APPLICATION OF INTERNET OF THINGS IN ENIVRONMENT MONIITORING – AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Major Project report entitled

“APPLICATIONS OF INTERNET OF THINgs

IN ENIVIRONMENT
MONITORING - AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT”
Has been successfully completed by

Miss. Renuka S. Bante. (PRN NO.-2017110090)

Miss. Sayali S. Bhise. (PRN NO.-2017109977)

Miss. Kajal D. Chavan. (PRN NO.-2017110084)

Miss. Rohini R. Dinde. (PRN NO. – 2017109945)

Miss. Tejashri R. Salunkhe. (PRN NO.-2017110081)

Under the guidance of Mr. S.M. Bhosale. (Assistant Professor ) during

academic year 2020 - 2021
Towards the partial fulfillment of the degree of

B.TECH IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

As per the rules laid down by the

SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY , KOLHAPUR

Mr.S.M.Bhosale Mr. M.S.Salunkhe Prof.(Dr.)R.K.KAMAT

(Project Guide) (Co-ordinator) (Director)

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ABSTRACT

In a country like India, air pollution is increasing day by day at the alarming rate. The
main reason for increasing of pollution level are crop’s remaining burning, emission from the
motor vehicle, open defecation of smoke in atmosphere from the industries and burning of
garbage openly. Internet of Things (IOT) based pollution system is used to detect the current
level of hazardous gases in the atmosphere. In our daily lives the quality of air determines the
most because every human being needs fresh air to live.
The IOT based pollution system will help us to fetch the data from any location where
device is installed. All the data is visible in the smart phone app. In this project we have used
the Blynk app. By using the concept of IOT we can use multiple pollution devices at different
locations and fetch the data to the smart phone app.

Pollution Monitoring System in which we will monitor the Air Quality over a web
server using internet and will trigger a alarm when the air quality goes down beyond a
certain level, means when there are sufficient amount of harmful gases are present in the air
like CO2, smoke, alcohol, benzene and NH3. It will show the air quality in PPM on the LCD and
as well as on webpage so that we can monitor it very easily. We have used MQ135 sensor
which is the best choice for monitoring Air Quality as it can detects most harmful gases and can
measure their amount accurately. In this IOT project, you can monitor the pollution level from
anywhere using your computer or mobile. We can install this system anywhere and can also
trigger some device when pollution goes beyond some level, like we can send alert SMS/mail to
the user.

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INDEX

Sr. Contents Page No.

No.

1. INTRODUCTION 7

1.1. History of IOT based monitoring system 9

1.2. Objectives 9

1.3. Scope of project 11

1.4. Motivation 11

1.5. Significance 12

1.6. Benefits of IOT based ambient air quality monitoring system 13

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 16

3. METHODOLOGY 19

3.1. Components of system 21

3.2. Design Specifications 24

3.3. Information of MQ 135 Sensor 25

3.4. Working Principle 27

3.5. MQ 135 Semiconductor sensor for air quality 29

3.6. MQ 135 Gas sensor pinout 33

3.6.1. How to connect MQ 135 sensor with Arduino ? 34

3.6.2. Testing the connection of MQ 135 gas sensor with Arduino 35

3.6.3. The MQ 135 Gas Sensor Arduino code 35

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3.6.4. Advantages of MQ 135 Sensor 37

3.6.5. Disadvantages of MQ 135 Sensor 37

3.6.6. Air Quality index of Kolhapur 38

3.6.7. Summary of emission factors used in study 39

4. RESULTS 40

5. CONCLUSION 41

6. REFERENCE 42

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List of Tables

Sr. Table Description Page No.

No.
1. Air Quality Standard 8

2. Major air pollutants 11

3. Components required in system 24

4. Air quality index 27

5. Details of MQ 135 sensor 30

6. Storage Time 32

7. Air Quality Index of Kolhapur 38

8. Vehicular pollution 39

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List Of Figures
Sr. Figure Description Page No.
No.
1. Common Air Pollutants 10

2. Application areas of IOT 13

3. Gas sensor connection diagram 23

4. Connection of sensor 24

5. MQ 135 sensor 25

6. Detailed configuration of MQ 135 28

7. MQ 135 Air quality sensor 29

8. MQ 135 Sensor 33

9. Circuit diagram for MQ 135 gas sensor 34

10. Shivaji University ,Kolhapur 38

11. Dabholkar Corner, Kolhapur 39

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CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

In the world of automation, things are getting automated, but the adverse effect is
pollution. It is important to reduce the pollution level present in ambient air. Air pollution is the
introduction of chemicals, particulates, biological materials, or other harmful materials into the
earth’s atmosphere, possibly causing disease, death to humans, damage to other living
organisms in natural or built environment.

Internet Of Things reveals that people are a source of data and in its second version,
things or objects are creating data. It influences the computing and communication technology
in the future. The vision of IOT makes the objects smarter for a better and easy world. The
environmental data sampled and transmitted in time to the data center by air quality
monitoring. Internet acts as a backbone to IOT to connect with heterogeneous elements. IOT
has many applications in various domains like Smart Cities, Smart Homes, IOT in transportation,
IOT in Industries, Public Safety etc. This system will show the gases present in the atmospheric
air and their purity there off.

