GED Test Flash Review

TEST PREP $13.
95
LearningExpress ®
Score Higher and Achieve
GED
GED TEST
GED® Test Success! ®
This portable guide features the essential

terms you must master to feel confident on all
GED® test sections. A robust vocabulary and
TEST
strong knowledge of commonly tested mate-
®
rial is key to success on the GED® test.
The perfect companion to any GED® test
study plan, this book includes thorough yet
FLASH REVIEW
easy-to-understand explanations for 600 of the
most commonly covered terms on the exam.
Test yourself on the way to a higher score!
600 of the most-tested
In GED Test Flash Review You’ll Find
®
terms on the GED® test
REVIEW
FLASH
®
 600 essential GED test terms
 Study words alphabetized for quick access Features clear and concise
®
 Effective GED test prep to help you achieve
your target score!
explanations
GED® is a registered trademark of the American Council on Education (ACE) and may not The perfect companion to
be used without permission. The GED® and GED Testing Service® brands are administered
by GED Testing Service LLC under license. ACE and GED Testing Service LLC have not ap-
proved, authorized, endorsed, been involved in the development of, or licensed the substantive
any GED® test study plan
content of this product.
Prepare for a Brighter Future

® Any reference to “GED” in the title or body of this work is in no way intended to
imply an afﬁliation with, or sponsorship by, ACE, GED Testing Service LLC, or
any other entity authorized to provided GED® branded goods or services.
Score Higher on Test Day!

GED TEST
®
...................................
Flash review
EST_00_ffirs_i-iv.indd 1 3/15/13 12:1

GED TEST
®
. . . . .Flash
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .review
...............

The contents in this book has been
reviewed and updated by the
LearningExpress Team in 2020.
Copyright © 2013 LearningExpress, LLC.

All rights reserved under International and Pan
American Copyright Conventions. Published in the
United States by LearningExpress, LLC, New York.
Printed in the United States of America
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
First Edition
ISBN 978-1-57685-9254

Contents
IntRoDUCtIon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1
A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...9
B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...39
C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...51
D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....115
e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....143
F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....167
G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....187
H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....197
I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....209
J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....229
K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....233
L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....235
M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....249
[v]
EST_00_fcont_v-viii.indd 5 3/15/13 12:1

n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....281
o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....295
P. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....309
Q. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....363
R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....369
s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....403
t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....451
U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....473
V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....477
W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....489
X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....491
Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....495
Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....499
[ vi ]

GED TEST
®
...................................
FLAsH.ReVIeW
[ vii ]

To access interactive online GED Test
review flashcards:
• Navigate to your LearningExpress
platform and make sure you’re
logged in.
• Search for any of the following
flashcard decks, select one, and
then click “Open Flashcards.”
o GED Test Flashcards: Deck 1

IntroductIon
About the GEd® test
The GED® test is a series of five examina-

tions, created by the GED® Testing Service,
that are designed to measure your proficiency
in high school-level curriculum. The tests in-
clude Language Arts, Writing; Language Arts,
Reading; Social Studies; Science; and Math-
ematics. Students are expected to have a solid
grasp of these core subject areas and be able
to analyze information provided, problem
solve, and communicate their thoughts and
ideas appropriately.
The GED® tests, which include a direct
writing assessment, take more than seven
hours to complete. Students who pass the
GED® tests receive certification that is equiv-
alent to a high school diploma.
[1]
EST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 1 3/15/13 12:1

The GED® tests are available to students
who meet the necessary state requirements—
please contact the official GED® Testing Ser-
vice (www.gedtestingservice.com/ged-testing
-service) for requirements, application and
registration information, and locations of
GED® test centers near you.
How the GEd® tests are Scored
Each GED® test is scored within a range of

200 to 800, and students earning a minimum
score of 410 on each test and a minimum
average test score of 450 are awarded with a
GED® test credential.
GEd® test overview
The following is a breakdown of the major

topic areas covered on each GED® test subtest:
Language Arts, reading
40 multiple-choice questions that cover the

following:
■■■ Fictional literature (75% of test), in-

cluding at least one selection from each
of the following:
[2]
EST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 2 3/15/13 12:1

Poetry
■■■
■■■ Drama
■■■ Prose fiction before 1920
■■■ Prose fiction between 1920 and
1960
■■■ Prose fiction after 1960
■■■ Nonfiction (25% of test), including
two selections of nonfiction prose from

any two of the following areas:
■■■ Nonfiction prose
■■■ Visual and performing arts reviews
■■■ Workplace and community
documents
Language Arts, Writing
The Language Arts, Writing content area is

divided into two parts (scores are combined
and reported as one score).
Part I
50 multiple-choice questions covering the

following content areas:
■■■ Organization (15%)

■■■ Sentence structure (30%)
[3]
EST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 3 3/15/13 12:1

