ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA Dr. Radoje Laugevié or oS Sse ovo 5 BELGRADE, MAY 20, 1999ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA Table of contents BACKGROUND. A. Dasic PACTS ON YuGOsLavta. B. ENVIRONMENT senna 1. Review of Protected Natural Features in Serbia. 2. Future Biosphere Keserve C. SOURCES OF INFORMATION... Il WHAT WAS DESTROYED SO FAR BY NATO AIRSTRIKES.. A. INFRASTRUCTURE... 1. 1. General. 2. Traffic a) Bndges bh) Railways and railway cations ¢) Roads and transporters Airpors. B. INDUSTRY. 1. Factories. 2. Refineries and warehouses. 3. Agriculture C. URBAN AND RURAL RESIDENTIAL AREAS. . PRE-SCHOOL INSTITUTIONS, SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES, E. CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL MONUMENTS AND MUSEUMS. UL, WHICH CHEMICALS/SUBSTANCES/RADIATION WAS EMITTED SO FAR ‘A. OIL, AND OIL PRODUCTS a en 4 B. Vivi critorioc MonomER (VOM) ~ CH,CHC sonnei C. PHOSGENE _ 4 D. ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE (EDC) ~ CHsCLCH;CL vaso 4 E. CHLORINE (Ct2) sono ES F Soar 8 G, NITROGEN OXIDES sonnei nnn smn H. HYDROFLUORIC ACID (HF son : sn 7 5 1. HEAWY METALS. : snenrnninnnanecnte IS J. PYRALENE — POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENILES (PCB). 15 K, INITIAL FUEL OF CRUISING MISSILES 16 L. Raivactivity (DU)... 16 IV. HEALTH CONSEQUENCES AND EFFECTS FOR PEOPLE. A 7 B. 7 c . 7 D. CHLORINE. nnn sntnnnennnninnnnnnennnnne VT E. HF ' 18 F pcr, 18 G. DEPLETED URANIUM senna — 18 H, ACID RAS... 18 L. Foo. 18 V._ TRANSBOUNDARY EFFECTS OF THIS POLLUTION won sme 19 VL._ARE EFFECTS ALREADY THERI A. HEALTH EFFECTS... 21ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA 1. Civilian Casualties 21 a) Three bedriden patents killed in Belgrade. so 21 Koriga 2 ') Towns in Kosovo and Metohija: 2 ©) Belgrade : 21 4) Surdulica, 2 2) Nis 2 Kurgumlija ee 2 1) Aleksinac : 2 2) Murino near Rozaje 2 2. Children as victims. . 2 3. Refugees as Victims. sn 28 +4. Passengers in Vehicles of Public Transportation as Victims 23 5. New Types of Injuries. 23 6. Acute Health Effects. 2 7. Chronic Health Effects 24 B. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS wswonnnsn ' 24 1, Air 2 2. Water, 2 3. Soil 26 4. Ecosysiems/Biodiversity, 26 a) Endangered Natural Assets of National and International importance %6 by Endangered plan species. 26 (1) Aristolochia merxmuellei Greuter & E. Mayer. 7 (2) Dianthus behriorum Bornm 2 G) Gentiana nopesse fiw ” (4) Tulip serbica Tatic & Krivose) 7 ) Endangered animals, 2 VIL. APENDIX. ee ‘A. APPEAL FOR SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION OF CONFLICT IN YUGOSLAVIA wenn 28 B. ABOUT SERBIAN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY (DRUSTVO EKOLOGA SRDUE) ssn 31 C. SES ONGOING / PLANNED PROJECT OF SOME INTEREST FOR ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS OF WAR DMPACT nen 33ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA, BACKGROUND |. Background A. Basic Facts on Yugoslavia Official Name: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Capital: Belgrade Area: 102,170 square kilometers Region: Eastern Europe Neghbors: The Fader Republic of Yugoslavia is bordered tothe notch by Hungary, to the east by Romania and Bulgaria, to the south by Albania and the Former ‘Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), and to the west by Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Physical Features: ‘The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has a diverse landscape. Serbia, which lies wo the north, accounts for 86 per cent of the land area of the country. Rich and fertile plains cover much of the north, while limestone ranges and basins characterize the landscape of the east. In the southeast, ancient mountains and hills rise from the plains, while coastline on the Adriatic Sea constitutes the southwest boundary, where the republic of Montenegro is located. Major Rivers And Lakes: The Rivers Drava, Sava, and Tisza flow through the federation, as docs the Danube, The largest lake is Lake Scutari, which forms part of the border berween Montenegro and Albania Climate: The north has a continental climate with cold winters and hot, humid, rainy summers. The central region is characterized by both continental and Mediterranean climates, while the south has a Mediterranean climate along the coast with hot, dry summers and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland. Major cities (Population): - Belgrade 1,136,786 (1991) - Novi Sad 178,896 (1991) = Nig 175,555 (1991) ~ Kragujevac 146,607 (1991) = Podgorica 118,059 (1991) ~ Priktina 108,083 (1991) = Subotica 100,219 (1991) Population: 10,885,000 (1995 estimate) Population density: 107 persons per square kilometer Life Expectancy: = Total 74 years (1995 estimate) - Female 77 years (1995 estimate) = Male 71 years (1995 estimate) Infant mortality rate: 14 deaths per 1,000 live births (1995 estimate) Literacy rate: Total 93 per cent (1991) Female 89 per cent (1991) (OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 4ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA BACKGROUND Male 98 per cent (1991) Ethnic Divisions: = Serb 63 per cent ~ Albanian 14 per cent ~ Montenegrin 6 per cent Hungarian 4 per cent Other 13 per cent Languages: Serbian 95 per cent Albanian 5 per cent Religions: Orthodox 65 per cent Muslim 19 per cent Rouuu Catholic 4 per cent Protestant 1 per cent Other 11 per cent “Type of government: Republic Independence: 11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed as the self- proclaimed successur to tlie Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) Constitution: 27 April 1992 Voting Rights: Age 16, if employed; universal at age 18 Economy Gross domestic product (GDP): USS10 billion (1993billion (1993 estimate) Unit of currency: 1 Yugoslav new dinsar (YD), consisting of 100 paras Exports: Machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials Imports: Machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials Major trading partners for exports: Other former Yugoslav republics, nations of the former Union of Soviet Suciaist Republies (USSR), Eusupea Uniou (EU) counties (mainly Italy and Germany), eastern European countries, and the United States Major trading partners for imports: Other former Yugoslav republics, nations of the former USSR, EU countries (mainly Italy and Germany), eastern European countries, and the United States Industries: Machinery, transport equipment, weaponry, electrical equipment, metallurgy, tnining, textiles, fooowear, foodstufls, appliances, electronics, petrcleum products, chemicals, pharmaceuticals Agriculture: Grain, cotton, oilseeds, com, sugar beets, chicory, grapes, other fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives rice, fodder livestock:-sheep, cattle, goats, beef, dairy products ‘Natural resources: il, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, duvme = Source, according to Microsoft Encarta WorldAtlas 1998 Edition: ~ Basic Facts and People OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA, 5ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA BACKGROUND = Land area data are from the 1994 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Production Yearbook. Population, population growth rate, and life expectancy data are from the United Nations (UN) World Population Prospects: The 1994 Revision. Population density and intant mortality rate data are from the UN 1993 Statistical Yearbook. Literacy rate data are from the UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 1995 Statistical Yearbook. Urban and rural population data are from the UN World Urbanization Prospects: The 1994 Revision. Ethnic, language, and religious divisions are from the CIA 1995 World Factbook + Feonomy = Gross domestic product (GDP) data are from World Bank World Tables. GDP per capita data are from the UN 1993 Statistical Yearbook. GDP industry data are trom the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 1993 Handbook of International Trade and Development. National budget data are from World Bank World Tables B. Environment ‘The war in the tormer Yugoslavia dominated environmental issues for several years. Air and water are polluted as a result of old technologies that were not replaced as the country developed. The international embargo on Yugoslavia has placed pressure on the country’s natural resources Montenegro has declared itself to be the world’s first “environmental state”, pledging to live more harmoniously with nature. The challenge it has set itself is a large one, with tourist developments along the coast threatening saltwater estuaries, and industry causing pollution of the air, soil, and water. ON Sourte: Microcoft Encarta WorldAtlas 1908 Edion)Eaition 1. Review of Protected Natural Features in Serbia National Parks 5 Natural Reserves 15 Parks of Nature 20 Natural Features Surrounding Immovable Cultural Assets 12 Landscapes 1 ‘Natural monuments: 403 Natural Rarities Plants 251 Natural Rarities-Animals 427 Wild Species Under the Control of Trade and Utilization 96 Source: www natureprotection.org (Institute for Protection of Nature of Serbia). For further information visit: htp://www natureprotection.org. ywintro. html 2. Future Biosphere Reserve List of ten (potential) biosphere reserves in Serbia: ‘+ Prokletije Mt. with the area of 100.000 ha, the sixth National Park in Serbia © National Park Sar planina with the area of 80.00 ha © Special Nature Reserve Deliblatska peiéara with che area of 29.352 ha © Park of Nature GolijaMt. with the area of 50.000 ha OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 6ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA, BACKGROUND © Park of Navure Stara Planina Me. with the area of 140.000 ha © National Park TaralMt. with the area of 19.200 ha + National Park Djerdapgorge with the area of 63.500 ha + Special Nature Reserve Obedska Bara wetland with the area of 29.431 ha + Park of Nature Gornje Podunavije (headwater of Danube part in Yugustavia) with the area of 9.996 ha 4 Kudajsee Mr, the fimre protected area Source: www natureprotection.org (Institute for Protection of Nature of Serbia). For further information Visit: hup//www.natureprvtectiow. ory. yu/intro un) ¢. Sources of information Cases AA Special TIM GW Bulletin on NATO's, May 14, 1999, URL: hp://wow.ruthinmedia.org 26 BBC News (Monay, April 19, 1995). 