The system can be implemented in any kind of places like industries and houses, where
the gases are mostly to be found across the threshold limit, the system gives an alert message.
An alteration of air quality, which is characterized by the contents of chemical, biological or
physical pollutants in the air, is called air pollution. The quality of air is indicated by air quality
index. Air pollution is mainly impacting the process of plant evolution by preventing
photosynthesis, which leads to serious consequences in the purification of the air we are
breathing in. 'Criteria air pollutants' is one of the terms used to describe air pollutants, which
are the indicators of air quality. The regulations are based on criteria, which are related to
health and environmental effects.

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Table No. 1 – Air Quality Standards

NAME OF GAS SAFE LEVEL UNSAFE LEVEL

Carbon dioxide 250 to 350ppm Greater than 1000-2000ppm

Carbon monoxide 50ppm Greater than 101ppm

Nitrogen dioxide Less than 5ppm Greater than 5ppm

One of the major issues in India is air pollution. Before 2010, India’s pollutant emissions
were found to have decreased by over 10 percent. India has one of the better records in the
world, of an economy that is growing efficiently on CO2 emissions basis. In other words, over
the last 20 years, India has reduced CO2 emissions with each unit of Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) increase. Per Copenhagen Accord, India aims to further reduce emissions intensity of its
growing GDP by 20 to 25 percent before 2020, with technology transfer and international
cooperation. Nevertheless, it is expected, that like China, India’s absolute carbon dioxide
emissions will rise in years ahead, even as International Energy Agency’s Annex I countries
expect their absolute CO2 emissions to drop.

Traffic congestion is severe in India’s cities and towns. Traffic congestion is caused for
several reasons, some of which are: increase in number of vehicles per kilometer of available
road, a lack of intra-city divided-lane highways and intra-city expressways networks, lack of
inter-city expressways, traffic accidents and chaos from poor enforcement of traffic laws. Traffic
congestion reduces average traffic speed. At low speeds, scientific studies reveal, vehicles burn
fuel inefficiently and pollute more per trip. For example, a study in the United States found that
for the same trip, cars consumed more fuel and polluted more if the traffic was congested, than
when traffic flowed freely.

The MQ-135 is used to measure air quality. The MQ series of gas sensors use a small
heater inside with an electrochemical sensor. They are sensitive to a range of gasses

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and are used indoors at room temperature. The output is an analog signal and can be read with
an analog input of the Arduino. Also, the sensitivity can be adjusted by the potentiometer.
The MQ-135 alcohol sensor consists of a tin dioxide (SnO2), a perspective layer inside
aluminium oxide micro tubes and a heating element inside a tubular casing. The
end face of the sensor is enclosed by a stainless-steel net and the back side holds the
connection terminals. Ethyl alcohol present in the breath is oxidized into acetic acid passing
through the heater element.

1.1 History of IOT Based monitoring system:

IOT is newly developed technology in which the connectivity between physical objects
along with controllers, actuators and sensors synchronized over Internet. IOT able to provide
means to monitor the quality of parameters like Air, Noise, Temperature , Humidity and light. It
helps concern authorities to take action against pollution crossing beyond defined limits.

1.2 OBJECTIVES:
The main objective of the project is to provide a platform that monitors the parameters
and help to create better and pollution free future life.

➢ Monitoring the pollution levels.

➢ Controlling the pollution levels.
➢ We can monitor all the readings of contents in the air i.e. CO2, NO2, temperature and
other gases as well as water quality using PH sensor and sound in Db.

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Fig. 1. Common Air Pollutants

Carbon Nitrogen
monoxide Dioxide

Common Sulphur
Ground level
air Dioxide
ozone
pollutants

Particulate Volatile
matter organic
compounds

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Table No.- 2 Major Air Pollutants

Major Air Pollutants

Air pollutants Sources of pollutants

50 % Carbon Dioxide 49% Transportation

16% Sulfur Oxides 28% Electrical Utilities

15% Volatile organic 13% Industrial

compounds

14% Nitrogen Oxides 3% Solid waste

5% Suspended Particulate 7% Misc.

Matter

1.3. Scope of Project:

In future the project can be upgraded in more ways than one.

➢ Interface more number of sensors to know gases present in air.
➢ Design webpage and upload data on webpage.
➢ Interface SDCARD to store data.
➢ Interface GPS module to monitor the pollution.
➢ Provide air pollution data to the general public in a timely manner.
➢ Evaluate the effectiveness of emissions control strategies.

1.4. Motivation:

➢ Pollution quality monitoring is a prospective application domain which is of particular

value to our country.

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➢ Large cities with high concentration of industry, intensive transport networks and high
population density are major sources of pollution.
➢ Predicting pollution quality from multiple sources by using modelling is very
complicated.

1.5. Significance:

IOT based Air Pollution Monitoring System is used to monitor the Air Quality over a web
server using Internet. It will trigger an alarm when the air quality goes down beyond a certain
level, means when there are sufficient amount of harmful gases present in the air like CO2,
Smoke, alcohol, benzene, NH3 and NOx.