■■■ Usage (30%)
■■■ Mechanics (25%)
Part II
This part of the test requires you to write

an essay on a familiar subject. You’ll have
45 minutes to plan, write, and edit your es-
say. You’ll be required to present your opin-
ion or explain your views on a provided
topic, and your essay will be scored on the
following:
■■■ Focused main points

■■■ Clear organization
■■■ Specific development of ideas
■■■ Sentence structure control, punctua-
tion, grammar, word choice, and

spelling
Each essay reader will score your work on a

four-point scale, and your scores will be aver-
aged to make up your final score. If you earn
a final score of less than two, you must retake
the Language Arts, Writing exam.
[4]
EST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 4 3/15/13 12:1

Mathematics
50 questions (80% multiple-choice ques-

tions; 20% constructed answers) divided into
two parts, focusing on the following:
■■■ Number operations and number sense

(20–30%)
■■■ Measurement and geometry (20–30%)
■■■ Data analysis, statistics, and probability
(20–30%)
■■■ Algebra, functions, and patterns
(20–30%)
In addition to multiple-choice questions,

constructed answer questions will require
you to write answers on either standard or
coordinate plane grids.
Social Studies
50 multiple-choice questions from the fol-

lowing content areas:
■■■ History (U.S. or Canada, 25%; World,

15%)
■■■ Geography (15%)
[5]
EST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 5 3/15/13 12:1

■■■ Civics and government (25%)
■■■ Economics (20%)
Science
50 multiple-choice questions from the fol-

lowing content areas:
■■■ Physical science (physics and chemis-

try, 35%)
■■■ Life science (45%)
■■■ Earth and space science (20%)
Information on each GED® test subtest is avail-

able on the official GED® test website: www
.gedtestingservice.com/ged-testing-service.
How to use this Book
GED® Test Flash Review is designed to help

you prepare for and succeed on each of the
subtests that make up the GED® test. It con-
tains 600 of the most commonly covered terms
on the exam, along with their definitions, for
quick and effective study and review. On one
side of the page are three essential GED® test
terms; on the reverse side are their definitions
[6]
EST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 6 3/15/13 12:1

and/or explanations. The terms are alphabet-
ized for easy access.
Please note that this book is not designed to
give an exhaustive review of the entire scope of
the concepts covered inside; it is meant to give
you a concise, general overview of concepts
that you will likely need to know in order to
succeed on the GED® test. Being fully aware of
the essential terms covered in this book will put
you in a great position for GED® test success.
using this Book to Prepare for the

GEd® test
The following are some suggestions for mak-

ing the most of GED® Test Flash Review as
you structure your study plan:
■■■ Do not try to learn or memorize all of

the 600 terms covered in this book all
at once. Cramming is not the most ef-
fective approach to test prep. The best
approach is to build a realistic study
schedule that lets you review around
10–15 terms each day. Review a set of
terms and then quiz yourself to see
how well you’ve learned them.
[7]
EST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 7 3/15/13 12:1

■■■ Mark the terms that you have trouble
with, so that they will be easy to return
to later for further study.
■■■ As you prepare for the GED® test, you
may come across terms that are unfa-

miliar or difficult for you. We recom-
mend that you consult this book for a
quick review of the terms and concepts
that often appear on the GED® test.
■■■ Make the most of this book’s port-
ability—take it with you wherever and

whenever you have some free study
time.
[8]
EST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 8 3/15/13 12:1

A
abolitionism
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
absolute value
FLAS H REV IEW

EST BULARY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
abstract language
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[9]
EST_02_9-504.indd 9 3/15/13 12:1

A
A reform movement during the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries that advocated the end of
African slavery in Europe and the Americas.
For a number, this is the distance, or number

of units, from the origin on a number line.
Absolute value is the size of the number and is
always positive. For example, |−5l = 5
Greater Than
GED ® TES T GRE
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Less Than
F LASH
Words or phrases that refer to intangible ideas

or to classes of people and objects rather than
the people or things themselves. Abstractions
V OCA
are built on concrete ideas.

REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 10 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 10 3/15/13 12:1

A
acceleration
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
acceleration due to gravity

GED ® T EST FLAS H REV IEW
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
accuracy
[ 11 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 11 3/15/13 12:1

A
The rate that velocity changes per unit of time
and the direction it changes in, computed from
the change in velocity divided by the change
in time.
DV
___ Vf – Vi
_______
a= Dt = tf – ti
Common units are meters per second squared

(m/s2).
The acceleration of an object that is only acted

on by the force of Earth’s gravity. This value is
given the symbol g, and near the surface of
Earth, it has a value of approximately 9.8 m/s2.
GED ® TES T GRE
The direction of acceleration due to gravity is

downward.
The closeness of an experimental measure-

ment to the accepted or theoretical value.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 12 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 12 3/15/13 12:1

A
acid
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
active voice
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
acute angle
[ 13 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 13 3/15/13 12:1

A
A substance that is a proton donor. The pH of
an acid is less than 7.
Increasingly Acidic Neutral Increasingly Basic
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Battery
acid
Stomach
acid
Beer
Saliva
Blood
Bleach
Ammonia
Oven
cleaner
Vinegar
Coffee
Lye
In an active sentence, the subject performs the
action of the verb. The person or thing that
performs the action is named before the verb,
or the action word(s).
GED ® TES T GRE
Examples:
James filed the papers yesterday.
Jin Lee sang the song beautifully.
F LASH
An angle that measures less than 90°.

