ay Designation: € 44 ~75 Standard Definitions of Terms Relating to HEAT TREATMENT OF METALS’ This Sunda i ued under be fed desiration 4: he eat of anginal adapaon om the cae of feion he 9ent flat eupproal umber immesitly omg she designation indicates the Test reuion. A aumber n parents indicate he vent Theve Deinions were prepared joints by ihe America Societe for Meas, Soviet of Automotive Engineers, Amerian Foumarimen's actston and American Socie for Tong Tempera Aca, Aci Acs. Aee—See transformation temperature, age hardening—hardening by aging, usually after rapid cooling or cold working. See ug- ing. aging—a change in the properties of certain metals and alloys that occurs at ambient oF moderately elevated temperatures after hot working or a heat treatment (queach aging in ferrous alloys, natural or artificial aging in ferrous and nonferrous alloys) or alter a cold-working operation (strain aging). The change in properties is often, but aot always, due to a phase change (precipitation), but never involves a change in chemical compo: sition of the metals or alloys. See also age hardening, artificial aging, natural aging, overaging, precipitation hardening, precipi- {ation beat treatment, progressive aging, quench aging, and strain aging. amealing—neating to and holding at a suit able temperature and then cooling at a suit- able rate, for such purposes a8 reduci hardness, improving machinabilty,facilitat- ing cold working, producing a desired mi- restructure, or obtaining desired mechani ‘a physical, or other properties. When applicable, the following more specifi terms should be used: Inmet anesing ug thane Deen omit parptey fom shese defo, which are nat intendd at rpecifcaons tnd shold Definitions of the above terms are given be- low i their alphabetic positions. When applied to ferrous alloys, the term “annealing,” without qualification, implies full annealing When applied to nonferrous alloys, the term “annealing” implies a heat treatment designed to soften a cold-worked structure by reerystallizauon ot subsequent grain {growth or to soften an age-hacdened alloy by causing a nearly complete precipitation fof the second phase in relatively coarse form. Any process of annealing will usually re- duce stresses but if the treatment is applied for the sole purpose of such relief it should be designated stress relieving, Ara, An, Ars, Areo-See transformation temperature, Artificial aging—aging above room temper tute, See aging and precipitation heat tr meat. Compare with natural aging. sustempering—quenching a ferrous alloy from a temperature above the transformation range in a medium having a rate of heat ab- "These definitions ar uader the jurdiion of ASTM. CCommiice Es on Mesbograshy c Its. 26, 1975, Publ ted a5 E46 ST Lam pe Sourediion € cf 39Oy straction high enough to prevent the forma- tion of high-temperature transformation products, and then holding the alloy, until transformation is complete, at a tempera-* ture below that of pearlite formation and above that of martensite formation, ‘mestenitizing—forming austenite by heating 4 ferrous alloy into the transformation range (partial austenitizing) or above the trans formation range (complete austenitizing) bbaking—beating to a low temperature in order to remove gases. black annealing—box annealing or pot anneal- ing ferrous alloy sheet, sirip, oF wire, See box annealing ‘blank carburizing—simulating the carburizing ‘operation without introducing carbon. This is usually accomplished by using an inert ‘material in place of the carburizing agent, ‘of by applying a suitable protective coating to the ferrous alloy blank nitriding—simulating the nitriding op- eration without introducing nitrogen. This is usually accomplished by using an inert material in place of the nitriding agent, oF by applying a suitable protective coating to the ferrous alloy blue annesling—heating hot-rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to # temperature within the transformatior range and then cooling in air, in order to soften the metal ‘The formation of a bluish oxide on the sur face is incidental, Dluing—subjecting the scale-free surface of a ferrous alloy to the action of air, steam of ther agents at a suitable temperature, thus forming a thin blue film of oxide and im- proving the appearance and resistance to Nore—This term is ordinarily applied to shee, suri. of Gished parts, It is used ali to denote the heating of springs after fabrication, in order to im prove their properties box annealing—annealing a metal of alloy in sealed container under conditions that ‘minimize oxidation, In box annealing a fer- rous alloy, the charge is usually heated slowly to # temperature below the trans: formation range, but sometimes above of within it, and is then cooled slowly: this process is also perature, solution heat trestment—heating an alloy 10 ‘a suitable temperature, holding at that tem: perature long enough to cause one or more constituents to enter into solid solution and. then cooling rapidly enough to hold these constituents in solution. spheroidizing—heating and cooling to produce ‘spheroidal of globular