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Fig.-2 Application Areas of IOT

1.6. Benefits of IOT based ambient air quality monitoring system:

IOT is a sensor-based technology, which upon installing the advanced sensor devices at
appropriate places benefits the residents in numerous ways. These benefits include:

➢ Effective Air Monitoring:

In closed spaces, the advanced sensor devices get installed in the desired areas, which
work automatically. They instantly detect the presence of particulate matter or air pollutants

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in the air and trigger notifications on smart phones at once. This enables the authorities to
analyze the situation and act accordingly. Instant notifications allow the managers to monitor
the air quality and effectively handle the situation. The notifications are sent through SMSs
alerts or push messages on their smart devices so that they don’t miss out on anything and
keep the surroundings fresh enough for people to survive.

➢ Toxic Gas Detection:

The IOT-powered air quality monitoring system is well-equipped with advanced sensor
devices and gateway connectivity that is functioned to detect the presence of toxic gases
within the premises. The solution is interlinked with the smart device of the user and allows
him to take immediate actions in case of disasters. Thus, an IOT-powered system is an
essential add-on in the industry to reduce the chances of gas explosions, fire hazards, and
other naturally occurring calamities. The industry managers have complete control over the
IOT-solution and can take appropriate actions as soon as they receive emergency triggers on
their devices, thus reducing the maintenance and operational costs of the industry.

➢ Temperature and Humidity Measurement:

IOT technology is an effective concept that contributes to measuring the temperature
and humidity ratio within any industrial premises. It helps the authorities in maintaining a
proper ambiance required for the workers to work under certain environmental conditions by
keeping real-time control on the IOT-powered solution. The temperature and humidity
monitoring helps analyze the situation and maintains a favorable environment as required.
Moreover, in the case of mining industries, an IOT-powered air quality monitoring system
detects the oxygen levels, thereby keeping the employees safe in case of any decrease in the
levels. It allows them to evacuate the premises as soon as there is any decrease in the oxygen
levels.

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➢ Human Health:

Whether closed or open premises, human health gets affected by the increase in air
pollutants or particulate matter. Thus, installing an air quality monitoring system helps
monitor the presence of pollutants, resulting in better environmental conditions for humans
to reside. This also impacts their health and reduces the chances of occurring any health
issues by maintaining a moderate ambiance or as required. Hence, IOT-powered solutions
provide better services to the industrialists, which in turn, provides better services to their
customers. It creates a positive impact on human health by eliminating unwanted air
pollutants and particulate matter by allowing the authorities to take decisions according to
the situation.

An IOT-powered air quality monitoring system consists of sensor devices and gateway
connectivity that offers a data-driven approach to monitor air quality. The solution is fully
equipped with necessary devices and advanced techniques to ensure fresher surroundings free
from air pollutants and other toxic components spread in the air. It can be easily installed in
appropriate places from where it triggers the authorities to take necessary actions whenever
required. It is a must-have for the industrial premises to enhance the safety of the employees
and keep them healthy under different working conditions.

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CHAPTER – 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

1. IOT BASED AIR POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM USING NODE MCU:

Arduino Poonam Pal, Ritik Gupta, Sanjana Tiwari, Ashutosh Sharma. The level of
pollution has increased with times by lot of factors like the increase in population,
increased vehicle use, industrialization and urbanization which results in harmful effects
on human wellbeing by directly affecting health of population exposed to it. In order to
monitor In this project we are going to make an IOT Based Air Pollution Monitoring
System in which we will monitor the Air Quality over a web server using internet and
will trigger a alarm when the air quality goes down beyond a certain level, means when
there are sufficient amount of harmful gases are present in the air like CO2, smoke,
alcohol, benzene and NH3. It will show the air quality in PPM on the LCD and as well as
on webpage so that we can monitor it very easily. In this IOT project, you can monitor
the pollution level from anywhere using your computer or mobile.

2. IOT Based Air Pollution Monitoring System:

Harsh N. Shah , Zishan Khan , Abbas Ali Merchant , Moin Moghal , Aamir Shaikh ,
Priti Rane Student Of Diploma in Computer Engineering, BGIT, Mumbai Central, India
Assistant Professor, BGIT, Mumbai Central, India Air pollution is the biggest problem of
every nation, whether it is developed or developing. Health problems have been growing
at faster rate especially in urban areas of developing countries where industrialization
and growing number of vehicles leads to release of lot of gaseous pollutants. Harmful
effects of pollution include mild allergic reactions such as irritation of the throat, eyes
and nose as well as some serious problems Air Quality Monitoring System 3 like
bronchitis, heart diseases, pneumonia, lung and aggravated asthma. According to
survey, due to air pollution 50,000 to 100,000 premature deaths per year occur in the
U.S. alone. Whereas in EU number reaches to 300,000 and over 3,000,000 worldwide.

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IOT Based Air Pollution Monitoring System monitors the Air quality over a web server
using Internet and will trigger an alarm when the air quality goes down beyond a certain
threshold level, means when there are sufficient amount of harmful gases present in the
air like CO2, smoke, alcohol, benzene, NH3, LPG and NOx. It will show the air quality in
PPM on the LCD and as well as on webpage so that it can monitor it very easily.