V OCA
Acute
Angle
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 14 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 14 3/15/13 12:1

A
addend
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
adjacent angle
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 15 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 15 3/15/13 12:1

A
A number that is to be part of an addition
process. In 3 + 2 = 5, the three and the two
are the addends.
Adjacent angles have the same vertex, share a

side, and do not overlap.
1 Adjacent
GED ® TES T GRE
Angles
2
∠1 and ∠2 are adjacent.

F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 16 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 16 3/15/13 12:1

A
adjective
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
adverb
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 17 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 17 3/15/13 12:1

A
A word that describes a noun or pronoun in
a sentence. Adjectives answer one of three
questions about another word in a sentence:
Which one? What kind? How many?
Which one? What kind? How many?

that book romance several
novel chapters
the other steep multiple
class expense choices
the last song jazzy melody six awards
A word that describes verbs, adjectives, and

GED ® TES T GRE
other adverbs. Adverbs answer one of these

questions about another word in the sentence:
Where? When? How? To what extent?
To What
Where? When? How? Extent?
The Jude She sang Anthony
F LASH
plane arrived beautifully. is very

flew early. talented.
south.
V OCA
Put the She The Eleanor

REVIEW
chair registered system is is still

here. late. behaving extremely
BULA RY
erratically. ill.
[ 18 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 18 3/15/13 12:1

A
Allied Powers
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
alliteration
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 19 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 19 3/15/13 12:1

A
A military coalition formed between nations
in opposition to another alliance of countries.
In World War I, the Allied Powers included 28
nations that opposed the Central Powers. In
World War II, the Allied Powers fought the
Axis Powers.
World War I European Powers
Allied Powers
Central Powers
Neutral Nations
Norway Finland
Sweden
a
Se
ltic
Ba
Denmark
The
Great Netherlands Russia
Britain
Germany
Belgium
Luxembourg
Austria
France
Hungary
Switzer-
GED ® TES T GRE
land Romania
Black Sea
l
ga
Serbia
Bulgaria
rtu
Spain
Italy Monte-
Po
negro
Albania Turkey
Mediterranean Sea
Greece
Morocco
Algeria
Cyprus
F LASH
The repetition of sounds, especially at the

beginning of words. For example, “She sells
V OCA
seashells down by the seashore” and “Peter

REVIEW
Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers” are

both alliterative phrases.
BULA RY
[ 20 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 20 3/15/13 12:1

A
amendment
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
analysis

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
antagonist
[ 21 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 21 3/15/13 12:1

A
A change or addition to a motion, bill, written
basic law, or constitution. The U.S. Constitu-
tion has 27 amendments. The first ten are
collectively known as the Bill of Rights.
A stage in the scientific method where pat-

terns of the observations are made.
GED ® TES T GRE
The person, force, or idea working against the

protagonist.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 22 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 22 3/15/13 12:1

A
antecedent
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
antibiotic

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
antihero
[ 23 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 23 3/15/13 12:1

A
The word or words to which a specific pronoun
refers. In the sentence, “Denise lost an earring
and she can’t find it,” Denise is the antecedent
of the pronoun she and earring is the anteced-
ent of the pronoun it.
A compound or substance that kills bacteria

without harming our own cells.
GED ® TES T GRE
A character who is pathetic rather than tragic,

and who does not take responsibility for his or
her destructive actions.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 24 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 24 3/15/13 12:1

A
apostrophe
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
appositive

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
aqueous solution
[ 25 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 25 3/15/13 12:1

A
A symbol (’) used to show possession; it shows
to whom or what a noun belongs.
A word or group of words that immediately fol-

lows a noun or pronoun. The appositive makes
the pronoun more defined by explaining or
identifying it.
GED ® TES T GRE
A solution in which the solvent is water.

