd al-Hayy, 150
al-Kaylani, Rashid qAli, 138
al-Khattabi, qAbd al-Karim, 104–11
development of Rifian forces under, 106
historical legacy of, 110–11
during Rif War, 105–11
Rifian Republic under, 107
surrender of, 109–10
Kitab al-Istiqsa (al-Nasiri), 86
Laâbi, Abdellatif, 198
Laanigri, Hamidou, 224
Labonne, Eirik, 147
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81070-8 - A History of Modern Morocco
Susan Gilson Miller
Index
More information
Index
labor unions, nationalist influence on,
116–17, 141–2
land ownership, 172–3
Laroui, Abdallah, 57, 63, 86
latif (prayer), 126, 239
Laval, Pierre, 135
Le Chatelier, Alfred, 101
Le Glay, Maurice, 95
Le Tourneau, Roger, 102
Lemaigre-Dubreuil, Jacques, 151
Leveau, Rémy, 156, 214
Lévi-Provençal, Evariste, 101
literature, in Morocco
development of, 86
during reign of Hassan II, 198–9
Longuet, Robert-Jean, 132
Lyautey, Louis Hubert Gonzalve. See also
Protectorate period
colonialism philosophy of, 89–90
cultural legacy of, 117–19
Rif War and, 108
tribal politics of, 95–6, 97–8, 98–9
urban reform and, 92
Lyazidi, Mohamed Ahmed, 145
Maclean, Harry Kaid, 58, 60
al-Madghari, Muhammad, 42
madina (old section of city), 239
redesign of cities and, 93–4
Maghreb, 132–3
mahalla (army troop march), 35, 41
mahdi (rightly guided one), 35
Bu Himara as, 65
makhzan (government)
under qAbd al-qAziz, decline of, 57–8
food supply controlled by, 63
under Hassan II, 4
under Lyautey, 89–90
maks (non-Qurqanic tax), 11, 240
under Hassan I, 50–1
al-Malki, Habib, 206
al-Manabhi, al-Mahdi, 59–60
el-Mandjra, Mahdi, 201
Mangin, Lt.-Col. Charles, 89
Manifesto of Independence, 144–5
Mansouri, Hassan, 225
marabout (holy man), 239
qAbd al-Qadir al-Jazapiri as, 14
Marzouki, Ahmed, 223
Massignon, Louis, 151
Mauchamp, Émile, 75
© in this web service Cambridge University Press
301
Mauriac, François, 151
Meakin, Budgett, 84
Medbouh, General Mohamed, 175
media. See foreign press
mellah (Jewish quarter of city), 239
urban reform and, 93–4
Mendès-France, Pierre, 151
Mernissi, Fatima, 192
Messaadi, Abbas, 155
Michel, Nicholas, 63
Middle Atlas region, 96–8. See also Berber
tribes; tribes
military. See also jaysh
under qAbd al-qAziz, 65–6
qAbid al-Bukhari, 16
in France during World War I, 103
mahalla, 35, 41, 239
al-Nasiri on, 40
political coups by, 175–7
tabor, 38, 240
traditional organization of, 37
military expedition. See harka
military reform, 37–42. See also qaskar
nizami
under Hassan I, 41–2
under Muhammad IV, 38–41
new order of, 37–8
ulama and, 39–40
military unit. See tabor
mithqal (monetary unit, circa 1900), 32, 240
monarchy, i, 30, 214–15, 216–17
democratization and, 204
under Hassan I, 53
under Hassan II, 212–13
Islamists and, 190–1
reestablished by Lyautey, 90–1
as symbol of Moroccan authenticity, 3
Western Saharan War and, 183
monetary systems
currency value and, 32
during economic reform, 32–3
instability of, 32–3
mithqal in, 32, 240
monetary units. See mithqal
Montagne, Robert, 102
Montefiore, Moses, 44–6, 250
Jewish rights and, 44, 45
Moriscos, 7
Moroccan Action Committee (CAM), 130–1
Moroccan Army of Liberation (ALN), 152,
156–7
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81070-8 - A History of Modern Morocco
Susan Gilson Miller
Index
More information
302 Index
Moroccan Association of Human Rights
(AMDH), 201, 224
Moroccan Communist Party (PCM), 136, 156
Moroccan Institute for Higher Education
(IHEM), 101–2
Moroccan Organization of Human Rights
(OMDH), 201
Moroccan Question, for Europe, 72
Moroccan Relief Fund, 45
Moroccan Union of Workers (UMT), 149,
169
Morocco. See also Casablanca; Era of Jihad;
Fez; historiography; Protectorate
period; Rabat; Tangier; specific kings;
specific sultans
administrative divisions under the
Protectorate, 88
qAlawi dynasty in, 30
Algerian refugees during Era of Jihad, 13
Anglo-French accord, 62–3