3. IOT Based Air Quality Monitoring System:

Ch.V.Saikumar, M.Reji, P.C.Kishoreraja, Department of ECE ,Saveetha School of
Engineering Saveetha University, Chennai, India The main objective of this project is to
monitor the air eminence in industrial and urban areas. The proposed outline includes a
set of gas sensors (CO, and NO2) that are positioned on masses and structure of a IOT
(Internet of things) and a dominant server to support both short-range realtime incident
management and a continuing deliberate planning. In this Arduino platform is used to
communicate the data simply and quickly. WSN (Wireless sensor network) acts as the
trans receiver. This provide a real-time low rate monitoring system over the use of low
rate, low information rate, and little control wireless communication technology. The
projected monitoring system can be transferred to or shared by different applications.
Through IOT we can able to visualize the values from the globe. The problem in this
paper is they haven’t calibrated the sensor and not even converted the sensor output
value into PPM. As per the guidelines by UN Data, 0-50 is SAFE value and 51-100 is
moderate. Delhi is the most polluted city in the world recorded 350PPM. While using
two sensors, as both sensors have internal heat element, it draws more power(P= VxI),
so though the both sensors are turned ON, its output voltage levels varies and shows
unpredicted values due to insufficient drive. So we used a 9V battery and a 7805 family
REGULATOR for the CO sensor MQ7. For MQ135 we have given the power from Arduino
only.

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4. Arduino Based Weather Monitoring System:

Karthik Krishnamurthi, Suraj Thapa, Lokesh Kothari, Arun Prakash Department of
Computer Science, Christ University, Bangalore, India This Paper makes use of 3 sensors
to measure the weather/environment factors such as temperature, humidity, light
intensity, dew point and heat index. The values read from the sensors are processed by
the Arduino micro-controller and stored in a text file which can be processed upon to
derive analysis. The readings are also displayed on an on board LCD for quick viewing. All
these readings can be analyzed to get the weather characteristics of a particular area
and record the weather pattern. These recorded parameters are essential and vary from
places to places.

5. IOT Based Air Pollution Monitoring System:

Riteeka Nayak , Malaya Ranjan Panigrahy , Vivek Kumar Rai , T Appa Rao. The
level of pollution has increased with times by lot of factors like the increase in
population, increased vehicle use, industrialization and urbanization which results in
harmful effects on human wellbeing by directly affecting health of population exposed
to it. In order to monitor In this project we are going to make an IOT Based Air Pollution
Monitoring System in which we will monitor the Air Quality over a web server using
internet and will trigger a alarm when the air quality goes down beyond a certain level,
means when there are sufficient amount of harmful gases are present in the air like CO2,
smoke, alcohol, benzene and NH3. It will show the air quality in PPM on the LCD and as
well as on webpage so that we can monitor it very easily we have used MQ135 sensor
which is the best choice for monitoring Air Quality as it can detects most harmful gases
and can measure their amount accurately. In this IOT project, you can monitor the
pollution level from anywhere using your computer or mobile. This paper assumed
completely wrong assumption where they have showed the output 997PPM as the fresh
air, where Delhi which is the most polluted city recording 350PPM.

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CHAPTER – 3

METHODOLOGY
In general the implementation of the proposed system was guided by Rapid
Application Development model (RAD) [7]. RAD is a type of incremental model as depicted in
Fig. 1. The RAD methodology involves four (4) main phases which are requirements planning,
user design, construction and testing and cutover. The details of each phases are described as
follows.

A) Requirements Planning:
The objective of this phase is a process to determine the needs of the study such
as establishment of the problem statement, scope, objectives, data and functional
requirements, and types of hardware and software used in the implementation.

1) Data Requirement:
The input of the system is the air quality sensor MQ-135, temperature and
humidity sensor DHT-22. The MQ-135 sensor is used to sense the air quality which
comprises of chemical substances such as ammonia (NH3), nitrogen oxide (NOX),
alcohol, benzene and other harmful gases. The concentration scope of the detection for
benzene vapour and ammonia (NH3) are 10ppm to 1000ppm and 10ppm to 300ppm
respectively, whereas the DHT-22 is used to sense the temperature and humidity in the
air in degree Celsius and percentage. The output of the system is a notification email
alert and online data display and storage.

2) Software Requirement:
The main programming language used was Python. It was for code development
of the system. It was integrated with several modules to realize the system’s
functionalities. Other related software requirements were Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML) and Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) for web development that incorporated with
open source Thing Speak [8] cloud storage. Thing Speak requires an Application
Programming Interface (API) in order to provide web services for connecting things or
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objects such as storing and retrieving data from the sensors using Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) at port 80 over the Internet. As for the alert notification part, the
system communicated with Google e-mail server for e-mail service of personal account.
Planning, user design, construction and testing.

3) Hardware Requirement:
The core development of this IOT device comprised of a credit-card sized
microprocessor computer i.e. Raspberry Pi 2 [9] that plugs into the monitor and a
keyboard. It is the processing device used in this system. Another key component is the
sensor. A sensor is a device that can detect and sense some specific input from the
physical environment such as light, heat, motion, moisture, and pressure. The output of
the sensor is usually converted the signal to human-readable display at the sensor
location or transmitted electronically using network environment for viewing or further
processing. In this case, low cost MQ-135 air quality gas sensor and DHT-22
temperature and humidity sensor were used in the implementation with additional
hardware such as Wi-Fi module for wireless communication, LEDs for indicator,
MCP3008 component for analogue to digital converter, breadboard, and jumper wires.