F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 26 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 26 3/15/13 12:1

A
arctic zone
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

area
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 27 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 27 3/15/13 12:1

A
The climatic zone near the North and South
Poles characterized by long, cold winters and
short, cool summers.
The inside shape or space of a two-dimensional

figure, measured in square units. Formulas for
finding the area of a:
Square: A = side2
Rectangle: A = length × width
Parallelogram: A = base × height
1
Triangle: A = __
2 (base × height)
GED ® TES T GRE
1
Trapezoid: A = __ 2 (base1 + base2) × height
Circle: A = π × radius2; π is approximately
equal to 3.14.
= Area
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 28 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 28 3/15/13 12:1

A
arteries
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Articles of Confederation

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
aside
[ 29 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 29 3/15/13 12:1

A
The vascular tissues that carry blood away from
the heart.
The first compact (agreement) uniting the

American colonies; it was formally ratified by
all 13 states in 1781. It was replaced by the
U.S. Constitution in 1789.
GED ® TES T GRE
In drama, when a character speaks directly to

the audience or another character concerning
the action on stage, but only the audience or
character addressed in the aside is meant to
F LASH
hear.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 30 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 30 3/15/13 12:1

A
associative property
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
astronomy
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 31 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 31 3/15/13 12:1

A
This property is used when grouping symbols
are present. The associative property states
that when you perform a string of addition
operations or all multiplication operations you
can change the grouping. In other words,
(a × b) × c = a × (b × c).
Example:
15 × (8 × 20) × 5 =
Change grouping to multiply 20 and 5 first,
because 20 × 5 = 100: 15 × 8 × (20 × 5).
Evaluate parentheses first: 20 × 5 = 100.
The problem becomes 15 × 8 × 100.
Finish, working left to right: 15 × 8 = 120,
then 120 × 100 = 12,000.
The scientific study of celestial objects (stars,

GED ® TES T GRE
planets, comets, galaxies, etc.) and phenom-

ena that originate outside the atmosphere
of Earth. Astronomy is concerned with the
positions, dimensions, distribution, composi-
tion, energy, evolution, and motion of celestial
objects, as well as the formation and develop-
ment of the universe.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 32 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 32 3/15/13 12:1

A
atom
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 33 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 33 3/15/13 12:1

A
The smallest structure that has the proper-
ties of an element. Atoms contain positively
charged protons and uncharged neutrons in
the nucleus. Negatively charged electrons
orbit around the nucleus.
Nucleus
e 3p e
4n
Electron
shells
The figure above is a representation of a

lithium atom (Li). It has 3 protons (p) and 4
neutrons (n) in the nucleus, and 3 electrons (e)
GED ® TES T GRE
in the two electron shells. Its atomic number

is 3 (p). Its atomic mass is 7 amu (p + n). The
atom has no net charge because the number
of positively charged protons equals the num-
ber of negatively charged electrons.
Charges and Masses of Atomic Particles

F LASH
Proton Neutron Electron

Charge +1 0 −1
V OCA
Mass 1 amu 1 amu 1

_____
amu
1,800
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 34 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 34 3/15/13 12:1

A
ATP
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
atria
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
autobiography
[ 35 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 35 3/15/13 12:1

A
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a chemical
that is considered to be the “fuel” or energy
source for an organism.
The chambers of the heart that receive blood.

GED ® TES T GRE
The true account of a person’s life written by

that person.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 36 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 36 3/15/13 12:1

A
Axis Powers
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 37 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 37 3/15/13 12:1

A
An alliance created between Germany, Italy,
and Japan during World War II. The Axis Pow-
ers fought the Allied Powers.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 38 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 38 3/15/13 12:1

A
B
ballad
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
bartering
FLAS H REV IEW

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EST BULARY
base (chemistry)
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[ 39 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 39 3/15/13 12:1

B
A poem that tells a story, usually rhyming.
Typically, only the second and fourth lines of
a quatrain are rhymed. It follows the rhyme
scheme: abcb defe ghih, etc.
As communities grew, a system of bartering—

trading goods or services—developed.
GED ® TES T GRE
A substance that is a proton acceptor. The pH

of a base is greater than 7.
Increasingly Acidic Neutral Increasingly Basic

F LASH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
V OCA
Battery
acid
Stomach
acid
Beer
Saliva
Blood
Bleach
Ammonia
Oven
cleaner
Vinegar
Coffee
Lye
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 40 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 40 3/15/13 12:1

B
base (mathematics)
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Big Bang theory

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 41 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 41 3/15/13 12:1

B
A number used as a repeated factor in an
exponential expression. In 85, 8 is the base
number.
25←exponent = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 32
↑
base
Nobody knows for sure how the universe

originated. According to the Big Bang theory,
the universe started off in a hot dense state
under high pressure between 10 and 20 billion
years ago. The Big Bang theory also postulates
that the universe has been expanding since its
origination.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 42 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 42 3/15/13 12:1

B
Bill of Rights

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
binary system
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 43 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 43 3/15/13 12:1

B
The first ten amendments to the U.S. Con-
stitution. Ratified in 1791, the Bill of Rights
safeguards the liberties of individuals. These
liberties include:
• the right to practice one’s religion freely
• the right to free speech
• the right to a free press
• the right to bear firearms
• the right to meet and to petition the
government
• the right to a fair and speedy trial
• the right to representation by a lawyer
• the right to know the crime with which
one is being charged
• protection from being tried twice for the
same crime
• protection from excessive bail and/or
GED ® TES T GRE
cruel and unusual punishment
One of the simplest numbering systems. The

base of the binary system is 2, which means
that only the digits 0 and 1 can appear in a
F LASH
binary representation of any number.