19, 26 BBC Online, April 28, 1999 Wednesday, April 28, 1999: World: Europe: Nato strike kills civilians: Published 2 at 05:54 GMT 06:54 UK. _ ‘BBC Online, May 8, 1999: Saturay, May 8, 1999, World: Europe, busy se ‘mistake’ Published se 18.06 GMT 19.06 UK. URL: wuwbbe.cowuk... BBC-Brussels, May 15, 1999 Branka Jovanovic, 1999: Ecological Aspect of Bombing of FRY With Long Distance Misalles.- URL: hupi/ /wrwwlnjzevnarec.co.yu/eko index heral nen 1G 19 RL- Coghill Research Laboratories, 1999: The Use Of Depleted Uranium (Du) Bullets And Bombs By ‘Nato Forces In Yugoslavia. - URL: http://www: cogreslab demon co.uk 116, 18 Environment News Seivive (ENS) Apuil 19, 1999: Toate Clouds Over Belgrade. URL: Innp://ens cos com/ens/apr99/1999L-04-19-04 hl. 1417.19 FRY Ministry of Foreign Affairs 9 FRY Ministry of foreigne Afais b): NATO aggression Against FR Yugoslavia. Bulletins, Special Issue. URL. harp/ went gow yo! 2 Gh Javnosti 5#May, p. 6 9 14,25,26 a Glas Javnosti, May 19, 1999, pg. 3... Glas Javnost, May 20, 1999; Bombe onto Babies. Covering page Glas Javaoss, May 7, 1999: Najugeozenij severna Beropa i Amenka ‘Northern Europe and Amesica are Mostly Endangered), pg 7. va 19 TAC. Iaternational Action Center, Apri 1, 1999, Radioactive weapons used {by USANATO in Kosovo. — URL: htp://werwiacenter org : : 16 Institue for Public Accuracy, News releases Apri 21, 1999, URL: upe//wwwaccuraey.ong/press_releases/PRO¥Z199.MUM.ycnonsnnnrsin 18 Istina, 1999. URL: hup:/ /erww-yu/ecalogy/index htm. 18 Kajidewne n0¥ine, 1999 vssusmrnnnsnnnennnsnininnnsin sone M. Chossudovsky, 1999: Impacts of NATO's “humanitarian bombings, the balance sheet of destruction in Yngasavia URL: hrtp/ /news flora. org/lora.mai-not/new-10788 9,1 Microsoft Encarta WorldAtlas 1998 Edition 5,6 P. Poli, 1999: Pollution in the Conditions of This War. Danger of an Ecological Caastrophe. - DC ‘Communications Contre. URL: http://comeso/cire. 15, 17, 18, 20, 25, Politika, April 21, 1999: Bombe ugrozavaju ceo region (Bombs sx the whole region), pg 4 19 Politika, May 18, 1999: Cra kia u Bugurskoj (Black rain in Bulgaria). 19 RT Politika, Morning News, May 20, 9.00 2 Serbian Ecological Society: Is south eastern europe faced with: damaging ultraviolet light) AIM. URL: hup://srwsaim.acyu/ecologieal/analize/prik anlasplid-3 SES - Seria Ecological Suciey, 1999b: Endangered plan species. AIM. URL: hp://www aim 2c yu (OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA, 7ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA BACKGROUND Sunday Herald, Glasgow, Apri 26, 1999... The Associated Press, Apri 30, 1999 TIM. Truth in Media, Apri 10, 1999. URL: hap/ /wvewuthinmedia org. ‘TIM - Truth in Media Ine $99-G6, Day 43, Update 1, May 5, 1999; 045AM EDT, URL: ‘hatp://www.truthinmedia.org/ Times of India, Apri 21 . Y. Janjié, 1999: NATO ie seikes- ecological consequences. URL: htp://wworweknjizevnarec.co.yu/eko/index hem ‘Vladimir Slivyak, 1999: Nuclear threat of Yugoslavia war .- ecodefense@ylasnet.ru Vojska (Army, Belgrade), Apnl 22, 1999: Ubistvo s predumiljajem (Premeditated murder), pg _wonw gatureprotection.org (Institute for Protection of Nature of Serbs) é ‘Yogev Foreign Minny Aide Mei Belgas May 17,1989 NATO's we of inhumane weapons in its aggression on Yugoslavia, launched on March 24... 8, 24 (OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA. 8ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA WHAT WAS DESTROYED SO FAR BY NATO AIRSTRIKES Il. What was destroyed so far by NATO airstrikes Atthe moment itis difficult wo perceive aud evaluate all the humanitarian, ‘economic, environmental, health and other consequences of the air strikes against the FR of Yugoslavia. However, itis amply documented (e.g. M. Chossudovsky, 1999, for full details visit http://news flora.org/flora.mai-not/new-10788) that the bombings of ‘Yugoslavia are not stricly aimed at military and strategic targets as claimed by NATO. Civilian infrastructure as well as many institutions have been damaged too. ‘The bombings have not only been directed against industrial plants, airports, electricity and telecommunications facilities, railways, bridges and fuel depots, they have also targeted schools, health clinics, day care centers, government buildings, churches, museums, monasteries and historical landmarks. It is estimated that since 24° March NATO has engaged around 1.000 airplanes of which more than 800 are combat planes (Glas Javnosti, 5* May, pg. 6). They have flown almost 13,000 attack sorties, with 700 in one night alone (e.g. early morning of 14* May) against several hundreds of designated targets SINCE now. They have dropped over ten thousands of tons of explosives and have lmnched some 3,000 cruise missiles (FRY Ministry of Foreign Affairs). “The intensity of the bombing using the most advanced military technology is unprecedented in modern history. It tar surpasses the bombing raids ot World War II or the Vietnam War. Documented list of destroyed sites all around Yugoslavia SINCE 24" April (according FRY Ministry of Forcign Affairs, for full data visit brtp://sww mfa gov yn/ Yugoslav Daily Survey) comprises: A. Infrastructure 1. 1. General © Damage to a power supply transmitted in Batajnica (26 March 1999); © Damage to water supply system in Zemun (5 April 1999); © Damage to a power supply transmitter in Bogutovac (10 April 1999); © Telephone lines cur off in Bogutovac (10 April 1999); + Damage to a power station in Pristina (12 April 1999); + Damage to Bistrica hydroelectric power station in Polinje (13 April 1999); ‘+ Damage to electric power transmission lines and distribution network in the zone under air strikes by NATO enemy airerafr; ‘© Destruction of power supply transmitters in Belgrade suburbs of Resnik and Zemun Polje (23 April 1999) 2. Traffic a) Bridges ‘Till 24* April 20 bridges har been destroyed while 12 has been damaged: 1. The Varadin Bridge over the Danube (on 1 April 1999); 2. The “Sloboda” (Freedom) Bridge over the Danube (on 4 Apri 1999); 3. The “Zeieljov” Bridge in Novi Sad (on 5 April 1999); (OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 9ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA WHAT WAS DESTROYED SO FAR BY NATO AIRSTRIKES . The bridge over the Ibar river, Biljanovac municipality (on 5 - 13 April 1999); The bridge aver the Vebadka river near Jezgrovic (on 5 April 1999); ‘The “Lozno” railway bridge near USée (on 5 April 199 . The road bridge on the road leading to Brvenik, near Usée (on 5 April 1999); . The bridge near Zubin Potok, on the Kosovsla Mitrovica - Ribarice road (on 5 April 1999); 9. The old bridge on the river Rasinna near the town of KruSevac (12-13 April 1999); 10.The new bridge on the river Rasina near the town of Krufevac (12-13 April 1999), 11.The Krudevac-Pojate bridge on the river Zapadna Morava, at the village of Jasika (on 13 April 1999); 3 railway bridge on the river Lim, between Priboj and Prijepolje, near hydroelectric power station Bistrica (on 15 April 19%); 13.The bridge on che river Ibar, at che village of Brvenik, linking Korlace and Raska (15.04.1999); 14. The bridge between Smederevo and Kavin (16 April 1999); 15.The railway bridge on the river Kostajnica, near KurSumlija (18.04.1999.); 16:The bridge over the regional KurSumlija - Prokuplie road; 17-The bridge over the river Vrapéevska Reka near che village of Ribariée, from the direction of Kosovska Mitrovica; 18.The bridge over the railway track on the regional road Biljanovac - Mt. Kopaonik 19. The railway bridge near the village of Rudnica in the vicinity of Ratka, on the Kraljevo - Kosovo Polje railway line: 20.The bridge over the Danube along the Beograd-Novi Sad road, near Bevka, Indiija ‘municipality (on 21 April 1999); eNA ne b) Railways and railway stations Till 24° April 16 railways and railway stations have been seriously damaged, including the Belgrade - Bar rail, due tothe destruction of the railway track near the village of Strbce (Bosnia and Herzegovina, entity of Republic of Srpska) and destruction of the bridge on the river Lim, between Pribo} and Prijepolje. ¢) Roads and transporters Till 24% Apu 6 uisjur roads have been disabled for uorinal operation, including Belgrade - Zagreb and Belgrade - Nif highway, as well as Ibarckea primary road due to damages to the several bridges. Airports ”Slatina” in Pristina; “Batajnica” and “Suréin” in Belgrade; Nil airport; “Ponikve” ‘Golubovac” in Podgorica, “Ladjevai” airport near Kraljevo; agricultural and sports airfield in Sombor have been disabled for uvtmual operation SINCE 24" April. B. Industry Several thousand industrial facilities have been destroyed or damaged with the consequence of paralyzing the production of consumer goods. According to Yugoslav sources, totaly destroying business facilities across the country, 500,000 workers were left jobless, and 2 million citizens without any source of income and possibility to ensure OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES, OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 10ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA WHAT WAS DESTROYED SO FAR BY NATO AIRSTRIKES ‘minimum living conditions”, Western estimates as to the destruction of property in Yugoslavia stud at more than USS 109 billion (M. Chossudovsky, 1999} 1. Factories More that 50 large factories have been totally destroyed, including “Zastava car factory in Kragujevac, “Krusik” holding corporation in Valjevo, “14 Oktabar” machine factory in Krusevac, as well as “DIN” tobacco industry in 2. Refineries and warehouses Refineries and warehouses storing liquid raw materials and chemicals intended for the oil and chemical industry, were hit in Pangevo, Novi Sad and Sombor. Till 24" April many such sites have been destroyed, as follows: 1. Fuel storage in Lipovica, which caused a great fire in the Lipovica forest (on 26 March 1999); “Beopetrol” storage in Belgrade (on 4 April 1999); “Beopetrol” storage in Bogutovac (4-24 April 1999); Fuel storage of the boiler plant in Novi Beograd (on + April 1999); Chemical plant “Prva Iskra” in Rarié - destruction of the production line (19 .