A. User Design:
In user design phase, model and prototype that represent all system processes,
inputs, and outputs are developed. User design is a continuous interactive process that
allows users to understand and modify a working model of the system that meets their
needs. In this study, the air quality monitoring system model and prototype were
developed based on system operations, inputs and outputs. The design for the proposed
system is illustrated in Fig. 2. It demonstrates the integration of the sensors, LEDs, Internet
and cloud storage with the processing platform i.e. Raspberry Pi 2 microprocessor.

B. Construction:
The objective of the construction phase is to carry out the detailed plan of the
proposed scheme. The design of the proposed system is initially described in the user

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design phase and completed in construction phase. In this research, the construction was
divided into three (3) parts. The first part was to configure all hardware and program the
Raspberry Pi 2 board based on the design to ensure the system works properly. Next, the
cloud storage was configured so that the data acquisition can be stored in the cloud. The
last part was the notification part; where a client and an e-mail server were configured in
this system and alert notification message was sent to the user. The process cycles between
the user design phase and construction until final prototype is created illustrates the flow of
the proposed system, whereas demonstrates the example of hardware connectivity, in this
case is MQ-135 gas sensor to the Raspberry Pi board.

C. Testing and Cutover:

In testing and cutover phase, the system combines the software and hardware
components in order to acquire a complete system and test the system’s functionalities.
The hardware prototype and the web page developed in Thing Speak cloud storage were
tested together to ensure all sensors, e-mail and LEDs work properly based on the setup
function. In this proposed system, the level of the air pollution was set in the construction
step accordingly as indicated . It is a simplified setting of Air Quality Index (AQI) level .

3.1. Components of system:

1) Arduino Uno:

Arduino UNO is developed by Arduino.cc which is an open source microcontroller board

which is completely based on the microchip AT mega328P. It can detect the surroundings of the
input.
Features:
Its needs an operating voltage of 5v.The flash memory of the Arduino is 32 KB. It has an
analog i/p pins that are 6.

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2) Breadboard:
A breadboard is a construction base, which is used for the prototyping of electronics. It
is easy to create temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design.
Features:
Breadboard dimensions are 6.5*4.4*0.3 inch. It has a withstanding voltage of 1,000V AC
/ 1 minute.

3) Light-emitting diode (LED):

When current flow through the semiconductor light source, it emits light. The energy
required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor determines the colour of the
light.
Features:
The LEDs are durable against impact and vibration. They are extremely efficient low
energy light sources.

4) LCD (liquid crystal display):

This is a basic (16x2) 16 character by a 2-line display, which has green text on black
background. It is used to indicate the Air and its quality in PPM.
Features:
Every character can be build with a 5×8-pixel box. These are obtained in Blue & Green
Backlight.

5) MQ135 gas sensor:

The MQ135 sensor is used in the air quality monitoring system. It can sense NH3, Nox,
alcohol, Benzene, smoke, CO2, and some other gases. It gives the output in the form of voltage
levels.
Features:
Wide detecting scope. It can be used as a digital or analog sensor.

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6) Sim 900a gsm module:

GSM modem is otherwise said as GSM module, which gives different type of output with
the help of PCB, connected to the module. The SIM900 is a complete Quad-band GSM or GRPS
solution in a SMT module.
Features
Single supply voltage: 3.4V – 4.5V. It sends a Short message service (SMS)

Fig. No. - 3 Gas sensor connection diagram

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3.2. Design Specification:

Table No. -3 Components Required in system

COMPONENT REQUIRED QUANTITY

Arduino UNO 1

MQ 135 Sensor 1

16*2 LCD Screen 1

ESP 8266 Wi-Fi Module 1

Bread Board 1

10K Potentiometer 1

1K Ohm Resistor 1

220 Ohm Resistor 3

Connecting Wires Any Amount

Fig. 4 . Connection of Sensor

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3.3. Information of MQ 135 sensor:-

The MQ135 sensor can sense NH3, Nox, alcohol, Benzene, smoke, CO2 and some other
gases. Whenever the air pollution goes above the threshold level the Buzzer starts beeping
indicating danger.

Fig. No- 5 MQ 135 Sensor

➢ Where to use MQ-135 Gas sensor:-

The MQ-135 Gas sensors are used in air quality control equipments and are suitable for
detecting or measuring of NH3, Nox, Alcohol, Benzene, Smoke, CO2. The MQ-135 sensor
module comes with a Digital Pin which makes this sensor to operate even without a
microcontroller and that comes in handy when you are only trying to detect one particular gas.
If you need to measure the gases in PPM the analog pin need to be used. The analog pin is TTL
driven and works on 5V and so can be used with most common microcontrollers. If you are
looking for a sensor to detect or measure common air quality gases such as CO2, Smoke, NH3,
Nox, Alcohol, Benzene then this sensor might be the right choice for you.