V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 44 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 44 3/15/13 12:1

B
bisect
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

blank verse
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Bolshevik
[ 45 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 45 3/15/13 12:1

B
Cut in two equal parts.
Line segment AB is bisected at point C.
Poetry in which the structure is controlled only

by a metrical scheme. Also called metered
GED ® TES T GRE
verse.
F LASH
A member of the radical faction of the Russian

socialist party that took power in Russia and
V OCA
formed the Communist Party in 1918.

REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 46 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 46 3/15/13 12:1

B
Boston Tea Party
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
brackets

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
bubonic plague
[ 47 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 47 3/15/13 12:1

B
A 1773 incident staged by American colonists
protesting the British tax on tea. The colo-
nists threw three shipments of tea into Boston
Harbor.
Symbols ( [ ] ) used to close parenthetical

material within parentheses, enclose words
inserted into a quotation, and enclose the
word sic to show that an error in quotation was
made by the original writer or speaker.
GED ® TES T GRE
An infectious disease that killed up to one-

third of all Europeans in the fourteenth century.
Also called “the Black Death.”
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 48 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 48 3/15/13 12:1

B
business cycle
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 49 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 49 3/15/13 12:1

B
Periods of high and low productivity in a capi-
talist economy.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 50 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 50 3/15/13 12:1

A
C
calibration
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
capillaries
FLAS H REV IEW

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EST BULARY
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[ 51 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 51 3/15/13 12:1

C
The examination of the performance of an
instrument in an experiment whose outcomes
are known, for the purpose of accounting for
the inaccuracies inherent in the instrument in
future experiments whose outcomes are not
known.
Vascular tissues that receive blood from the ar-

terioles and release the blood to the venuoles.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 52 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 52 3/15/13 12:1

C
capitalism
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 53 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 53 3/15/13 12:1

C
An economic system in which individuals and
private organizations produce and distribute
goods and services in a free market.
Characteristics Examples
• Individuals and private • United States
organizations own and
operate businesses. • Sweden
• Free market determines • Australia
production and distribution
of goods and services.
• Prices set by supply and
demand.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 54 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 54 3/15/13 12:1

C
catalyst

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
celestial equator
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 55 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 55 3/15/13 12:1

C
An agent that changes the rate of a reaction,
without itself being altered by the reaction.
Ea without
a catalyst
Ea with a
reactants catalyst
products
A catalyst acts by lowering the activation

energy barrier (Ea) to product formation. In the
diagram, the top hill represents a high activa-
tion energy. The catalyst acts to make the hill
smaller, so that the bottom hill represents the
activation energy in the presence of a catalyst.
GED ® TES T GRE
The extension of Earth’s equator out onto the

celestial sphere.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 56 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 56 3/15/13 12:1

C
celestial poles
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
celestial sphere

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 57 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 57 3/15/13 12:1

C
The extension of Earth’s North and South Poles
onto the celestial sphere.
The imaginary sphere which all the stars are

viewed as being on for the purposes of locat-
ing them.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 58 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 58 3/15/13 12:1

C
cell membrane
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
cell wall
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 59 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 59 3/15/13 12:1

C
An organelle found in all cells that acts as the
passageway through which materials can pass
in and out. The cell membrane is highly selec-
tively permeable, only allowing materials to
pass through that it “chooses” chemically. Also
called the plasma membrane.
Lysosome
Chloroplast
2
Cytoplasm
2
Endoplasmic
2
2
reticulum
Golgi
Plasma complex
membrane
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Vacuole
2
2
2
Cell wall
2
2
Ribosomes Centriole
2
Mitochondria
Plant Cell Animal Cell
GED ® TES T GRE
An organelle found primarily in plant cells and

fungi cells, and also some bacteria. The cell wall
is a strong structure that provides protection
and support, and allows materials to pass in and
out without being selectively permeable.
F LASH
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic
2
reticulum
V OCA
Plasma
membrane
Nucleolus
Nucleus
REVIEW
Vacuole
2
Cell wall
2
Ribosomes
BULA RY
Mitochondria
Plant Cell
[ 60 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 60 3/15/13 12:1

C
Central Powers
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
centripetal force
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 61 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 61 3/15/13 12:1

C
A military coalition of nations that fought
against the Allied Powers in World War I. The
Central Powers included Austria-Hungary,
Germany, Bulgaria, and Turkey.
World War I European Powers
Allied Powers
Central Powers
Neutral Nations
Norway Finland
Sweden
a
Se
ltic
Ba
Denmark
The
Great Netherlands Russia
Britain
Germany
Belgium
Luxembourg
Austria
France
Hungary
Switzer-
land Romania
Black Sea
l
ga
Serbia
Bulgaria
rtu
Spain
Italy Monte-
Po
negro
Albania Turkey
Mediterranean Sea
Greece
GED ® TES T GRE
Morocco
Algeria
Cyprus
The net force that acts to result in centripetal

F LASH
acceleration. Centripetal force is not an indi-

vidual force, but the sum of the forces in the
radial direction. It is directed toward the center
V OCA
of the circular motion.

REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 62 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 62 3/15/13 12:1

C
characters
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
charter

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
checks and balances
[ 63 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 63 3/15/13 12:1

C
People created by an author to carry the ac-
tion, language, and ideas of a story or play.
To approve or grant power to something, such

as a town or city government.
GED ® TES T GRE
A system outlined by the U.S. Constitution

that divides authority between the executive,
legislative, and judicial branches of the federal
government so that no branch of government
F LASH
dominates the others.
Three Branches of Government

V OCA
Executive
REVIEW
BULA RY
Legislative Judicial
[ 64 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 64 3/15/13 12:1

C
chemical change
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
chord
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 65 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 65 3/15/13 12:1

C
A process that involves the formation or break-
ing of chemical bonds.
A line segment that goes through a circle with

its endpoints on the circle.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 66 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 66 3/15/13 12:1

C
chromosome
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
circle

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 67 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 67 3/15/13 12:1

C
An organized structure of DNA and protein
found in cells.
The set of all points equidistant from one

given point, called the center. The center point
defines the circle, but it is not on the circle.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 68 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 68 3/15/13 12:1

C
circumference
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
civilization
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 69 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 69 3/15/13 12:1

C
The distance around the outside of a circle.
C = π × diameter; π is approximately equal
to 3.14.
Circumference
Example:
Find the circumference of a circle with a
diameter of 5 inches.
Because you know the diameter, use the
formula that includes the diameter:
GED ® TES T GRE
C = pd
C = p(5)
C = (3.14)(5)
C = 15.7
The final answer is 15.7 inches.
F LASH
An advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and

technological development in human society.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 70 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 70 3/15/13 12:1

C
clause
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
cliché

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
climactic zone
[ 71 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 71 3/15/13 12:1

C
A group of words that contains both a subject
and a verb.
A tired, overused word or phrase.

GED ® TES T GRE
Any of several broad areas that lie along latitu-

dinal lines between the equator and the North
and South Poles.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 72 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 72 3/15/13 12:1

C
climate
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
climax

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
closet drama
[ 73 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 73 3/15/13 12:1

C
The atmospheric characteristics near the
earth’s surface over a period of time. Climate
includes average temperature, rainfall, humid-
ity, wind, and barometric pressure.
The turning point or high point of action and

tension in the plot.
GED ® TES T GRE
A play that is meant only to be read, not

performed.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 74 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 74 3/15/13 12:1

C
coefficient
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Cold War

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
colloquialism
[ 75 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 75 3/15/13 12:1

C
The number placed in front of a variable(s),
such as 2 in the expression 2x.
Term for the post-World War II rivalry between

the United States and the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR) that ended in 1989.
GED ® TES T GRE
Informal word or phrase such as a lot, in a

bind, pulled it off, and so on. These words
are regularly used in conversations between
friends, rather than in official written
F LASH
communication.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 76 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 76 3/15/13 12:1

C
colon
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
comedy

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
comma
[ 77 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 77 3/15/13 12:1

C
Symbol (:) used to introduce a list of items, as
long as the part before the colon is already a
complete sentence.
Humorous writing or ideas.

GED ® TES T GRE
Symbol (,) used to separate items in lists of

similar words, phrases, or clauses to make the
material easier for a reader to understand.
Commas are often used before the final con-
F LASH
junction in a sentence.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 78 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 78 3/15/13 12:1

C
comma splice
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
commensalism
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
commentary
[ 79 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 79 3/15/13 12:1

C
A type of run-on sentence in which a comma
is used in place of a semicolon to join two
independent clauses without a conjunction.
Comma splices can be corrected by putting a
semicolon in place of the comma or by adding
a conjunction after the comma.
A relationship between two organisms in which

one organism benefits and the other is neither
harmed nor rewarded. For example, barna-
cles are crustaceans that attach themselves to
a hard surface, such as rocks, shells, whales,
etc. When they attach to the shell of a scallop,
for instance, barnacles benefit by having a
GED ® TES T GRE
place to stay, leaving the scallop unaffected.
Literature written to explain or illuminate other

works of literature or art.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 80 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 80 3/15/13 12:1

C
commission
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
communism
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Communist Manifesto
[ 81 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 81 3/15/13 12:1