\ pil 1999); 6. Oil Refinery in Panéevo - totally demolished (4-16 April 1999); 7. Petrochemrcal industry “DP HIP PETROHEMIJA” in Panéevo - heavily demolished (14-15 April 1999); 8. Fertilizer plant “DP HIP AZOTARA” in Pancevo — seriously damaged (14415 April 1999); 9. “Jugopetrol” installations in Smederevo (on 4-13 April 1999}; 10. Thermo electric power station/boiler plant in Novi Sad (on 5 April 1999); 11, Oil Refinery in Novi Sad, storage of bicumen (5 and 6 April 1999); 12. “Jugopetrol” storage in Sombor (on 7 April 1999); 13. Fuel storage “Naftagas promet” which is located 10 ku {rom Sombor (5 April 1999); 14. Naftagas warehouse herween Conoplie and Kljaigero (Sombor); 15. “Beopetrol” fuel storage in Pristina (on 7 April 1999); 16, Jugopetrol warehouse in Pristina (on 12 April 1999); 17. Jugopetrol petrol station in Pristina (on 13 April 1999); 18. Pucl depor in Gruza, near Kragujevac; bey 3. Agriculture Several agriculture facilities have heen also destroyed, e.g: PIK “Kopaonik” in KurSumlija; PIK “Mladost” in Gaijilane; Agricultural Complex “Malizgan’” in Dolac; Agricultural Complex “Djuro Strugar” in Kula; Agricultural and food-processing plant and a cow-breeding farm with 220 milk cows “PeSter”, in Sjenica, has been destroyed In forest fires caused by NATO cruise missiles and bombs over 250 hectares of forests have been burned down; 7. Several thousand hectares of fertile land, many rivers, lakes and underground waters have been pollured due to the spillage of petrochemical substances, oil spills and slicks; rene (OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA uENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA WHAT WAS DESTROYED SO FAR BY NATO AIRSTRIKES C. Urban and rural residential areas Villages with no visible miliary or strategic structures have been also bombed, as well a residential areas in all major cities all around Yugoslavia. That events are ususaly described as "collateral damage”. The downtown area of PriStina (which includes apartment buildings and private dwellings) has been destroyed. Central-downtown Belgrade including government buildings-- have been hit several times and there are massive flames emanating trom the destruction. Residential areas in towns of Novi Sad, Panéevo, Nii, Cuprija, Aleksinac, Kragujevac, Valjevo, Surdulica, Kraljevo, Jagodina were hit, too. D. Pre-school Institutions, Schools and Universities Over three hundred facilites built for the education of all ages were damaged or destroyed. Hard hit are university center in Ni (Machine Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electronical, Technical, Law and Economics faculties), in Pristina (Agricultural and ‘Machine Engineering faculty) and Novi Sad (Faculty of Philosophy) and university center in Belgrade. It causes a stop to the education of dose wo one million pupils and scudents in the FR of Yugoslavia. E. Cultural and Historical monuments and Museums ‘Cultural and historical monuments have been hit directly or as so-called “collateral damage”. The list comprises: 1, Monastery Graéanica from 14th century (24 March - 6 April 1999); 2. Moastery Rakovica from 17ch century (29 March 1999); 3. Patriarchate of Peé (1 April 1999); 4. Church in JelaSnica near Surdulica (4 April 1999); 5, Monastery of the Church of St. Juraj (built in 1714) in Petrovaradin (1 April 1999); 6. Monastery of Holy Mother (12th century) at the estuary of the Kosanica in the Toplica - territory of municipality of KurSumlija (4 Apnl 1999); 7. Monastery of St. Nicholas (12th century) in the territory of the municipality of Kurdumlija (# April 1999); 8. Monastery of St. Archangel Gabriel in Zemuin (5 April 1999); 9. Roman Catholic Church St. Antonio in Djakovica (29 March 1999); 10. Orthodox cemetery in Gnjilane (30 March 1999); 11, Monuments destroyed in Bogutovac (8 April 1999); 12. “Kadinjaéa” memorial complex (8 April 1999); 13. Vojloviea monastery near Panéevo (12 April 1999); 14, Hopova monastery, icnnostasis damaged (17 April 1999); 15. Orthodox Christian cemetery in Pristina (12 April 1999); 16. Monastery church St, Archangel Michael in Rakovica (16 April 1999); 17. Orthodox church St. Marco in Belgrade (24 April 1999); 19. Russian Orthodox church Holly Trinity in Belgrade (24 April 1999); 20, Severe damage to the roof structure of the Fortress of Petrovaradin (1 April 1999); 21. Heavy damage to “Tabacki bridge”, four centuries ald, in Djakavica (5 April 1999), 22. a damage to the building in Stara Cardija (Old street) in Diakovica (5 April 1999); 23. Destroyed archives housed in one of the Government buildings in Belgrade (3 April 1999); 24, Memorial complex in Guéevo (Loznica); (OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSRQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 2ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA WHAT WAS DESTROYED SO FAR BY NATO AIRSTRIKES 25. Memorial complex “Sumarice” in Kragujevac; 26, Vojvodina Museum in Novi Sad; 27. Old Miltary Barracks in Kragujevac - under the protection of the state (16 April 1999); 28. Memorial complex Crveni Krst in Ni (21 April 1999); OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 13ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA WHICH CHEMICALS/SUBSTANCES/ RADIATION WAS EMITTED SO FAR Ill. Which chemicals/substances/radiation was e1 Destroying of above mentioned industrial and agricultural facilities and residential areas has caused releasing of several highly toxic substances, as well as several hundreds a chemical compounds with possible harmful effects on environment and/or human ealth. The list compris A. Oil, and oil products Oil from bombed refineries has seeped into River Danube, causing 13 huge slicks (Sunday Herald, Glasgow, April 26, 1999) B. Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) - CH2CHCI Bombing of combined petrochemicals and fertilizer factory and oil refinery in the Belgrade suburbs (Panéevo) by NATO forces on April 15, had produced releasing of the large amounts of toxins invo the air and waver. Heavily bombing had been repeated in the night of April, 18th about 01:00. Ammonia plant (“Azotara”) and Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) plane (“Petrohemija”) has heen destrayed completely and about 1,200 tons af VOM ‘was released into the air. VCM, also called chloroethylene, is colorless, flammable, toxic gas belonging to the family of organic halogen compounds, and used principally in making polyvinyl chloride, an important synthetic resin, Permitted VCM concentration in working environment is Ippm. The lowest concentration which could be detected by sense of smell is 260 ppm. Britain's Times newspaper quoted the Serbian Environment Minister saying the amount of carcinogenic matter in the air over Panéevo was 7,200 times above the permitted level (ENS, April 19), while recent data says that seven hours after bombing (May 19, 1999, 8,00 A.M) Institute of Public Health, Dept. Panéevo, measured VCM’s concentration of 10,600 times above technologicaly permitted level, atthe point few kilometers faraway from the bombed plant (Glas Javnosti, May 19, 1999, pg. 5). Combustion of VCM produces 27.000 ppm of hydrogen chloride, 58.000 ppm of carbon dioxide, 9.500 ppm of carbon monoxide and chlorine and less than 10 ppm of phosgene. It is very difficult to extinguish fire of VCM because itis insoluble in water and lighter than water. Small fire could be extinguished by use of carbon dioxide. C. Phosgene Phosgene was created by combustion of VCM after bombing of VCM plant in Pangeva in the night of April, 18®. This compound, also called carbonyl chloride, is colorless, chemically reactive, highly toxic gas having an odor like that of musty hay, used in making organic chemicals, dyestuffs, polycarbonate resins, and isocyanates for making polyurethane resins. D. Ethylene dichloride (EDC) - CH;CICH;CI EDC was released after bombing of VCM plant in Panéevo in the night of April, 18". It is estimated that 1,400 tons of EDC have been released directly into Danube watercruise. This compound, also called ethylene chloride, or 1,2-dichloroethane, is OVERVIEW OF FCOI OGICAT. CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 14ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA, WHICH CHEMICALS/SUBSTANCES/RADIATION WAS EMITTED SO FAR colorless, toxic, volatile liquid belonging to the family of organic halogen compounds and having an odor resembling that of chlorofoun. E. Chlorine (Cl) Chlorine was released after bombing of petrochemical complex in Pancevo in the night of April, 18°. It isa toxic, corrosive, greenish yellow gas that is irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. F. Soot Soot was released in cnormous quantities while oil refineries in Novi Sad and Pangevo and large oil depots (¢ g Smedereva) were burned. One should keep ia mind that soot adsorbs extremely dangerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. G. Nitrogen oxides [Nitrogen oxides (compounds with proved negative impact on ozone layer) are releasing from supersonic airplanes, as well as during burning oil, Since the beginning of NATO aggression against Yugoslavia and air bombing campaign, NATO jets had more than 150,000 flight hours. Furthermore, several ail refineries, large oil and perral depots are destroyed all around Yugoslavia, which produce large quantities of nitrogen oxides (SES, April 15, 1999). H. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) Hydiofluoric acid emission had happened during destruction of the production line of Chemical plant “Prva Iskra” in Barié (19 April 1999). Fortunately, the main quantity of HF was controlled evacuated and eliminated before the attack. HF as a gas is highly toxic that irritating to the mucous membranes and destruct nails and tooth Heavy metals Heavy metals are also extremely dangerous, such as mercury which in its methylated form (the most toxic) can be transported for thousands of miles. Heavy iietal, including cadmium, were released after destruction of several industrial facilites which had used them in normal operation processes. J. Pyralene ~ polychlorinated bipheniles (PCB) ‘The use of PCB in transformer stations (cancer inducing substances which were banned in the world decades ago) means that destroying any transformer station, whether it is a part of an energy producing section in some of the already destroyed oil refineries, a transformer station in any industrial plant, or in the transmitting tower at Me. Avala, will cause a spill of these substances, and it is a known fact that one liter of Pyralene (PCB) pollutes one billion liters of water. One should also bear in mind that even in those facilities where Pyralene was replaced by permitted liquids, the PCB was, in most cases, not destroyed (neutralized) but only stored somewhere in the factory yard, where the barrcls are again exposed to potential destruction (P. Polié, 1999). OVER VIFW OF FCOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA, 15ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA WHICH CHEMICALS/SUBSTANCES/RADIATION WAS EMITTED SO FAR K. Initial fuel of cruising missiles ‘The initial (uel of long-distance cruising missiles represents enormous powder filling which make a specific pressure which by burning out bring the missle in the zone of action, ie. explosion and destruction of civil objects. However, the combustion products of initial fuels in the missiles are much more damaging and more cancerous than the products of lead fuel combustion which the Europeans banished from their streets by bringing into use, the so called, ,green” non-leaded fuel. ‘The population of Europe should know that the initial powder fuel of the missiles is comprised of highly toxic substances whose combustion products are toxic and cancerous. They are as following: ammoninm-perchlorat, nitroglycerine, nitro-cellulase, organic compounds as unifying elements (polybutadien, polyurethane, polyvinyl-chloride, polystyrene, polyacrylate, ee) organic leaden salts - lead-salycilave,lead-ethylhexoat, lead- stearate, metal nitrate (alkali and soil-alkali), metal perchlorate, fluor compounds especially fluorformals as energy components etc. As a consequence of combustion of these substances, highly damaging acid nitrogen oxides and hydrochloride acids, which destroy the forests and vegetation, are released. The ammoniac, highly poisonous hydrocyanic acid, hydrocyanic acid compounds, nitrogen oxides and fluorides (the compounds which are an essential component of very poisonous pesticide) and cancerous compounds as a consequence of fuel stabilizers combustion, which consist of ring-structured compounds medically proved to be cancerous, together with lead compounds and fluor compounds (as, a consequences of combustion of fluvr nitroformulas) release radicals with fluor which get attached to everything in nature causing very painful and almost incurable wounds and burns on humans and animals (Branka Jovanovi¢, 1999). L. Radioactivity (DU) NATO was not only using banned cluster bombs, but also depleted uranium bullets. A-10 planes use the ammunition made of depleted uranium. These bullets caused an immediate increase in leukemia, cancers, and birth defects in the Gulf War, as well as, the so-called Gulf War sickness, whose symptoms are identical with radiation sickness. Depleted uranium (DU) is used primarily because itis effective against tanks. ‘When DU bombs detonate, uranium oxide is formed in particulate of between 0.5, and 5 microns. These can be windburn several hundred miles or suspended electrostatically in the atmosphere. The half life of Uranium is 10? (ten to the ninth) years, so they do not decay, One “hot particle” of this DU material in the lungs is equivalent to a chest X-ray per hour for life. It is impossible to remove, so the donated lung gradually irradiates the victim until death ensues. The US military are well aware of this and are on record as confirming 2.5mGy/hr at the surface of a DU shell, a dose equivalent to a chest X-ray per hour. Each A-10 Thunderbolt 30mm cannon anti tank shell contains some 275g (10.1 Ba). A single 120mm Abrams tank DU shell contains 3kg of U-238 (111 MBq) of activity (CKL, 1949). The Luveruatioual Avion Cemer, a group dhat opposes the use of depleved-uraniuan weapons, called the Pentagon's decision to use the A-10 “Warthog” jets againct targets in Kosovo “a danger to the people and environment of the entire Balkans.” John Catalinotto, a spokesperson from the Depleted Uranium Education Project of the International Action Center and an editor of the 1997 book Metal of Dishonor: Depleted Uranium, said the use of DU weapons in Yugoslavia “adds a new dimension to the crime NATO is perpetrating against the Yugoslav people~including those in Kosuvu.” (IAC, April 1, 1999). OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 16ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA HEALTH CONSEQUENCES AND EFFECTS FOR PEOPLE IV.Health consequences and effects for people Polluting substances endanger the population directly through several medius: aie, water and food, but one should not neglect the indirect influence stemming from the chemical transformation of pollurants (which can result in the increase or in the reduction of their toxicity), as well as from the fact that they tend to accumulate (most often in geological formations or in the biosphere) (P. Polié, 1999) leased after above mentioned bombing of combined petrochemicals and fertilizer factory and oil cefincey in the Belgrade suburbs (Pancevo) enveloped the suburb and many people were injured by chemical inhalation (ENS, April 19). Clouds of toxic gases 5 A. VOM Five minutes of exposure of humans to VCM in concentration of 6.000 ppm causes symptoms similar to light iuoxicated by alcohol; in concentration of 16.000 ppm causes symptoms of throwing, raving and produces state of unconsciousness: higher concentration causes damage of liver and kidneys. Prolonged exposure of humans and laboratory animals to vinyl chloride vapor has been linked to several forms of cancer. EXPOSURE TO VCM HAS CUMULATIVE EFFECTS. B. Phosgene Phosgene, created by combustion of VCM, frst vane into prominence during World War I, when it was used, either alone or mixed with chlorine, against troops. Inhalation causes severe lung injury, the full effects appearing several hours alter exposure. c. EDC EDC. released after bombing of VCM plant in Panéevo in the night of April, 18", is narcotic, while at longer exposures acts as poison, Lower concentrations are heavily detected by the sense of smell, while high concentrations cause ititativu of eyes, nose and pharynx. EDC causes damage effects ro kidneys, adrenal glands, lungs, digestive and nerve systems. It is well documented cancerogenic substance. Intoxication by EDC causes mental confusion, throwing, bloody diarrhea, jaundice, etc. EDC is especially dangerous for children, D. Chlorine Chlorine, was releasing during bombing of petzochemical complex in Paucevu, Its concentration of 1.000 ppm produces death after few inhalations. Maximal allowed concentration in working environment is 0.5 ppm, while in urban environment only 0.064 ppm. Chlorine gas, a poison, was the first gas used in chemical warfare in World War I. It causes suffocation, constriction uf the chest, tightness in the throat, and edema of the lungs. As little as 2.5 mg per liter (approximately 0.085 percent by volume) in the atmosphere causes death in minutes, but less than 0.0001 percent hy volume may be tolerated for several hours. Its strong odor gives warning of its presence at much lower concentrations than are dangerous. OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 7ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA HEALTH CONSEQUENCES AND EFFECTS FOR PEOPLE E. HE HF emission had happened during destruction of the production line of Chemical plant “Prva Isken” in Batié (19 Apeil 1999). Gas masks provide no protection against this highly toxic substance that irritating to the mucous membranes and destroy nails and tooth, Robert Hayden, Director of the Center for Russian and East European Studies at the University of Pittsburgh, said: “NATO's bombing of the petrochemical plant at Barié only a few miles from Belgrade risked the life, health and safety of the civilian population of 2 uuiliun in the city uf Belgrade. The auuch released douds of poison gas over Belgrade, and violated international humanitarian law.” (IPA, April 21, 1999). F, PCB PCB is well known cancer inducing compound which were banned in the world decades ago. Several tons of PCB have been released into Danube river watershed (Istina, 1999). Unestimated release of PCB from several large transformer stations surely polluted soil and water. G. Depleted uranium The uranium oxide from above described depleted uranium bullets when inhaled donates “hot” particles of around 0.5 microns to the chest, equivalent to 20 chest X-rays per hour. Neatly all the Cruise missiles used so far contain DU warheads. The UK Sunday Times says 120 of these have been fired so far, but other reports say much more have been fired. DU is classed as a weapon of mass destruction and therefore illegal according co the Geneva Convention. They could have teratogenic effects for generations afterwards on combatants and targets alike. Certainly they will damage US or NATO troops as well as all others in Kosovo in any ground war, to judge from what happened after their use in the Gulf War and in Bosnia (CRL, 1999}. The use of this ammunition is highly inhumane both for its instantaneous and for its subsequent radio-active effect. The effects of its use against woups aud the Uvilian population are Laval since they cause wounds followed by contamination which makes the use of this ammunition a crime against humanity and international law (Yugoslav Foreign Ministry, Aide Memoire, Belgrade, May 17, 1999) H. Acid Rains Large quantities of released carbon-dioxyde, sulphure-dioxyde, nitrogen oxydes, ammonia, ozone, etc. undoubtedly will cause appearance of acide rains. Food “The consequences af the chemical pollution of food is most easy to control, therefore the danger to the population in this case is greatly reduced, especially if we speak about final products, However, agricultural