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➢ How to use MQ-135 Sensors to detect gases:-

You can either use the digital pin or the analog pin to do this. Simply power the
module with 5V and you should notice the power LED on the module to glow and when no gas
it detected the output LED will remain turned off meaning the digital output pin will be 0V.
Remember that these sensors have to be kept on for pre-heating time (mentioned in features
above) before you can actually work with it. Now, introduce the sensor to the gas you want to
detect and you should see the output LED to go high along with the digital pin, if not use the
potentiometer until the output gets high. Now every time your sensor gets introduced to this
gas at this particular concentration the digital pin will go high (5V) else will remain low (0V).

You can also use the analog pin to achieve the same thing. Read the analog values (0-5V) using
a microcontroller, this value will be directly proportional to the concentration of the gas to
which the sensor detects. You can experiment with this values and check how the sensor reacts
to different concentration of gas and develop your program accordingly.

➢ MQ-135 Sensor Features:-

• Wide detecting scope
• Fast response and High sensitivity
• Stable and long life
• Operating Voltage is +5V
• Detect/Measure NH3, Nox, alcohol, Benzene, smoke, CO2, etc.
• Analog output voltage: 0V to 5V
• Digital output voltage: 0V or 5V (TTL Logic)
• Preheat duration 20 seconds
• Can be used as a Digital or analog sensor
• The Sensitivity of Digital pin can be varied using the potentiometer.

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3.4. Working Principle:

The quality of the air is recognized by the MQ135 gas sensor. It can sense NH3, Nox,
alcohol, benzene, smoke, CO2 and is effectively used in air pollution monitoring system. Once
the MQ135 sensor is connected with the Arduino, it will sense all the gases and pollution level
in ppm (parts per million). The sensor MQ135 will give us the output in the form of voltage V/m
which is converted into ppm. That conversion will be made only if the library for MQ135 gas
sensor is installed. In the absence of gas, the area will show us the value 90, whereas the air
quality safe level is 1000 ppm, once it exceeds the level of 1000 ppm, the gas will cause
headache, sleepiness, stuffy air, etc.
If the gas level exceeds 2000 ppm, it will cause increased heart rate and many other
diseases. When the gas level is less than 1000 ppm, the OLED which is connected with the
system will display as “Fresh Air” and the LED lights which is connected will be in “off” position.
In the meantime, an alert message will be sent to the mobile phone as “Fresh Air” with the help
of a GSM module installed in the system. When the gas level exceeds 1000 ppm, the LED starts
glowing and the OLED display as “Poor Air”. When the level exceeds beyond 2000 ppm, the LED
keeps glowing and an alert message with the content “Poor Air” and the quality of the polluted
air in ppm will be sent to the mobile. OLED and LED are the output devices. OLED shows the
data of the gas level in ppm and LED glows when the ppm exceeds the threshold limit. This is
the working principle of this type of air quality monitoring.

Table No – 4 Air Quality Index

Air Quality Index Level Of Health Concern

0 to 100 Good

101 to 150 Moderate

151 to 600 Unhealthy / Hazardous

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❖ Detail configuration of MQ 135 Sensor:

Fig. No.- 6 Detailed Configuration of MQ 135

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3.5. MQ 135 SEMICONDUCTOR SENSOR FOR AIR QUALITY:

Profile:
Sensitive material of MQ135 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower conductivity in
clean air. When target pollution gas exists, the sensor’s conductivity gets higher along with
the gas concentration rising. Users can convert the change of conductivity to correspond
output signal of gas concentration through a simple circuit. MQ135 gas sensor has high
sensitivity to ammonia gas, sulfide, benzene series steam, also can monitor smoke and
other toxic gases well. It can detect kinds of toxic gases and is a kind of low-cost sensor for
kinds of applications.

Features:
It has good sensitivity to toxic gas in wide range, and has advantages such as long
lifespan, low cost and simple drive circuit &etc.

Main Application:
It is widely used in domestic gas alarm, industrial gas alarm and portable gas
detector.

Fig No.- 7 MQ 135 Air quality sensor

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Table No.-5 Details of MQ 135 sensor

Model MQ 135

Sensor Type Semiconductor

Standard Encapsulation Bakelite, Metal cap

Ammonia gas, sulphide, benzene
Target Gas series steam
10~1000ppm (ammonia gas, toluene,
Detection range hydrogen, smoke )

Loop voltage VC ≤ 24V DC

Standard circuit Heater voltage VH 5.0V ±0.1v AC or DC
conditions Load Resistance RL Adjustable
Heater Resistance RH 29 Ω±3Ω (room temp.)
Heater
Sensor character Consumption PH ≤950 mW
under standard Sensitivity S Rs(in air )/Rs(in 400ppm H2) ≥5
test conditions Output voltage VS 2.0V~4.0V (in 400ppm H2)
Concentration α ≤0.6(R400ppm/R100ppmH2)
slope
Temp. Humidity 20°C±2°C; 55%±5%RH
Standard test Standard test circuit Vc:5.0 V ±0.1V;
conditions VH: 5.0 V±0.1V
Preheat time Over 48 hours

Cautions :
Following conditions must be prohibited:

➢ Exposed to organic silicon steam Sensing material will lose sensitivity and never recover if
the sensor absorbs organic silicon steam. Sensors must avoid exposing to silicon bond,
fixature, silicon latex, putty or plastic contain silicon environment.
➢ High Corrosive gas If the sensors are exposed to high concentration corrosive gas (such as
H2 S, SOX , Cl2, HCl, etc.), it will not only result in corrosion of sensors structure, also it
cause sincere sensitivity attenuation.

