Due to rapid technological breakthroughs in industry, the number of connected devices has
increased exponentially, resulting in a tremendous amount of data traffic that seems to be
practically impossible to handle by the present wireless networks. The OFDM waveform has
been utilised in a variety of applications and has been successfully implemented in a number of
current wireless communication systems. Although OFDM has many advantages, it also has
some disadvantages, such as high out-of-band emissions [1,] problems with the peak-to-average
power ratio (PAPR) [2,] and orthogonality loss due to synchronisation faults [3, 4].As a result,
modifications to the OFDM system are required before it can be employed in future wireless
systems. In order to provide three generic services, future-generation wireless communication
systems must be capable of providing enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-
type communications (mMTCs), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLCs).
Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) is a service that aims to improve the high data rate of
mobile devices, while massive machine-type communications (mMTCs) is concerned with
establishing connectivity between large numbers of Internet of things (IoT) devices. As a result
of this research, several types of candidate waveforms for next-generation networks (6G and
beyond) have been developed and tested in a variety of environments, including industrial
testbeds and academic research labs, in order to meet the requirements of the aforementioned
services while also improving the performance of the OFDM system. New candidate waveforms
such as universal filtered multicarrier (UFMC) [3, generalised frequency division multiplexing
(GFDM) [4, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) [5, and filtered OFDM [6] have been investigated
in order to improve the performance of wireless systems in terms of spectral efficiency, energy
efficiency, and other factors. Compared to the traditional OFDM system, the primary advantage
of these proposed waveforms is their ability to reduce spectral efficiency losses caused by high
out-of-band radiation levels.Meanwhile, new types of modulation techniques for OFDM systems
are being proposed in order to increase the data transmission capacity of each subcarrier used in
the frequency spectrum, and research into the aforementioned new waveforms is currently
underway in order to meet the requirements of services in 6G and beyond wireless networks. As
an alternative to the traditional modulation of subcarriers by the complex constellation mapper,
recent research into the transmission of extra information bits transmitted by the indices of active
subcarriers has lately gained a lot of attention. This novel modulation type, known as "index
modulation" (IM), was first introduced in [7] and has quickly attracted widespread attention as a
result of its innovative nature. The main concept of IM is to transmit data not only by modulating
the subcarriers but also by modulating the carrier indices [8], which are engaged in transmission
depending on the data stream that is received. In spite of the fact that, in certain configurations,
OFDM-IM increases spectral efficiency over conventional OFDM systems, the computational
complexity of the OFDM-IM waveform is still an unanswered question. Several studies have
been conducted to address this problem, with the goal of reducing the complexity of the system
at both the transmitter and the receiver. In [9], an energy-based greedy detection technique with
reduced complexity maximum likelihood (ML) was presented with reduced complexity
maximum likelihood (ML). In [10], a modified frequency index modulation (FIM) system was
proposed with the goal of reducing the amount of energy that is delivered. When compared to the
OFDM-IM scheme, the complexity of this system is smaller. A simplified "log-likelihood ratio
(LLR)" calculation technique for OFDM-IM was presented by Reference [11], which required no
cutoff for the likelihood probability and resulted in almost ideal coded BER performance with
substantially less complexity. In [12], two linear complexity detection algorithms were
developed for use in low-complexity receiver design, taking into account the least mean-squared
error and zero-forcing receivers.In [13], a low-complexity generalised time domain index
modulation method (GTD-IM) was presented, in which the receiver detects the active indices by
using a square-law envelope detector (SLED). Aside from that, the concept of employing deep
learning to identify data bits in the OFDM-IM system has recently been presented [14].
Compared to the ML detection, the proposed detector has nearly the same performance, but it
greatly decreases the runtime of current detectors in conventional OFDM-IM transmission. It
was built for subblock-design-aided OFDM with all-index modulation using the detector in [15],
which was influenced by the sphere decoding technique (SD-OFDM-AIM). In [16], the repeated
index modulation OFDM with coordinate interleaving (RIM-OFDM-CI) technique for M-ary
modulated symbols was shown by using the same set of active subcarrier indices in two
identifiable clusters and implementing coordinate interleaving for M-ary modulated symbols.
According to [17], a low-complexity hybrid number and index modulation (OFDM-HNIM)
technique for delivering extra information bits employing the number and index of active
subcarriers was created for conveying additional information bits. Every study discussed thus far
has been presented for transmitting bits from active subcarrier indices in complex subgroups, and
they have all used either look-up tables or combinatorial approaches for index mapping and
detection algorithms to do this.