products can be contaminated by polluted water, atmosphere precipitation and by all the toxie substances mentioned above (P. Poli 1999) Dr. Luka Radoja, agronomist, pointed out that NATO bombing is happening in the phase of planting of many craps vital for the survival of the population: corn, sunflower, soy, sugar beet and vegetables. The planting of 2.5 milion hectares of land is fed Also, the lack of fuel for agricultural machines will have catastrophic results, s to hunger of the enue population (Kajizevne novine, 1999), (OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 18ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA ‘TRANSBOUNDARY EFFECTS OF THIS POLLUTION V. Transboundary effects of this pollution Victor Frolov, Director of Dept. for Investigation of Ecologicals Risks at Russian National Comitee for Ecological Security expects that negative ccological consequences of NATO bombing will endanger whole region of Balk: Danubian countries downstream from Yugoslavia and Europe for next 15 t0 20 years (Politika, April 21, 1999), A toxic clouds released after above mentioned bombing of combined petrochemicals and fertilizer factory and oil refinery in the Belgrade suburbs (Panéevo) contained chlorine, hydrochloric acid and phosgene. These toxic are expected to be carried into Romania and Bulgaria and down the Danube River into the Black Sea (ENS, April 19). Accarding to BRC News (Monday, April 19, 1999, workers at the petrochemical complex. also decided to release tons of carcinogenic ethylene dichloride into the Danube to avoid the risk of an explosion. Panéevo lies on the tiver, and the pollution is expected to go downstream to Romania, Bulgaria and into the Black Sea Panéevo’s catastrophe had produced huge toxic cloud, whic, according to genral: major Boris Aleksejev, was detected in Poland and could reach Greece and Italy, too (Vojska, April 22, 1999, pg. 24.25), The New York based International Action Center called the Pentagon's decision to use the A-10 “Warthog” jets against targets in Serbia “a danger to the people and environment of the entire Balkans”. (TiM, April 10, 1999). In this regard, a report in from Greece: “registered an increase in levels of toxic substances in the atmosphere of Greece, and said that Albania, Macedonia, Italy, Austiia and [Tungary all face a potential threat to human health as a result of NATO's bombing of Serbia, which includes the use of radioactive depleted uranium shells” Although we do not have exact data and calculations on the quantity of released nitrogen oxides (compounds with proved negative impact on ozone layer), we consider that continuation and intensification of NATO air campaign and destruction all around Yugoslavia will undoubtedly endanger ozone layer over this part of Europe. Balkan peninsula, Italy and Central Europe are faced with dramatically consequences of damaging, of ozone layer, even with the appearance of holes in ozone layer (SES, April 15, 1999). According to Caslav Stanojevié, meteorologist, satelite photos show enormos quanuty of gaseous substances over Europe. One can expect problems at large scale with damaging of ozone layer in Northern Europe and America till the end of this summer (Glas Javnosti, May 7, 1999). After bombing of oil depots in Prahovo town, in the vicinity of Yugoslav-Bulgarian border, on May 15, 1999, according M. Sci Milivoje Ilié, Head of district, heavy rain in Bulgaria next night was black and enriched with soot and hydrogencarbons (Politika, May 18, 1999). A perilous cloud filled with the above-mentioned combustion products of the initial fuel of long-distance Wuising missiles appears inunediately after the launching of missiles from one of the ships o bases of NATO members and due to the airflow it penetrates the whole Europe causing great ecological disaster. Wind carries the poisons everywhere the air currents pass and does not choose where it will unload its dangerous cargo filled with ecological pollutants Branka Jovanovié, 1999) According to BBC News (Monday, April 19, 1999, Dr. Komatina, Yugoslav hydrogeologist, says pollution of underground waters from the effects of the bombing is a problem “not just for our country but for the southem Europe”. On the other hand, the OVER VIEW OF FCOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 19ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA ‘TRANSBOUNDARY EFFECTS OF THIS POLLUTION Macedonian Environment Ministry is worried about airborne pollution. It says furans and dioxins - toxic and carcinogenic snhstances ~ are heing released as the bombs explode, and carried for long distances by the wind. 13 huuge slicks, released from bombed refineries endangered downstream countries, Large confirmed the thick oil sick could jam machines which pump water 6km from the Danube to cool the reactors in Bulgaria's Kozloduy NPP cooling system, prompring envisonmentalists to warn of a “very real dange:” of a second Chemobyl Kozloduy takes water from the Danube at a point just 100 km from the Serbian border. One of the 13 slicks approaching itis 24 km long.(Sunday Herald, Glasgow, April 26, 1999). Furthermore, Bulgaria gave its permission for using of own airfields for NATO's planes. According to Mr. Kashiev, a chairman of Bulgarian committee for peaceful use ot atomic power, Gabrovnice airfield located in 50 km from Kozloduy nuclear plant. This airfield was previously used only for Russia aircraft unnspoxting nuclear fuel for the plant. 3rd nuclear reactor is currently under repair and its shield removed. Reactor is absolutely unprorected. Large amount of the spent nuclear fue!’ roads stored right next to this reactor, it's also absolutely unprotected, In similar conditions Armenian muclear plant was shut down during armed conflict between Armenia and Azerbajan 10 years ago (V. Slivyak, 1999). Reservoirs on large rivers like Iron Gute I aud 1 on Danube) are in special danger boeause the process of sedimentation is increased due to the slowing down of the flow of the river. Therefore, Iron Gate’s reservoirs act as collectors of all upstream pollution. It is a fact that here also, just like in che case of air pollution, state boundaries do not exist. A dramatic pollution of practically any river in Serbia by heavy metals, Pyralene (PCB), oil, etc, will almost certainly affect (in several days, months or years) the neighboring “downstream” countries (Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, etc) (P. Pulic, 1999). OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 20ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA ARE EFFECTS ALREADY THERE VLAre effects already there A. Health effects 1. Civilian Casualties ‘The most prominent effect of NATO bombing is killing of civilians, so-called and explained as “collateral damage”. During the las fifty seven days of bombing, over more than 1,000 civilians have been killed and several times more severely wounded. 2) Three bedriden patients killed in Belgrade Early morning on May 20, 1999 (01:00 AM), Clinic for Neurology of Hospital ragida Misovie” in Bel, tothe ashes. Three patients have been killed in their hospital beds. Maternity hose and Surgery Clinik in near vicinity has been seriously damaged (Glas Javnosti, May 20, 1999). Four ‘women had been evacuated during their induced labor (RT Politika, Morning News, May 20, 9: Contr ade was directly hir hy neo hombs and burnes Koriga ‘The most horrible event had happened on May 13, 1999, when NATO jets hit Albanian refugee’ line in village Koris, near Prizren town, NATO has said that ic attacked the village in southern Kosovo where up to 100 civilians died on Friday. The Alliance statement went on to say that the village was a “legitimate mulitary target” and that NATO. deeply regrewed any accidental civilian casualties that were caused by the auack.. NATO said that the village of Korida was being used as a military camp. Spealcing on the BBC, NATO spokesman Jamie Shea said: “We have reports that soldiers were also involved in the casualties, not simply civilians.” BBC Correspondent Jacky Rowland, who visited the village some 24 hours after the attack, said she saw no evidence of any military equipment inthe area (BBC-Brussels, May 15, 1999). Many other “collateral damages” in towns all around Yugoslavia are well documented, as follows. b) Towns in Kosovo and Metohija: ‘More than four hundred civilians were killed in the bombing of Pristina, Djakovica, Prizren, Kosovo Polje, UroSevac, Kosovska Mitrovica, refugee centers in Orahovac and Srbica, Vitina, ete. o} Belg Several dozen civilians we killed and more than one hundred wounded in the hombing of various parts of the city, including its very center: the building of Radio and Television of Serbia (16 killed and 19 wounded professional journalists and technical staff) Embassy of the People s Republic of China (3 employees killed and more than wounded), the buildings of the federal and republican ministries, business center exe. ‘On 23 April 1999, NATO aggressors demolished the building of the Radio and Television of Serbia in Relgrade, the largest radio and TV. company in the Balkans with 7000 employees and the state-of-the-art infrastructure which was made available to seven. OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 21ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA ARE EFFECTS ALREADY THERE hundred foreign correspondents. On that occasion 16 employees of the Radio and Television of Serbia lost their lis *hile 19 sustained severe injuries. On April 30, 1999, Veselin Tashkav for The Associated Press had reported: “Fire and thick smoke rose from the heart of Belgrade today after NATO jets blasted the headquarters of the Yugoslav army, the interior ministry and a residential area. NATO acknowledged one ot its missiles missed its target (The Associated Press, April 30, 1999). In the most fierce bombing of Belgrade so far, in the night between 7 and 8 May 1999, NATO aireraft hit with three missiles the building of the Embassy of the People s Republic of China in New Belgrade, a new structure of exceptional architectural value According to BBC Online, Nato has admitted it made a tragic mistake in