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➢ Alkali, Alkali metals salt, halogen pollution. The sensors performance will be changed badly
if sensors be sprayed polluted by alkali metals salt especially brine, or be exposed to
halogen such as fluorine.
➢ Touch water Sensitivity of the sensors will be reduced when spattered or dipped in water.
➢ Freezing Do avoid icing on sensor’s surface, otherwise sensing material will be broken and
lost sensitivity.
➢ Applied higher voltage Applied voltage on sensor should not be higher than stipulated
value, even if the sensor is not physically damaged or broken, it causes down-line or heater
damaged, and bring on sensors’ sensitivity characteristic changed badly.
➢ Voltage on wrong pins For 6 pins sensor, Pin 2&5 is heating electrodes, Pin (1,3)/(4,6) are
testing electrodes (Pin 1 connects with Pin 3, while Pin 4 connects with Pin 6).If apply
voltage on Pin 1&3 or 4&6, it will make lead broken; and no signal putout if apply on pins
2&4.

Following conditions must be avoided :

➢ Water Condensation:
Indoor conditions, slight water condensation will influence sensors’ performance
lightly. However, if water condensation on sensors surface and keep a certain period,
sensors’ sensitive will be decreased.
➢ Used in high gas concentration:
No matter the sensor is electrified or not, if it is placed in high gas concentration
for long time, sensors characteristic will be affected. If lighter gas sprays the sensor, it
will cause extremely damage.
➢ Long time storage:
The sensors resistance will drift reversibly if it’s stored for long time without
electrify, this drift is related with storage conditions. Sensors should be stored in
airproof bag without volatile silicon compound. For the sensors with long time storage
but no electrify, they need long galvanical aging time for stability before using. The
suggested aging time as follows:
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Table No. - 6 Storage time

Storage Time Suggested aging time

Less than one month No less than 48 hours

1~6 months No less than 72 hours

More than six months No less than 168 hours

➢ Long time exposed to adverse environment :

No matter the sensors electrified or not, if exposed to adverse environment for
long time, such as high humidity, high temperature, or high pollution etc., it will
influence the sensors’ performance badly.
➢ Vibration :
Continual vibration will result in sensors down-lead response then break. In
transportation or assembling line, pneumatic screwdriver/ultrasonic welding machine
can lead this vibration.
➢ Concussion:
If sensors meet strong concussion, it may lead its lead wire disconnected.
➢ Usage Conditions:
For sensor, handmade welding is optimal way. The welding conditions as
follow:
• Soldering flux: Rosin soldering flux contains least chlorine
• Homothermal soldering iron
• Temperature： 250℃
• Time：less than 3 seconds

❖ If users choose wave-soldering, the following conditions should be obey:

• Soldering flux: Rosin soldering flux contains least chlorine
• Speed: 1-2 Meter/ Minute
• Warm-up temperature：100 ± 20℃

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• Welding temperature：250 ± 10℃

• One time pass wave crest welding machine
• If disobey the above using terms, sensors sensitivity will reduce.

3.6 . MQ 135 Gas Sensor Pinout:

There are 4 pins in the MQ-135 gas sensor. The sensor can output both digital and analog
signals. The operating voltage of the MQ-135 gas sensor is 5 volts. The pins are:

• VCC (+5 volt)

• GND (-)
• Digital Out
• Analog Out

Fig. No. – 8 MQ 135 Gas Sensor Pinout

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3.6.1. How to connect MQ 135 Sensor with Arduino ?

Let's discuss the project plan and how to connect the MQ-135 Gas Sensor with
Arduino. The story is simple. We are going to connect the MQ-135 gas sensor with Arduino to
detect Gas. If the sensor picks unusual gas in the environment, we will start a buzzer as an
alarm. We can also send SMS using the GSM module. But, in this project, we will only play a
buzzer. We will also include one red and one green LED.

We are going to receive analog value from the sensor. We used the Arduino A5 pin. So
we connected the A5 pin with the 4th pin in the sensor. The sensor GND and VCC goes to
Arduino GND and 5volt. We have connected the buzzer with Arduino digital D10 pin. The Green
and Red LED connected with D11 and D12 pin of Arduino.

Fig. No.- 9 Circuit diagram for MQ 135 gas sensor

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3.6.2. Testing the connection of MQ-135 Gas Sensor with Arduino:

Now it's time to test the project. To test the circuit, we have to upload Arduino code
using Arduino IDE. I will attach an Arduino scratch. Upload the program open serial monitor.
You will get the results in the serial monitor.

3.6.3. The MQ-135 Gas Sensor Arduino Code:

Here is the Arduino code for interfacing of MQ-135 gas sensor with Arduino.