bandits as political figures in, 64–5
brigandage in, 64
British influences in, during Era of Jihad,
22–4
centralization of state institutions within,
217
Christian missionaries in, 74–5
chronology of major events in, xv–xxi
civil unrest in, from influx of foreigners,
75–6
colonialism as influence on, 3
Constitution of, 164, 235–6
declaration of independence by, 159
development of literature in, 86
EEC and, 208
Eisenhower Doctrine and, 265
emigration to Europe, 232
end of French rule, 151–3
Europe as trade partner with, 207–8
foreign press in, 84–6, 219
free trade in, 43, 233
French aggression into, 69–74
Germany in, 72
global context of, 4–5
Hafiziyya in, 76–81
under Hassan II, 4, 5
intellectual liberation in, 1
Jewish question in, 46
Manifesto of Independence for, 144–5
monarchy as symbol of authenticity in, 3
under Muhammad V, 4
© in this web service Cambridge University Press
nationalist movement within, 4
railroad system development in, 112–13
return of Serfaty to, 206
during Spanish Civil War, 137
Tanzimat in, 29, 240
territorial issues for, 216
Tetuan War, with Spain, 24–7
Treaty of Algeciras and, 73–4
under Treaty of Fez, 78–9, 88
urban revolt as historical theme for,
218–19
U.S. relations with, 165, 190
during World War I, 102–4
during World War II, 142–6
years of lead in, 1–2, 222–4
Moutip, qAbd al-Karim, 188
MP. See Popular Movement
Mudawwana (code of family law), 227–8
Muhammad III (Sultan)
as architect of modern Morocco, 9
dahir in favor of dhimmi rights
under, 10
economic reform under, 9
political reform under, 9
religious reform under, 10
shurafa under, 10
ulama under, 10
Muhammad IV (Sultan), 28, 30
administrative reforms under, 34
qaskar nizami under, 38–41
communication reforms under, 39
economic reforms under, 9, 30–1
military reform under, 38–41
taxation during, 9, 30–1
Muhammad V (King and Sultan), 4, 142–3
Cold War diplomacy of, 159
declaration of independence for Morocco
by, 159
Independence Party and, 146–51
international policy under, 158–9
Istiqlal Party and, 145–51, 153–4, 155
meeting with Roosevelt, F., 144
political threats against, 148–9
restoration to rule, 152–3
struggle for power, 155
Muhammad VI (King), 214
Berber rights under, 225–7
censorship under, 197–8
constitutional reforms under, 235–6
ERC and, 223–4
foreign investment under, 231
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81070-8 - A History of Modern Morocco
Susan Gilson Miller
Index
More information
Index
Mudawwana reform under, 227–8
privatization of industry under, 231
restitution to Serfaty under, 221
symbolic role of, 214–15
U.S. foreign policy of, 233
War on Terror foreign policy and, 224–5
years of lead and, 222–4
al-Muqri, Muhammad, 85
al-Muqri, Tuhami, 122
Nahon, Moïse, 114
al-Nasiri, Ahmad, 14, 40, 86
on reform movement in Morocco, 55
al-Nasiri, al-Makki, 122
National Council on Human Rights
(CNDH), 223
National Party (PN), 136
National Union of Moroccan Students
(UNEM), 168–9
National Union of Popular Forces (UNFP),
155–6, 166, 185
legal persecution of, 167
opposition to Hassan II, 166–8
nationalism
qAllal al-Fasi and, 127, 131
Berber dahir and, 125–9
censorship and, 124
colonial administration response to,
135–6
dissolution of consensus for, 153–61
European investment and, 140–1
in free schools, 122
historiography of, 4
among intellectual elite, 121–2, 131
journalism and, 132–3
labor unions and, 141–2
Manifesto of Independence, 144–5
mobilization of, 129–36
new lexicon as tool for, 130–1
origins of, 120–5
PI and, 136, 144–51
Plan of Reforms and, 133–5
press freedom and, 135–6
radicalization of, 147–8
religious practices as symbol of, 131
role of sultans in, 145–6
SFIO and, 133
social welfare and, 146–7
in Spanish zone, 136–8
violence and, 4
World War II as influence on, 142–6
© in this web service Cambridge University Press
303