firing missiles at the Chinese embassy in the Yugoslav capital, Belgrade, while statement on Chinese television said Bejing severely condemned a "barbaric atack and a gross violation of Chinese sovereignty” (BBC Online, May 8, 1999) 4) Surdulica Twenty civilians were killed (including 12 children) and over 100 wounded (including 24 seriously) during the bombing on 27 April 1999. BBC Online promptly reported that “The death toll in Surdulica, 200 miles south of Belgrade, remained unclear several hours after the air strike. Local officials said more than 17 people were killed, national television put the figure at 20, while a journalist for Cable News Network counted 16 bodies at a local suurgue, 11 of diciu childzen. Officials said about 50 houses were destroyed in the areack, at midday on Tuesday, and 600 others were damaged. Nato issued a statement saying its aircraft carried out a "successful artack against an army barracks in Surdulica." It added: "Nato does not target civilians, but we cannot exclude harm to civilians or civilian property during our air operations over Yugoslavia.". Sources at the Pentagon said a bomb may have lost its laser guidance in the smoke put up by earlier explosions (BBC Online, April 28, 1999). e) NS Fifteen citizens were killed and more than 60 wounded in the bombing of the center of the town by cluster bombs on 7 May 1999. Kursumija Thirteen civilians were killed and twenty five wounded in an attack on this town, f) Aleksinac ‘Twelve civilians were killed and forry wounded in the hombing af 5 April 1999. g) Murino near Rozaje Five civilians were killed and eight children wounded in the bombing ofthis village. 2. Children as victims NATO bombing is forced children to live in shelters and deprived of clementary, health and social care. They are exposed to stresses which will permanently affect their development. Furthermore, according FRY Ministry of Foreign Affairs (b) many children OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OFNATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 2ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA ARE EFFECTS ALREADY THERE were killed or wounded in the bombing of civilian structures and residential areas which can be illustrated by following examples: © the killing of several dozen of children during the bombing of the train in Grdelica gorge on 12 Aptil, the buss in Luzani on 1 May and buss on the Peé- Rodaje road on 3 May 1999 © the killing of nineteen children in the refugee column near Djakovica on 14 April 1999 the killing of twelve children during the bombing of Surdulica on 27 April 1999 the killing of nine children in the bombing of Kurgumlija the killing of seven children in Srbica from cluster bombs the killing of six children in the bombing of a refugee center in Djakovica the killing of five children from the Koxa fumily in the village of Doganovidi near Urosevac when six children were wounded by cluster bombs © three children and two adults killed by a cluster bomb in the village of Velika Jablanica near Ped on 2 May 1999 two children killed in Aleksinac on 5 April 1999 # the killing of a three-year old girl in the Belgrade suburb of Batajnica, and many other cases 3. Refugees as Victims © On 14 April 1999, 75 citizens of the FR of Yugoslavia were killed and over 40 of them sustained serious inyunes in the bombing ot a large group of refugees ou the Djukovica-Prizren road 4. Passengers in Vehicles of Public Transportation as Victims. # Fifty-five pascengers were killed and cwenty-six wounded in the Grdelica gorge during the attack on the international passenger train on the Belgrade- ‘Thessaloniki line on 12 April 1999 Sixty passengers lost their lives and four were wounded during the bombing of the “Nis express” coach near the village of Ludani, On that occasion NATO warplanes buinbed also the ambulance which came to help the victims when one doctor was injured on 1 May 1999 # Atleast twenty people were killed and twenty were injured during the attack on the coach on the Peé-Rodaje line on 3 May 1999 5. New Types of Injuries NAIO amply use weapons banned by the Geneva Convention, such as cluster Lumby. In the period between 25 March and 15 May 1999, over 60 containers each with 240 cluster bombs (ie. over 15,000 bombs), as well as more than 400 cluster bombs, have been dropped over the territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. About 40 containers and over 250 cluster bombs have been dropped over Kosovo and Metohija, killing about 200 and wounding over 450 people. Material damage has been enormous: entire housing estates have been destroyed, as well as schools and hospitals, industrial plants and communication infrastructure, Dozens of people, primarily children, have been killed and wounded as a consequences of the delayed effect of the cluster bombs and new (OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OFNATO BOMBING OF YUGOSI AVIA 23ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA ARE EFFECTS ALREADY THERE. fnuman casualties and destruction can be expected from the remaining unexploded bombs (Yugoslav Foreign Ministry, Aide Memoire, Belgrade, May 17, 1999). Cluster bombs couse new type of injuries. According to Professor Dr Antonije Skoldjev, Ceneral Major in Retire, Ex-Head of the Maxillo-Facial Surgery Clinic VMA. (Military Hospital) Belgrade “This kind wounds was new even for the two experienced surgeons, Dr Lazar Davidovic and Dr Dragan Markovic. They have operated for three weeks on Kosovo, Pristina under extremely difficult conditions: no water, no electricity. These two cardio-vascular surgeons have treated the injuries of small Sadrina, Albanian girl whose arm was saved in spite of the difficult injury from the cluster bomb. Dr Davidovie and Dr Markovic reports are full of previously unwitnessed injuries, such as victims’ bones crashed to such an extent so that they were pulverized by cluster bombs” (TiM, May 5, 1999) 6. Acute Health Effects Releasing of above described toxic compounds (see Chapter III) caused slightly intoxication of affected civilians. For example, more than 100,000 citizens of Pan¢evo region (Belgrade’s northern suber) were endangered after bobming of petrochemical complex on April 15" and 18%, However, there are no reports about lethal effects caused by intoxication. The use of graphite bombs which have caused short circuits on long-distance power lines and collapse of the electric power system of Serbia had produced severe problems in obtaining elementary needs (health, hygiene, etc) of entire population. The ost severely ullecied are hospitals (particularly maternity Lospitals - incubators, te), including all patients (especially emergency cases and those in intensive care units), as well as the residents in cities who live in the high-rises and others. 7. Chronic Health Effects Several of above described toxic compounds (see Chapter III), released after NATO bombing, could cause chronic health effects. First of all is depleted uranium, but also other carcinogenic and toxic substances (e.g. VM). ‘There is large evidence of using DU ammunition, On 30 March 1999, A-10 planes bombed the region of Greater Prizren. On 18 April 1999 A-10 planes used radio-active ammunition in the region of Greater Bujanovac. On the basis of spectrometric tests and idemtification of radio-nucleides it can be positively averred that the sample - the bullet for the 30-millimetre cannon of the A-10 plane - contains depleted uranium. The diameter of the core is 16 mun, lengths 95 nun, wiass 292 yrauune aud the calculated density about 18 g/cm. The tested sample has been appropriately deposited and may be offered as evidence material (Yugoslav Foreign Ministry, Aide Memoire, Belgrade, May 17, 1999). Such effects could be only monitored at long,term scale. B. Environmental effects 41. Air Air pollution is the most acute problem, in view of the fact that the pollutants spread quickly through the air, that itis impossihle to protect the population swiftly and efficiently and because it largely depends on the weather. Belgrade was faced with possible major ecological disaster on April 18 after bombing of petrochemical complex in Pangevo ifthe wind been blowing from the east-northeast. All the toxic substances trom the OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 24ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUCOSLAVIA, ARE EFFECTS ALREADY THERE, Pangevo industrial zone (phosgene, vinyl-chloride), harmful and poisonous products of burning fuel, but also many other substances, would have been blown right into Belgrade. Luckily, the wind was westerly, at times strong, and rain also helped in the reduction of air pollution (including phosgene hydrolysis, yielding carbon dioxide and hydrochloric acid) (P. Polié, 1999) ) Institute of Public Health, Dept. Panéevo, had measured VCM’s concentration of 10,600 times above technologicaly permitted level, t the point few kilometers faraway from the bombed plant (Glas Javnosti, May 19, 1999, pg. 5). ‘The reactions caused by different explosive devices, fires and the combustion of huge quantities of different materials and chemicals, as well as the intensive air attacks have imeversibly used millions of tons of oxygen. One of the estimates says that a single combat plane consumes more oxygen than 10,000 cars put together. Consequently, we could conclude that hundreds of tons of oxygen have virtually disappeared from these parts of the Balkan Peninsula in only three weeks. The above quantity of oxygen would be sufficient to maintain life for the next 50 years ‘The combustion of oil, petrol, crude oil, motor oi, tires, asphalt, and other materials on extremely high temperatures, as well as of explosive charge of different missile ‘weapons caused hundreds of products of both combustion and decomposition (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitric oxides, sulfurous compounds) whose quantities are now reaching over 1000 million m’ in the atmosphere. The extreme danger lies in the excessive presence of sulfur dioxide. These products of combustion and decomposition can affect each other and consequently create some even more perilous compounds than those previously existing, All of diem are included in the process of the circulation of matter and energy, so it is more than possible that they will reach the surface of the earth and than become part of the chain of food, Toxic effects of the presence of the above products are unpredictable to say in the least. (V. Janjié, 1999) Modern buildings, unlike those of the pre-World War II era, incorporate a lot of synthetic materials in their structure, furnishings and fittings. Consequently, a modern building produces a lot of pyrutuains when burning (Ties of India, April 21). Alter bombing of the very center of Belgrade during a night, suffocating cloud did not disperse til late morning hours. 