/*
// visit www.programmingboss.com for more projects
// Visit and subscribe our YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/hacks360
*/
int sensorValue;
int buzzerPin = 10;
int greenLED = 11;
int redLED = 12;
int sensorPin = 5;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // sets the serial port to 9600
pinMode(buzzerPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(greenLED, OUTPUT);
pinMode(redLED, OUTPUT);
pinMode(sensorPin, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); // read analog input pin A5
Serial.print("AirQuality Value: ");

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Serial.println(sensorValue, DEC); // prints the value read

if (sensorValue > 600) {

digitalWrite(greenLED, LOW);
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH);
digitalWrite(redLED, HIGH);
Serial.println("Alert!!!");
delay(2000); // wait 2000ms
}
else {
digitalWrite(greenLED, HIGH);
digitalWrite(redLED, LOW);
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW);
Serial.println("Normal");
delay(500); // wait 500ms
}
delay(100); // wait 100ms for next reading
}

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3.6.4. Advantages of MQ 135 sensor:

• Sensors are easily available.

• Simple, compact, easy to handle.

• Sensors have long life and less cost.

• Quality of air can be checked indoor as well as outdoor.

• Detecting a wide range of physical parameters including temperature ,humidity and carbon
dioxide.

• Easy to Install
• Updates On mobile phone directly
• Accurate Pollution monitoring
• Remote location monitoring.

3.6.5.Disadvantages of MQ 135 sensor:

• As this devices are interconnected via internet there are possibilities that they can get
hacked or monitored by malicious users or can be tracked by other systems as well. So
the security of the recorded data can be an issue using this type of devices.

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3.6.6. Air Quality Index Of Kolhapur:

Table no. – 7 Air Quality index of Kolhapur

Sampling SO2 µg/m3 NO2 µg/m3 RSPM SPM µg/m3

location
Sr. No. µg/m3
CPCB Limits 50 40 60 140

1 Shivaji 10.47 16.26 58.52 126.42

University ±2.68 ±3.30 ±13.48 ±32.70
2 Dabholkar 26.39 38.26 145.64 489.30
Corner ±4.88 ±12.33 ±52.28 ±191.86
3 Mahadwar 23.38 31.42 123.73 410.57
Road ±5.22 ±10.41 ±42.47 ±163.17

Fig. No.- 10 Shivaji University, Kolhapur

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Fig No.- 11 Dabholkar Corner, Kolhapur

3.6.7. Summary of emissions factors used in study:

Table No – 8 Vehicular Pollution

Type of vehicles Emission factors (g/km)

SPM SO2
Two wheeler 0.05 0.013
Three wheeler 0.20 0.029
Four wheeler 0.03 0.053
Heavy duty 0.20 1.42

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CHAPTER NO. - 4

Results

Air quality monitoring is a device that is operated with the help of MQ135 gas sensor
and a software called Arduino. Arduino UNO is kind of a CPU and it has a microcontroller in
which the Arduino program which is feed is getting stored. Voltage applied to the Arduino
board is 5v and the voltage is supplied to Arduino with the USB connecter present in it. To the
Arduino MQ135 sensor is connected to verify the purity of the air. The sensor has a copper
inside it and so it sense restlessly since it does not have a on and off keys. The sensor gives the
value continuously but as the program that is given to Arduino displays the reading in the LCD
and mobile only after storing five values to itself and display us the average of the five readings.
The values displayed is visible in LCD since we have connected the LCD to the Arduino UNO with
the help of breadboard. Just getting the values in ppm in LCD is the first step that we have
done. It shows the quality of air around us and the measurement of the quality in ppm. Using
this we have checked the quality of air in the college campus of different blocks. We used to
take the device to the certain place and we get the reading. But this type of monitoring system
helps us get the information without our presence which results in sending text messages to
our mobile phone when needed to know the status of air in a particular place. For this we have
used GSM module. In that we have sim plate, the sim is placed there and when the we need to
know the range of air, we have to send a text message to the sim inserted to the sim plate and
we get the result message when the requested message is collected by the antenna. This GSM
module gets the data from the microcontroller that is present in the Arduino and sends it to our
mobile as a text message. Result obtained in the end of the experiment is the amount of
polluted air in our environment which is displayed in ppm. We get a text message from the
GSM module which is connected to the device. The text message not only gives us the amount
or the quality of the air it also says the status of air whether it is fresh or poor in quality. We can
also get to know the reading or the quality of air through the LCD.

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CHAPTER NO - 5

Conclusion
This report is about a Wired Sensor Network (WSN) based air quality monitoring system
using IOT and gas sensors MQ135. It is a very simple system as compared to other existing air
quality monitoring systems. Usually Changes in pollutant level are responded in a very slow
process by sensor, causing pollutant strikes. The systems is low in cost with low consumption of
power, compact, and result in a high level of accuracy. It will be used to monitor the
environment with remote-friendly sensors. Basically indoor air quality is two to five times
higher than that of outdoor air quality. Usage of more chemical households and fresheners for
air results in degrading the quality of indoor air. Many solution have been proposed to find out
the pollutant with the use of mobile which has sensors of low cost. This project can also be
used for pollution monitoring purposes in all the places. In future, this kind of prototypes can
extend to real-time implementations in urban cities and Furthermore air pollutants can be
found.

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CHAPTER NO - 6

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