C
A form of local government in which voters
elect commissioners to head a city or county
department, such as the fire, police, or public
works department.
An economic and political system in which the

means of production are owned collectively
and controlled by the state.
• State, or the community, • People’s Republic of
owns all businesses. China
GED ® TES T GRE
• State controls distribution • Cuba

of goods and services. • Former Soviet Union
• State provides social
services.
F LASH
A document of communist principles written

by Karl Marx in 1848.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 82 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 82 3/15/13 12:1

C
commutative property
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
complementary angles
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 83 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 83 3/15/13 12:1

C
This property states that when performing
a string of addition operations or a string of
multiplication operations, the order does not
matter. In other words, a + b = b + a.
Example:
17 + 64 + 35 + 43 + 96 =
Change the order: 17 + 43 + 64 + 96 + 35.
Add 17 and 43 first, because 7 + 3 = 10:
17 + 43 = 60.
The problem becomes 60 + 64 + 96 + 35.
Add 64 and 96 next, because 4 + 6 = 10:
64 + 96 = 160.
The problem becomes 60 + 160 + 35.
Work left to right: 60 + 160 + 35 = 220 +
35 = 255.
GED ® TES T GRE
Two angles are complementary if the sum of

their measures is equal to 90°.
F LASH
1 Complementary
Angles
2
V OCA
m∠1 + m∠2 = 90
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 84 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 84 3/15/13 12:1

C
complete sentence
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
complication
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
component
[ 85 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 85 3/15/13 12:1

C
A group of words that expresses a complete
thought and has a verb and a subject. Also
called an independent clause.
Independent clause: She was excited.
Dependent clause: Because she was excited.
Notice that the dependent clause is incom-
plete; it needs an additional thought to make a
complete sentence, such as:
She spoke very quickly because she was
excited.
The independent clause, however, can stand
alone. It is a complete thought.
The series of events that “complicate” the plot

GED ® TES T GRE
and build up to the climax.

F LASH
V OCA
The part of a vector that lies in the horizontal

or vertical direction.
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 86 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 86 3/15/13 12:1

C
composite number
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
compound

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
concentration
[ 87 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 87 3/15/13 12:1

C
Any integer that can be divided evenly by a
number other than itself and 1. All numbers
are either prime or composite.
A substance composed of more than one

element that has a definite composition and
distinct physical and chemical properties.
Examples include carbon dioxide, sucrose
(table sugar), and serotonin (a human brain
chemical).
GED ® TES T GRE
A measure of the amount of solute that is

present in a solution. A solution that contains
very little solute is called dilute. A solution that
contains a relatively large amount of solute is
F LASH
said to be concentrated.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 88 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 88 3/15/13 12:1

C
conclusion
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Confederate States
of America
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 89 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 89 3/15/13 12:1

C
The last stage of the scientific method, where
explanations are made about why the patterns
identified in the analysis stage occurred.
A republic formed in 1861 by 11 Southern states that

withdrew from the United States. After its 1865 defeat
in the American Civil War, the republic dissolved.
Free States
California New Hampshire
Connecticut New Jersey
Illinois New York
Indiana Ohio
Iowa Oregon
Kansas Pennsylvania
Maine Rhode Island
Massachusetts Vermont
GED ® TES T GRE
Michigan Wisconsin
Minnesota
Slave States
Alabama* Mississippi*
Arkansas* Missouri
Delaware North Carolina*
Florida* South Carolina*
Georgia* Tennessee*
F LASH
Kentucky Texas*
Louisiana* Virginia*
Maryland
V OCA
Territories
Colorado Nevada
REVIEW
Dakota New Mexico

Indian Utah
BULA RY
Nebraska Washington
*Confederate States
[ 90 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 90 3/15/13 12:1

C
conflict
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
congruent angles

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
conjunction
[ 91 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 91 3/15/13 12:1

C
A struggle or clash between two people,
forces, or ideas.
Two angles that are identical in shape and size.

GED ® TES T GRE
A joining word such as and, but, or, for, nor,

so, or yet.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 92 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 92 3/15/13 12:1

C
conjunctive adverb
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
connotation
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
constellation
[ 93 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 93 3/15/13 12:1

C
An adverb that joins independent clauses.
Conjunctive adverbs are punctuated differently
from regular conjunctions.
also indeed now

anyway instead otherwise
besides likewise similarly
certainly meanwhile still
finally moreover then
furthermore namely therefore
however nevertheless thus
incidentally next undoubtedly
GED ® TES T GRE
Implied or suggested meaning. For example,

the word slim has a different connotation than
the word thin; slim suggests more grace and
class than thin.
F LASH
V OCA
An apparent grouping of stars in the sky that

is used for identification purposes. These stars
REVIEW
are not necessarily near each other in space,

since they are not necessarily the same dis-
BULA RY
tance from Earth.
[ 94 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 94 3/15/13 12:1

C
constitution
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Constitution of the
United States

