Slide 1: So far in our discussions, we have already talked about the arts of prehistory, the classical ages, the medieval ages, and the magnificent renaissance. Good day, everyone! | am ma‘am Liz bringing you the discussion of the third part of the fourth module. Today our discussion will focus on the Arts of the 18" to 19" Century. Slide 2: There were a lot of major key events that caused significant changes in the course of humanity and the arts during this period. These were mostly wars that ignited a shift from the ‘medieval school of thought to the Age of Reason. The best example is the French Revolution which will be discussed further more, Slide 3: Now we go further with The Age of Reason or Enlightenment. In this period, the people had enough of the unjustness of the monarchs that they started to stand up and demand for a ‘good and orderly civilization, this then led to the french revolution during 1789 which followed to the execution of King Louis XVI and Maria Antoinette with the use of a guillotine as they were found guilty of treason. Fun fact, french guillotine is also known as the “national guillotine” in France and it was created by Dr. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin out of compassion. He proposed that the French government should adopt a “gentler” method of execution. Guillotin argued that decapitation by a lightning-quick machine would be more humane and egalitarian than sword and axe beheadings, which were often botched. The following event then was the Reign of Terror, and in this period, in simplest terms, it means “terror on the order of the day”. For the government to maintain stable ruling, they started executing anyone whom they think is or might be a great threat to the cause. By the time Reign of Terror ended, the total number of people that were executed was 17,000. These events then led to giving the power to the people that was before held by the monarchs. Alongside with these events, they adopted this worldview that Reason must be in rule over Passion, Slide 4: The Arts and Sciences during the age of reason also evolved into something that favored a cohesive civilization as opposed to mere individual interest and the irrational. Meaning, the school of thoughts that were formed are based completely on science and careful observations unlike from the previous school of thought that solely relied on religion and blind faith, Alongside with itis the rapidly growing scientific thought in the 1700s, the Enlightenment emphasized a literature of restraint, order, and classicism. Classicism in basic definition is the principles or style embodied in the literature, art, or architecture of ancient Greece and Rome. Meanwhile in America, the embodiment of the Enlightenment period is none other than. Benjamin Franklin. His method of clear, practical thinking and writing, not to mention his dedication to invention and contribution to the development of the US' independence from Great Britain is enough to give him that ttle. fe 5: One of the famous individuals during the Enlightenment is Denis Diderot. Denis Diderot is one of the most influential intellectuals during this period. He is a french philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the Encyclopédie. Encyclopedie is considered to be the start of society's de-christianization, why?Because it contains all the thoughts of individuals who advocate the alternative way of thinking beyond christian’s way of life. Slide 6: Ofcourse, the transition to the Age of Enlightenment from the Medieval period is not as smooth as we think 50, so during this period, executions for the fact that you go against the church are still present. One unfortunate man named Frangois-Jean Lefebvre de la Barre experienced this circumstance. He was tortured and beheaded before his body was burnt on a pyre along with Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary nailed to his torso because he was accused of blasphemy, although word of mouth said that the main reason as to why he was executed was because he didn't salute a Roman Catholic person. Of Course due to this, Voltaire (a philosopher like Denis) denounced the arbitrary nature of justice Slide 7: During the Age of Enlightenment, an art movement was created and it was Rococo art. This movement began when the French King, Louis XIV, demanded more youthful art to be produced under his reign. Rococo art forms have characteristics such as heavy use of ornament, curved lines and the use of a gold and pastel-based palette, Additionally, forms are often asymmetrical and the themes are playful, even witty, rather than political. Themes relating to myths of love as well as portraits and idyllic landscapes typify Rococo painting. The first to use Rococo style was painter Antoine Watteau. Watteau's paintings show a make believe world filled with happy men and women, As these are the common themes in Rococo movement Slide 8: In terms of Buildings, a new form of architecture was also formed in this century, and it's the Jeffersonian Architecture. Jeffersonian is an American form of Neo-Classicism or Neo- Palladianism created by none other than Thomas Jefferson. He was influenced by the classical style of Andrea Palladio, who emphasized symmetry, proportion, and the use of columns. That's why if you noticed the example on the slide, Symmetry, proportion, and utilization of columns are quite evident in Jeffersonian Buildings. In the Philippines, there are some Jeffersonian architecture present as well such as the National Museum of Natural History, National Museum of Fine Arts and National Museum of Anthropology. Slide 9: Moving forward to the 19th Century. For quite some time the age of enlightenment has helped people make valuable decisions that improved their way of living, however time passed and people started looking for more as they fee! that reasoning alone is not enough to weigh life choices and one of those is Edmund Burke. He asked “what does reason fall to address?” and that students are our emotions, and so Romanticism was born. The literature of the late 1700s began to show both a loosening of the order and restraint of the written form, and a growing “sentimental” strain in writing, At the same time, Poets began to explore a more sentimental side to life, addressing