form of earbide in ‘eel. Spheroidizing methods frequents used are (U) Prolonged holding at 2 temperature just below Ae; (2) Heating and cooling alternately be- tween temperatures that are just above and just below Ae, (2) Heating to a temperature above Ae, ‘or Ae, and then cooling very slowly in the furnace or holding at a tem perature just below Ae. Cooling at a suitable rate from the minimum temperature at which all carbide is dissolved, to prevent the reformation of a carbide network. and then reheating in accordance @ 124 £43 with method (1) oF (2) above. (App cable to hypereutecoid steel conta ing a carbide network.) srry quenhingauenching na epray of stabilizing treatment—any treatment intend to stabilize the structure of an alloy or t1 dimensions of a part. (1) heating austenitic stainless steels th contain titanium, columbium, oF tantaly to # suitable temperature below that of full anneat in order to inactivate the max ‘mum amount of carbon by precipitation + {carbide of titanium, columbium, or ta talus (2) transforming retained austenite parts made from tool stel (2) precipitating a constituent from nor ferrous solid solution to improve the work ability, t0 decrease the tendency of eertai alloys to age hatden at room temperature. or 10 obtain dimensional stability sarain aging—aging induoed by cold workin, See aging ‘41055 relicting—heating to a suitable tempe ature, holding long enough to reduce resi tal stresses and then cooling slowly enoug to minimize the development of new rese ual stresses surface hardening—a generic term coverit several processes applicable to a suitab ferrous alloy that. produces by quens hardening only, a surface layer that harder oF more wear resistant than the cor There is no significant alteration of th chemical composition of the surface lave The processes commonly used are inductio hardening, Name hardening, and shell hae ening. Use of the applicable specific pros essname is preferred temper britleness—britleness that result ‘hen certain steels ace held within, oF at noted slowly through, & certain range ¢ Temperature below the transformatio range. The brittleness is revealed b notched-bar impact tests at of below roo! temperature tempering—(/) reheating a quench hardene ‘of normalized ferrous alloy to a tempers lure below the transformation range (Ae, and then cooling at any dested sate. (2 4 term used in conjunction with a gu yintb adjective to designate the relative properties (of a particular metal ot alloy induced by cold work or heat treatment, or both. ne quesching—interrupted quenching io which the duration of holding in the quench- ing medium is controlled. ansformation ranges or transformation tem- perature ranges—those ranges of tempera ture within which austenite forms daring heating and transforms during cooling. The two ranges are distinct, sometimes overlap- ping but never coinciding. The limiting tem= peratures of the ranges depend on the com- position of the alloy and on the cate of change of temperature, particularly during cooling. See transformation temperature. ansformation temperature—ihe temperature at which a change in phase occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting tem- perature of a transformation range. The fol- Towing symbols are used for icon and steels: Acai hypercutectoid steel, the tem= erature at which the solution of ce- mentite in austenite is completed dur ing heating Aey=the temperature at which austenite begins to form during heating. Aes—the temperature at which transfor mation of ferrite to austenite is com- foes pleted during heating. Acx—the temperature at which austenite transforms to delta ferrite during heat- ing. Ae, Aés, Aen, Aeethe temperatures of phase changes at equilibrium. hypereutectoid steel, the tem- erature at which precipitation of ce- mentite starts during cooling Armibe temperature at which transfor- mation of austenite to ferrite or to fer- rite plus cementite is completed during cooling, Aremthe temperature at which austenite begins to transform to ferrite during cooling, ‘Are—the temperature at which delta fer- rite transforms to austenite during cool- ing Mymthe temperature at which transfor- mation of austenite to martensite starts during cooling, Mr—ihe temperature, during cooling, at Which transformation of austenite to martensite is substantially completed Nore—All these changes except the formation of martensite oceur at lower temperatures desing ooling than during heating, and depend On the Pe of change of temperature This andar sub revision at any ime by he rezponuble echnical cmmines and mast be reviewed every fve ertand if ovens. ther reapproved or mandrown, Your ronment attired eke for resin sf hs andor ob ‘stoned tandards dnd thou be addres 6 ASTM Heasquarr® Your comment wll nerve cershd consideration imei of the responsible ecicalcommanee, whch yuma een Ifyou ra our commen hare rot tecved fac hearing you thovdd make your webs inown io he ASTM Commute om Santas 1316 Rae St, Phaselphs, Po Od which il schedule a furher hearing reerding your omamena: Fong taaracion there, You may appeal 12 he ‘STM Board of Orecor, Rs