newspapers. See Balafrej, Ahmed;
censorship; foreign press; nationalism
nobility. See shurafa
Noguès, Charles, 141
Nordman, Daniel, 42
North African Muslim Students Association
(AEMNA), 123
Notes d’un colon du Gharb: 2 juillet 1920-
décembre 1924 (Nahon), 114
Notre ami le roi (Perrault), 201–2
OMDH. See Moroccan Organization of
Human Rights
Ottoman reform movement. See Tanzimat
al-Ouezzani, Mohammed Hassan, 122, 133,
136, 156
Oufkir, Mohamed, 156, 177
political coup attempted by, 177–8
Park, Thomas, 33
Party of National Reform (PRN), 137
Party of Progress and Socialism (PPS), 187
Patriotic Movement (PMI), 136
Patton, George S., Jr., 143
PCM. See Moroccan Communist Party
PDI. See Democratic Party for
Independence
Perrault, Gilles, 201–2
Pétain, Philippe, 108–9, 142
Peyrouton, Marcel, 141
PI. See Independence Party
Piney, Antoine, 152
PJD. See Justice and Development Party
Plan of Reforms, 133–5
objectives of, 134–5
PMI. See Patriotic Movement
PN. See National Party
political Islam
Arabization and, 188–9
development of, 188–91
Ponsot, Henri, 133
Popular Movement (MP), 157
PPS. See Party of Progress and Socialism
PRN. See Party of National Reform
Prost, Henri, 92–4
protection system (capitulations)
for British nationals, 23, 47
European influences on, 47
exemptions under, 47–9
during reform movement, 43–4
Treaty of Madrid and, 47
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81070-8 - A History of Modern Morocco
Susan Gilson Miller
Index
More information
304
Protectorate period. See also Treaty of Fez
Berber resistance to French rule during,
96, 97–8
bled during, 94–9
capitalism during, 111–17
civil unrest during, 88–9
educational reform during, 99–102
historiography and, 2–3
Middle Atlas region during, 96–8
Rif War during, 105–11
sultans’ role during, 92
territorial divisions of, 88
tribal resistance to, 95–6
urban reforms during, 92–4
during World War I, 102–4
zawiyas’ political role during, 99
protégés, 43–4
Jews as, 44
al-Qaddafi, Muqammar, 209–10
Qutb, Sayyid, 188
Rabat, economic malaise in, 173–4
al-Raysuni, Ahmed, 65, 66–7
reform movement, in Morocco (1860-1912).
See also administrative reforms;
economic reform; military reform;
protection system
bourgeoisie during, 49–52
diplomacy during, 42–9
integration of national space in, 35–7
in Islamic context, 28–30, 54
al-Nasiri on, 55
protection policies during, 43–4
sultan as chief agent for, 29
in Tangier, 53
Tanzimat, in Morocco, 29, 240
tribal structure weakened during, 36–7
Western influences on, 54–5
religious endowment. See habous; hubus
religious reform. See also Tanzimat
under Muhammad III, 10
under Sulayman, 11–12
Rida, Rashid, 54
Rif War, 105–11
French involvement in, 107–8
Lyautey and, 108
Rifian Republic, 107
rights, for dhimmis, 44, 45. See also
Montefiore, Moses
riots. See civil unrest
© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Index
Rivet, Daniel, 101
Roosevelt, Franklin, 144
Roosevelt, Theodore, 66, 73
Royal Institute for Amazigh Culture
(IRCAM), 195, 226
Royal Moroccan Armed Forces (FAR), 162
sacred space. See hurm
Sacred Union of political parties, 181
al-Saffar, Muhammad, 21–2, 33, 120
Salwat al-Anfas (al-Kattani), 87
Sarraut, Albert, 112
Sbihi, Abdellatif, 126
schools. See educational reform
Sebti, Tahar, 151
The Second Sex (de Beauvoir), 192
Serfaty, Abraham, 170, 201
political exile of, 202
return to Morocco, 206
SFIO. See French Section of the Workers
International
Shariah (Islamic law), 240
Berber tribes under, 126
exemptions from, 47–9
shurafa (descendants of Prophet
Muhammad), 240
under Muhammad III, 10
siba (territory not under mahzan
control), 240
Silvestre, Manuel, 106
al-Simlali, qAli b. Muhammad, 48
Six-Day War, 160
Skhirat, attemped coup at, 176–7
Skirij, Muhammad, 87
Socialist Union of Popular Forces
(USFP), 187
Spain
in Morocco, during Era of Jihad, 24–7