such issues as death or lost love, emotions that the restraint of rational thought tends to avoid. Slide 10: In some ways now, the explosion of a literary attitude and philosophy focusing upon feeling and expression seems like a logical act of rebellion against the repressive dominance of logic and rationality‘William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge teamed together and wrote a collection of poems in 1798, Lyrical Ballads as an experiment in a new, emotional, personal and visionary form of expression, ‘Wordsworth tackled poetry about nature, while Coleridge tackled poetry about dreams, visions, and the glories and dangers of the imagination. Slide 11: As a summary and comparison, the table you are seeing right now are the differences between Age of Enlightenment and Romanticism. If you could see, Enlightenment is quite ‘colder” compared to Romanticism, However, they both have their positives and negatives, Slide 12: In this slide you'll see some of the other known artists and their works during the Romanticism Period. Some of the common characteristics of paintings in this Period are the following: a deepened appreciation of the beauties of nature as a response and disdain to Industrial Revolution; a general exaltation of emotion over reason and of the senses over intellect as a response to French Revolution 1789 and Enlightenment period. Romanticism in its deepest sense, stood out as a means for artists to give in to their passions, to connect viscerally with their work, and to have the right to, when it came to art criticism, refuse to justify their artistic choices via traditional defenses. Slide 13: The first photographic process, Heliography, was invented around 1824 by Nicéphore Nigpce. The story behind Heliography was this. Nicephore is a French inventor and during the 1813 lithography (a planographic printing process that makes use of the immiscibility of grease and water) became a fashionable hobby. He began to experiment with the then-novel printing technique. Unfortunately he doesn't have the skill in drawing, and unable to obtain proper lithographic stone locally, he sought a way to provide images automatically and hence the birth of Heliography. The process of Heliography is through the utilization of Bitumen of Judea, a naturally occurring asphalt, as a coating on glass or metal. After a while itl harden in proportion to its exposure to light. When the plate was washed with oil of lavender, only the hardened areas remained. The photo that you see right now is the end product of Heliography, Slide 14: Camera Obscura was first mentioned in Sth Century BC by a person named Mozi. He Noticed that an image from camera obscura is flipped upside down and from left to right as a result of light’s moving in a straight ine. However it was only during the 11th Century that it was discovered that a screen can be used so the image from one side of a hole in the surface could be projected at the screen on the other. Itis also an interesting note that our eyes work like Camera Obscura Slide 15: Louis Jacques-Mande Daguerre (1787-1851) and William Henry Fox Talbot (1800- 1877) publicly announced their independent inventions of photography. Daguerre developed a photographic process called "Daguerreotype". This process involves an image being exposed directly onto a mirror-polished surface of silver bearing a coating of silver halide particles deposited by iodine vapor. In later developments bromine and chlorine vapors were also used,resulting in shorter exposure times. The daguerreotype is a negative image, but the mirrored surface of the metal plate reflects the image and makes it appear positive in the proper light. Thus, daguerreotype is a direct photographic process without the capacity for duplication. Calotype by Talbot is unique from Daguerreotype from the fact that itis possible to make duplicate copies, not to mention that itis a cheaper alternative to it. Slide 16: Now we have another art movement: Realism. Realism began as a rejection of the imagination and subjectivism of Romanticism and focused more on accurate observation of the ordinary world and situations by painting explicit subject matters lie politics and prostitution. So all of the paintings during this period depicts what is happening in reality, no more, no less. Realist painters often depicted common laborers, and ordinary people in ordinary surroundings. engaged in real activities as subjects for their works. Gustave Courbet is known as the main proponent of Realism and his paintings challenged convention by depicting unidealized peasants and workers, often on a grand scale traditionally reserved for paintings of religious or historical subjects. Slide 17: In this slide you'll notice a compilation of realist paintings from different realist painters, and take note, even if they are all realist painters, you could easily notice their different styles as realist painters. Like how Winslow Homer by definition is a landscape painter, Thomas Eakins focused on his different interests, such as photography (that's why most of his paintings are like photos transferred to paintings) and his commitment to science and arts (that’s why his subjects are either scientists, artists, or athletes. Tanner is an important figure for the African- ‘American community because he's one of the few who manage to make way during the period when African-Americans are oppressed and were not considered as human beings. Mary Cassatt, on the other hand, is a symbolism that females can do what males can. A prime example of that statement is her painting the A woman and a girl Driving. If you notice the ‘woman is the one who's driving and the man is sitting at the back, which is a statement for itself regarding the role of women in the society. Slide 18: Impressionism is an art style that attempts to capture the rapidly changing effects of sunlight on objects. Impressionism was developed by Claude Monet and other Paris-based artists from the early 1860s. Instead of painting in a studio, the impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by working quickly, in front of their subjects, in the open air rather than in a studio. So in essence, Impressionist artists do their paintings on the spot, hence the quick short brush strokes, and because