2. Water Water pollution is a less acute, but not a potentially less dangerous problem. One should certainly not underestimate the pollution of rivers with oil and its derivatives, as well as the potential pollution with acids, alkalis, phenols and suchlike. But oil flows away, acids and alkalis are quickly diluted, phenols hydrolyze, etc. The pollution of underground waters is much more dangerous, since they have a very limited capacity for self-purification (this is why “Makis” and many other wells are in great danger, because pollutants reach underground waters both from the surface and by infiltrating through the bank sediments of polluted rivers). It should also be remembered that rivers, although they flow, are being self purified by their bottom sediments, therefore tonic substances accumulate and, if not degraded, can he released (mobilized) again if there is a change in the physical and chemical properties of the water ionic forces, pH, redox potentials, the presence of complexing agents (including natural ones humic substances, which can increase or reduce both the mobility and the toxicity of polluting substances) (P. Polié, 1999). ‘Only after bombing of VCM plant in Panéevo in the night of April, 18* the total of 1,400 tons of EDC and 800 tons of 33% hydrogen chloride (HCI) have been released. (OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 25ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA ARE EFFECTS ALREADY THERE directly into Danube watercruise. Furthermore, 3,000 tons of natrium hydroxyde (NaOH), 30 tons of liquid chlorine and almost 100 vons of mercury (Hy) were released from destroyed Chlorine — Alkaline Electrolysis plant in Panéevo (Glas Javnosti, May 19, 1999, pg. 5). Asa consequence of released toxins after repeated bombings, Yugoslav authorities has prohibited fishing on the Danube downstream from Panéevo (TiM, May 14, 1999). ‘According to BBC News (Monday, April 19, 1999, Dr. Momir Komatina, a hydrogeologist, says the region's underground water sources are at nsk, Groundwater is estimated to supply 90% of Serbia’s domestic and industrial needs. 3. Soil NATO hombing is creating deep craters and ruining the land which will need thousands of years to recuperate. The opinion is that a 240kp heavy bomb makes a crater with 8 meters in diameter, 50 meters in surface, 4 meters in depth and 67m in volume. The total surface of the craters created by the three weeks NATO aggression is enormous. [he damage becomes even greater if one bears in mind that not only parts of the land with craters become unusable, but also all the land around. Every single airplane attack leaves behind a crater field with a surface of several tens of hectares. The desrmction of the upper layers of the soil equals the destruction of its flora and fauna. As a consequence, the lower layers of the soil are turning into a completely useless area whose natural regeneration could last thousands of years. In order for the 20cm thick upper layers to be made, the land needs some 1500 to 7400 years, because within 100 years the surface layer grows only 0.5- 2un (V. Janjid, 1999) 4, Ecosystems/Biodiversity a) Endangered Natural Assets of National and Intemational importance * The Kopaonik National Park, and its highest peak, Panéiéev vth, with the monument to Josif Panci, world recognized scientist and naturalist; © The Crveni potok Strict Nature Reserve in the Tara National Park, the unique habitat of Panéi¢’s omorika, described by Josif Pandi¢, © Gazimestan, both cultural and navural value, protected as one of few natural habitats of Paconis officinalis © The Grmija Park of Nature and monasteries Gracanica, Pedl cultural monuments surrounded by protected landscape areas; © KurSumilja and the vicinity of the city where is the Djavolja Varo, Monument of Nature, proposed for UNESCO World Heritage List as geological phenomenon; ‘© industrial chemical plants in Panéevo, Novi Sad, Kragujevac, Luéani and Barté- Belgrade. Chemicals from the plants are spreading through che air and the river systems to the neighboring countries, also, and the permanent effects on environment and on the health of the people will be measured in years to come. Patsijarsija, Zica, b) Endangered plan species The localities of highest concentration of rare and endangered species in Serbia, according Serbian Ecological Society (SES 1999b) are strongly affected by war activities. OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO ROMRING OF YUGOSLAVIA %ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA ‘ARE EFFECTS ALREADY THE! “Therefore, many plant species could extinct due to recent environmental damages. ‘An excellent example is sivuation with four extremely endangered species, as follows: (1) Aristolochia meramuelleri Greuter & €. Mayer Merxmueller’s Birthwort is local endemic of Metochia. According to the size of. range, isolated taxonomical position in the flora of Serbia and distant phytogeographical links with Mediterranean representatives of A. pallida aggregate, the taxon might be considered to be a relic. Grazing 1s the most adverse threat, Habitat is in the vicinity of ‘Maligevo and Drenica. That region is strongly affected by war acivities since 24th March. 1999, (2) Dianthus behriorum Bomm Behr’s Pink grows on grass covered calcareous stony grounds above 1,000 m. It is overgrazed. It has been noted that there is no specimen of this species in stony pastures where grazing is heavy. However, in the immediate vicinity of the pastures, in denuded verrain, whic ae not under grazing pressure, dhe population is Comparatively sich, [abivat is strongly affected by war activities since 24th March 1999, Locus classicus represents possible direction of land invasion of NATO troops to Serbia, Mt Paitrik has been already ormed near village Gorodup. bombed. Heavy battle was pe (3) Gentlana noposae Jav. Nopesa’s Marsh Gentian’s habitat is strongly affected by war activities. Locus ang aud lrad Leen severely buuubed. The lassicus ( vicinity of Peé town had been also heavily bombed. oritsa) was dhe plave oC heavy Gy (4) Tulipa serbica Tatic & Krivosej Serbian Tulip is recently described taxon. It has been widely accepted that this species could be named by noun “serbica” as indication of its geographically belonging ~ as indication of the state where it has been discovered. Its habitat is strongly affected by war activities: locality Srbovac near Kosovska Mitrovica town has becn intensively bombed. ¢) Endangered animals Many wild animals (small and large) are endangered by NATO bombing. The most prominent example represents Egyptian vulture (Gyps fitaa), the largest Yugoslav vulture. It has similar importance for Balkan region like condor for America. It has been successfully reintroduced and protected in river gorges of Uvac, MileSevka and Tresnijica. These magnificent birds need permanent food supply and peaceful environment. for successful survive. However, NATO jet crushed directly into Milefevka gorge, wile often bombing in the vicinity of other habitats caused migration of G. ids. (OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA, 7ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA, APENDIX VII. Apendix A. APPEAL FOR SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION OF CONFLICT IN YUGOSLAVIA submitted by Serbian Ecological Society Belgrade and Internet, April 1999 We, the Signatories to the Appeal for Sustainable Solution of Conflict in Yugoslavia, members of international ecological comemnnity, active in environmental issues, Convinced of the need for a peaceful and political solution in Kosmet (the southern province of Republic of Serbia, FR Yugoslavia) as a prerequisite for global ecological stability in the region of Southeastern Europe, Faced with possible global ecological catastrophe indicated by consequences uf bombing of fertilizer factories, vil refineries, as well as hazardous chemical industries in Yugoslavia, Emphasize that releasing of toxic and hazardous substances (e.g. vinyl chloride monomer - VCM, ethylene dichloride - EDC, phosgene, chlorine, oil, nutrients. etc:) aifect environment and human health in wide region with long-term consequences, Recognize that the protection of the human rights of all persons in Kosm as the rights of the members of all uatioual onmnunities, are important segment of, ecological stability in the region, Call pon each party involved in conflict to demonstrate enough courage in implementation of multilateral cease-fire on the occasion of the Earth Day, April 22", 1999, Call upon public, especially in countries involved in conflict, to support peaceful solution through compromise and negotiation suuong all parties involved in contlict, Encourage other organizations to develop strong public pressure for protection of our common nature as well as our common future from war activities. swell This Appeal could be signed in English or in Serbian language FOR Serbian Ecological Society M. Sci. Dmitar | aknsic, President (dlakeusic@Bunet.yu) Univ. Belgrade, Fac. Biol, Inst. Bor. & Bot. Garden "Jevremovac” Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, ‘Yugoslavia Tel: +381 11 767-988, Fax: +381 11 769-¥05 TO ADD YOUR NAME TO THIS PETITION, SEND AN E-MAM.TO: Ass, Prof. Dr. Radoje I ausevic Secretary of Serbian Ecological Society rlausevi@EU.netyu OVERVIEW OF ECOLAGICAT CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 28ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA APENDIX Some of the Signatones *Giandiego Campetella, Department of Botany and Ecology, Camerino University, 67037 - (Me) Iraly, diegocam@camserv umnicam it “Prof. Dr. Dr. CPI. Franco Pedrotti, Director of Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC) Italy, pedroti@camserv.unicam.it “Dr. Fabio Conti, Curator of Botanical Garden, Department of Botany and. Ecology, University of Camerinom, 62032 Camerino (MC) Italy, fconti@zcamserv.unicam it *Valcria Rivola, Camerino University, rivola@camserv.unicam.it *Dr. Paolo Minghetti, Dep. of Botany and Ecology, University of Camerino, Via Pontoni, 5, 62032 Camerino, Italy, paolom@camserv.unicam.it ‘amar Pitch, Associate professor, Sociology of Law, University of Camerino »Prof. Fulvio ESPOSITO, Parassitologia, Dip. Biologia molecolare, cellulare e animale, Mail address: Via Camerini 2, 62032 CAMERINO (MC) ITALY, fax +39-0 403269, ph. +39-0737-403230 *Paolo Luzzi, Curatore Orto Botanico di Firenze, Segretario Circolo Rifondazione Comunista di Rignano sull' Amo (FI), onbot@CESITLLUNIFLIT Dr Kit Tan, Flora Hellenica Secretariat at Botanical Laboratorium University of Copenhagen, kite@bot ku dk “Prof. Ame Strid, Flora Hellenica Secretariat at Botanical Laboratorium University of Copenhagen *Prof. Dr. Werner Greuter, Berlin, Director of Bot. Garden. 