nationalists in north and, 136–8
protection policies in Morocco influenced
by, 47
in Rif War, 105–11
rise of Franco in, 137–8
Spanish zone in northern Morocco, 88
in Tetuan War, 24–7
Treaty of Algeciras and, 73–4
Treaty of Madrid and, 47
Western Saharan War and, 180–4
Spanish Civil War, 137
Steeg, Théodore, 109–10
Strauss-Kahn, Dominique, 231
www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81070-8 - A History of Modern Morocco
Susan Gilson Miller
Index
More information

Index 305

Sulayman (Sultan), 10–12 trade unions, growth of, 116–17

commercial ties with Europe under, 10–11 Treaty of Algeciras, 73–4
religious restrictions under, 11–12 Treaty of 1832, 15
taxation under, 11 Treaty of Fez, 78–9
Wadaya under, 16 division of Morocco under, 88
Wahhabism and, 11–12 Fez riots and, 88–9
The Sultan of the Mountains (Forbes), 67 Treaty of Lalla Maghnia, 19
Sultan’s guard. See Wadaya Treaty of Madrid, 47
Treaty of Marrakech, 211
Tabit Affair, 202–3 Treaty of Tangier, 19
tabor (military unit), 38, 240 tribes. See also Berber tribes
Talbi, Mohamed, 198 during reform movement, 36–7
tamazight (Berber dialect), 194, 195, resistance to French rule during
226, 240 Protectorate period, 95–6, 98–9
Tangier tujjar (merchant class), 43
cosmopolitan nature of, 83–4 al-Tuzunini, M’barak b. Husayn, 104
early signs of modernity in, 83–7
European influences in, 83 ulama (political and religious leaders). See
foreign press in, 84 also fatwa
Jews in, 83 bayqa and, 247–8
reform movement in, 53 co-optation of, 218
under Treaty of Fez, 88 military reform and, 39–40
Tanzimat (Ottoman reform movement), under Muhammad III, 10
29, 240 umana (inspectors), 34
administrative reforms influenced by, 34 UMT. See Moroccan Union of Workers
tartib (universal tax), 240 UNEM. See National Union of Moroccan
under qAbd al-qAziz, 61–2 Students
development of, 61–2 UNFP. See National Union of Popular
public response to, 62 Forces
taxation unions. See labor unions
during Era of Jihad, 9 United States (U.S.)
jaysh and, 239 in Gulf War, 190
maks, 11, 50–1, 240 Hassan II foreign policy towards, 165,
under Muhammad III, 9 209
under Muhammad IV, 30–1 Muhammad VI foreign policy towards,
under Sulayman, 11 233
tartib, 61–2, 240 USFP. See Socialist Union of Popular Forces
qushr, 30–1 qushr (agricultural tax), 240
Tazi, M. A., 200 under Muhammad IV, 30–1
Terrasse, Henri, 101 under Sulayman, 11
Tetuan War, 24–7
economic effects of, 25–6 Veyre, Gabriel, 58–9
political cost of, 26 violence, nationalism and, 4
Thiers, Adolphe, 15
Tlemcen region, 12–14 Wadaya (Sultan’s guard)
qAbd al-Rahman’s politics toward, 14 qAbid al-Bukhari and, 16
bayqa offering in, 13 revolt of, 15–17
Torres, Abdelkhalek, 137 under Sulayman, 16
Franco and, 138 Wahhabism, 11–12
Torres, Muhammad, 74 al-Wazzani, Muhammad al-Mahdi, 87
Tozy, Mohamed, 203 Wazzaniyya brotherhood, 12–13

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-81070-8 - A History of Modern Morocco
Susan Gilson Miller
Index
More information
306
Western Sahara War, 180–4
Green March, 181
political legacy of, 184
sacred union of political parties as result
of, 181
Weygand, Maxime, 144
Wilhelm II (Kaiser), 72
women’s rights movement, 191–4
growth of organizations, 192–3
after independence, 192
Western influences on, 192
World War I
emigration to France during, 103–4
Moroccan soldiers in France, 103
Morocco during, 102–4
© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Index
World War II, nationalism influenced by,
142–6
Yassine, Abdessalam, 189–90
Yassine, Nadia, 228
years of lead, 1–2, 170, 198–9
Muhammad VI and, 222–4
Youssoufi, Abderrahmane, 155, 167, 205
Yusuf, Mawlay (Sultan), 89, 113
zakat (goods and livestock tax), 240
under Sulayman, 11
zawiya (religious lodge), 240
al-Kattani and, political use of, 67–8
during Protectorate period, 99
www.cambridge.org