it is quick, the end product is a blurry painting, and for some it is too blurry to the point that they can’t even even make out the subjects already, another criticism is that it looks like an unfinished painting. Nevertheless, this movement still fourished and is stil being practiced today, Slide 19: Post-Impressionism became an even greater medium for expression, as it was not afraid to have unorthodox subjects. Post-Impressionism was created out of the criticism ofImpressionism's ‘naturalization’, at the same time focusing more on the themes of deeper symbolism through the use of simplified colors and definitive forms. As said by Paul Gaugin, a prominent Post-Impressionist artist, "Don't copy too much after nature. Art is an abstraction: extract from nature while dreaming before it and concentrate more on creating than on the final result” Vincent van Gogh is one of the most famous and celebrated artists in human history. In his paintings, he used twisted lines and forms, intense colors, and rich textures to express deep emotions. But behind his lively and vibrant paintings, lies his sad life, He was not appreciated during his lifetime, in fact, only one out of his many paintings was sold, and that was the Red Vineyard. In other words, he's ahead of his time. He's also suffering from mental illness, in terms of what exactly his illness, it's hard to tell in definitive terms because the diagnosis back then is different from now, but from an observational standpoint, he is showing symptoms similar to bipolar disorder. Slide 20: Now we move to Performing Arts. The Performing Arts were an important aspect of ‘9th century society. At the theatre, audiences enjoyed ballets, operas, and plays. These have influenced art in the second half of the 19th century. Several artists including Renoir and Cassatt created artworks inspired by theatre. One important artist Edgar Degas focused more on the performers. The theatre that we know now stems back around the 1800s during the pre to the early Industrial Revolution, wherein there were a lot of advancements in many different industries and City Life, as we know it, became more prevalent and grew exponentially Slide 21: One exceptional form of play that was formed during the 19th century is Melodrama, here the play is quite dramatic where the plot is sensational and is designed to appeal strongly to the emotions, takes supersede over detailed characterization. Melodramas typically concentrate on dialogue, which is often bombastic or excessively sentimental, rather than action. An example of this is the Pirates of Penzance by William Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan. ‘Another form of theatrical performance that was created during this time is Musicals, Musicals began to emerge as modern Western theatte in the 19th century. They'te commonly shows that integrate a story with music, range from 30 minutes to three hours and are presented in two acts. They differ from opera by being sung in the audience's native language and generally incorporating acting, dancing and singing equally. In opera singing is the priority, operas generally employ singers not actors. A musical that was created during the 19th century was The Black Crook by William Wheatley. The black crook is important to the history of theatre as this one has established the musical's position in the theatre industry due to its record breaking success, just imagine, this musical ran 474 performances! What a success indeed! Slide 22: The emergence of a new art form also helped increase the popularity of the Performing arts. This art form was the Advertising Poster. Originating in the 1870s, poster art advertised many products and events, including theatre performances. (One artist who became famous for his theatre posters was Alphonse Mucha. The style of his artworks is known as Art Nouveau, which is French for “New Art’‘The posters that you are seeing right now are the actual advertising posters they used for theatre plays. Slide 23: In the late 1880's various people began experimenting with photography, blending them together to give the illusion of a motion picture. But the technology and difficulty to capture that sort of video made motion pictures rare. ‘This groundbreaking motion photography was accomplished to answer the question, "When a horse trots or gallops, does it ever become fully airborne?" Leland Stanford thought so and with that he asked for Eadward Muybridge’s help. They tried to know the answer using multiple cameras and assembling the individual pictures into a single motion picture and they were successful Slide 24: The world’s earliest surviving motion-picture film, showing actual consecutive action is called Roundhay Garden Scene (1888). I's a short film directed by French inventor Louis Le Prince. According to Le Prince's son, Adolphe, it was filmed at Oakwood Grange, the home of Joseph and Sarah Whitley, in Roundhay, Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, United Kingdom on October 14, 1888. It features Adolphe Le Prince, Sarah Whitley, Joseph Whitley and Harriet Hartley in the garden, walking around and laughing. While i's just 2.11 seconds long, itis technically a movie. According to the Guinness Book of Records, itis the oldest surviving film in existence. Slide 25: This 50-second silent film shows the entry of a train pulled by a steam locomotive into a train station of the French coastal town of La Ciotat. It's a single, unedited view illustrating an aspect of everyday life, and the film consists of one continuous real-time shot. Take note that silent films still have sounds but i's just background music with no spoken dialogue. jes 26-33 (CLOSING) - Before we end the discussion, please always remember that you can always ask questions about any of our discussions and we would gladly help you out! It sure has been a joyride so far. We have seen during this discussion how the arts have continually evolved with the times and challenged the norms of their predecessors. Next up, we talk about one of the most animated of the eras in art history, the 20th century... and beyond! Thank you for listening! This has been Ma'am Liz, reminding you to always practice physical distancing, wear your masks, and sanitize. Above all, stay home and be safe. Cheers!