8 Bot. Museum Berlin, Dahlem, President of OPTIMA, "PROF. DR. W. GREUTER" *Prof.dr Jelena Blazencic, Inst.Bot. 8¢ Bot. basta "Jevremovac", Biol. FakUniv.u Beogradu, Takovska 45,11000 Beograd, Tel: +581 11 /6/-988, "Jelena Blazencic “Solomon [oannou, Regional Environmental Center, Ady Endre u. 9-11 Szentendre 2000, Hungary, Tel: 36-26-311-199, etx. 305, Fax: 36-26-311.294, "solomon ioannou" *Pavol Elias, Dept.of Ecology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Marianska 10, SK- 949 /L Nitra The Slovak Republic, Tel: ++421-87-414 748, Fux: ++421-87-414 987, "Dov. RNDr. Pavol ELIAS, CSc." “Branko Vucijak, Hydro-engineering Institute, S.Tomica 1, Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herzegovina , tel.: +38771/533- fax: +38771 / 207-949, E-mail: bvucijak@utic.net.ba *DrPance Stojanovski, full professor, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, P.O.Box 162, 91000 Skopje, Macedonia *D1.Svetislav Krstic, Associate professor, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Navural Sciences, P.O.Box 162, 91000 Skopje, Macedonia, skrstic “latko Levkov, assistant, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, P.O.Box 162, 91000 Skopje, Macedonia “Hugo Van Dienderen, Volksvertegenwoordiger Agalev, Nieuw adres vanaf 20.2.99, Wapenstraat 2 bus 2 2000 Antwerpen Tel 03 288 77 47 Pax 03 288 90 43, GSM 0495 52 37 69 e.mail: "Hugo Van Dienderen" , OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 29ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA APENDIX Parlement cf bureau 02 549 85 68 tf fractie 02 549 84 18 fax fractie 02 549 87 98, Medewerkster tf 02 501 76 79 fax 02 513 7751 "Don Bates, Brockton, MA LISA, TheDwiz@aal.com *Jean Bates, 108 Norton Avenue #17, South Easton, MA 02375 USA, Maomi16387@aol.com “Canullo Roberto, Department of Botany and Ecology, Camerino University, V. Pontoni, 5 - 62032, Camerino (Italy), ++ 0737 404505, fax 404508, e-mail: canullo , canullo_roberto@hotmail.com *Srdjan Antic, Dept. C/M Physiol., Yale University, Sch. Med., 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, srdjan antic *Jelena Vasic, Irland, Jelena Vasic “Nancy Keith, Wayland MA USA, TheDwiz@aol.com *Pruf Cedu Maksinuvic, lneptil College London, UK, email: "Maksimovie, C." “Dr Marco Zoli, Physics Department, University of Camerino, Italy, Zoli Marco *Filip Liviu, TERRA NOSTRA Association, Office "Angelescu Hamlet , | ERKA NOSIKA Association, Office “Tana Nicu, TERRA NOSTRA Association, Ollice “Sorescu Ovidis, TERRA NOSTRA Association, Office *Ohogeanm George, TERRA NOSTRA Association, Office “Pop Daniela, TERRA NOSTRA Association, Office *Pasat Catalin, TERRA NOSTRA Association, Office trimbu Bogda, TERRA NOSTRA Association, Office “Michael R. Allen, Editor & Publisher, SpinTech Magazine, "Michael R. Allen” , http://www spintechmag.com °M Sc. Denise Reichow, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B.C,, Canada V5A 186, Denise Reichow Sean Purdy, MA, PhD (ABD), Faculty of Education, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6 Canada, Sean Purdy Marjorie Brown, URSU Graduate Issues Coordinator, University of Regina Students! Union, University of Regina, Regina, SK $45 0A2, phone: (306) 586-8811 ext. 203 fax: (304) 586-8812, "Marjorie Brown” “Christine E. Stojakovic, 104 - 4191 Albert Street, Bumaby, British Columbia. VSC 285, Canada, "Christine E. Stojakovic’ mandy hiscocks, 53 Cambridge st., Guelph, ON, Canada, NIH 2V1, mandy *Usi Strauss, 2663-2 Pairview Crescent, Vancouver, BC, Canada, VGT 2B1, Phone 604.222.1547, e-mail: Uri Strauss *Milica Marsten, Burnaby,BC, Canada, Tel: (604) 437-6492 *Anne GRISENTHWAITE, Burnaby, BC, Canada, AnneGrisenthwaite “Nicole Osowski, Las Cruces, NM, "N. OSOWSKI" *M.Sc. Snezana Mitrovie-Minic, School of Computing Science, Simon Frascr University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B.C. VSA 186, Canada, Snezana Mitrovie- Minic smitrovi@cs.sfu.ca (OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 30ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA, APENDIX B. About Serbian Ecological Society (Drustvo ekologa Srbije) Serbian Ecological Society i an independent, non governmental, scientific and professional organization of scientists and experts involved in all fields of ecological research, education and application of ecological results in environmental protection, restoration and improvement. Serbian Ecological Soctety was founded in 1977, Maun goals of Society are: developing and improving of all ecological fields and stimulating revearch in all aspects of the disciplines propagating of ecological awareness and morals in society; stimulating of ecological research results application in practice; lobbying all the social structures involved in legislation as well as in laying down the rules and programs of scientific and technological state development; encouraging communication among ecologists, etc. Presently, Society is involved in realization two environmental projects: “EX situ protection of internationally significant plant species” and “Four river banks” (rmuld segment project dealing with education, public awareness and information exchange regarding Danube river basin in Yugoslavia) Members of the Society could be regular and honour. Regular members could be scientists, experts, ecology and environmental teachers. Honour members could be scientists, experts and lecturers trom the country and abroad, who significantly contnbuted the development of ecology or environmental protection, restoration and improvement. Today, Society counts approximately 150 regular members and 14 honour members. Society is a member of International Association for Ecology (INTECOL) Serbian Ecological Society is, naturally, opened for all the international scientific and professional forms of communications. International contacts Serbian Ecological Society Dr. Radoje Lausevie, Secreeary Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University af Belgrade ‘Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade Yugoslavia TEL: +381(0)11 76 79 88, 76 88 57 FAX: +381(0)11 769-905, 65 85 00 rlausevi@Eunet-yu Serbian Ecological Society publishes a scientific journal and a bulletin. There are also few more scientific and professional publications edited irregularly under the authority of the Society. Acta Biologica lugoslavica, Ser. D "Ekologija” is Society's journal edited twice a year, Edicor in chief is Prof, ds. Ivica Radovié. Instructions for the authors could be received upon request on the Society's contact address All important information concerning Society's activities are published in DESBILTEN (Bulletin of Serbian Ecological Society), edited three times a year. Contact, address: Dr. Radoje LauSevié (Editor), Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia, E-mail: rlausevi@Eunet yu. ‘The Society also organizes lectures, seminars, symposia and congresses. Last large event - 5" Yugoslav Ecological Congress, Society organized from 22".27" September (OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 31ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA ADENDIX 199% in Belgrade. 662 participants discussed in 15 scientific section. Results were published in 413 scientific papers within EKOLOGIJA Vol. 32(1 and 2) for 1997 and Vol. 33(1, 2 and Supplementum) for 1998, OFFICERS FOR 1996-1998 President: M. Sci. Dmitar Lakudié, Fac. Biol, Inst, Bot, Univ. Belgrade dlaksusic@Eunet yu Secretary: Dr. Radoje Lausevi¢, rlausei@Eunet yu Fac. Biol, Inst. Bor., Univ. Belgrade Treasurer: Sanja Savié, Namal History Museum, Belg ssavic@Eunet.yu Editor: Prof. dr. Ivica Radovié, Fac, Biol., Inst. Zool., Univ. Belgrade Members-et-Large: Dr, Branka Stevanovié, Fae. Biol., Inst. Bot, Univ, Belgrade Dr. Ante Vujié, Fac. Nat. Sci, Inst. Biol., Univ Novi Sad MSci. Vladimir Randelovié, Fac. Technology, Univ. Nis, Sedan Beli, Inst. Prot. Nature of Serbia, Belgrade use Keiaiwani¢, Inst. Prot. Nanuse of Sexbia, Novi Sad. (OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 32ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA APENDIX C. SES Ongoing / Planned Project of Some Interest for Ecological Assessments of War Impact 1. Ex situ protection of rare and endangered plant species. Status: ongoing Four river banks (education, promotion, improvement of public awareness in the necessity of wetland protection and Danube river ecosystems conservation, protection and improvement). Status: ongoing, 3. iinsitu protection of rare and endangered plant spevies. Status: planned. Further information about above mentioned project are available upon request: Serbian Ecological Society Dr. Radoje Li Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade Yugoslavia TEL: +381(0)11 76 79 88, 76 88 57 FAX: +381(0)L1 769-903, 63 85 00 dausevi@Eunetyu sev OVERVIEW OF ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES. OF NATO BOMBING OF YUGOSLAVIA 33