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 95 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 95 3/15/13 12:1

C
The fundamental principles of a nation’s
government embodied in one document or
several documents.
The fundamental laws of the United States,

written in 1787 and ratified in 1788.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 96 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 96 3/15/13 12:1

C
consumer price index (CPI)
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
context
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 97 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 97 3/15/13 12:1

C
A measure of change in the cost of common goods and
services, such as food, clothing, rent, fuel, and others.
Consumer Price Index—All Urban Consumers 1990–2007
210
200
190
Index: 1982–1984 = $100
180
170
160
150
140
130
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
0
7
GED ® TES T GRE
The graph shows the CPI in all U.S. cities between 1990 and
2007. To make comparisons between years, the graph uses
the years 1982–1984 as a base period (1982–1984 = $100).
For instance, if the average urban consumer spent $100 on
living expenses in 1982–1984, he or she spent more than
$150 on the same expenses in 1995.
F LASH
The words and sentences surrounding a word

or phrase that help determine the meaning of
that word or phrase.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 98 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 98 3/15/13 12:1

C
Continental Congress
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
continental drift

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
convergent boundary
[ 99 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 99 3/15/13 12:1

C
An assembly of delegates from the American
colonies who served as a governmental body
that directed the war for independence.
The region on a continent where new crust is

being created and the plates on either side of
the rift are moving apart.
GED ® TES T GRE
A boundary between two of Earth’s plates that

are moving toward each other.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 100 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 100 3/15/13 12:1

C
coordinate plane
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 101 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 101 3/15/13 12:1

C
A graph formed by two lines that intersect to
create right angles.
y
5
2
origin (0,0)
1
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1
–2
–3
GED ® TES T GRE
–4
–5
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 102 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 102 3/15/13 12:1

C
coordinate point
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
coplanar
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 103 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 103 3/15/13 12:1

C
A specific point on the coordinate plane with
the first number, or coordinate, represent-
ing the horizontal placement and the second
number, or coordinate, representing the verti-
cal. Coordinate points are given in the form of
(x,y). Also called an ordered pair.
y
II I
4
3
(−2,3) (2,3)
2
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–1
–2
GED ® TES T GRE
(−3,−2) (3,−2)
–3
–4
III IV
F LASH
Points that lie together on a common plane or

grid.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 104 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 104 3/15/13 12:1

C
cosmology
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
cost of living

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
council-manager
[ 105 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 105 3/15/13 12:1

C
The study of the formation of the universe.
The price of common goods and services that

are considered living expenses, such as food,
clothing, rent, fuel, and others.
GED ® TES T GRE

elect council members, who, in turn, hire a
manager to run the day-to-day operations of
the locality.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 106 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 106 3/15/13 12:1

C
counting numbers
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
couplet

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Crusades
[ 107 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 107 3/15/13 12:1

C
All whole numbers, with the exception of 0.
A pair of rhyming lines in poetry.

GED ® TES T GRE
Any of the military campaigns led by European

Christians during the Middle Ages to recover
the Holy Land from Muslims.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 108 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 108 3/15/13 12:1

C
crystal
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
cultural geography

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
culture
[ 109 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 109 3/15/13 12:1

C
A solid in which atoms or molecules have a
regular repeated arrangement.
The study of the relationship between humans

and their physical environment.
GED ® TES T GRE
A shared way of living among a group of peo-

ple that develops over time.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 110 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 110 3/15/13 12:1

C
current
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
cuticle
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • GED ® T EST FLAS H REV IEW
cytoplasm
[ 111 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 111 3/15/13 12:1

C
The flow of charge past a point per unit time;
current is measured in amperes (A).
The top layer on a leaf. The cuticle is a non-

living layer consisting primarily of wax that
is produced by the epithelium, a cell layer
directly underneath.
GED ® TES T GRE
A jelly-like substance located in the cell where

all of the internal organelles can be found. The
cytoplasm consists primarily of water and sup-
ports the cell and its organelles.
Lysosome
F LASH
Chloroplast
2
Cytoplasm
2
Endoplasmic
2
2
V OCA
reticulum
Golgi
Plasma complex
membrane
REVIEW
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Vacuole
2
2
2
BULA RY
Cell wall
2
2
Ribosomes Centriole
2
Mitochondria
[ 112 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 112 3/15/13 12:1

C
cytoskeleton
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 113 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 113 3/15/13 12:1

C
Organelles that are the internal “bones” of the
cell. The cytoskeleton consists of thick and thin
tubules.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 114 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 114 3/15/13 12:1

D
A
dangling modifiers
FLAS H REV IEW
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EST BULARY
decibel
GRE ®VTOCA
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GED
[ 115 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 115 3/15/13 12:1

D
Words, phrases, or clauses that begin a sen-
tence and are set off by commas, but mistak
enly modify the wrong noun or pronoun.
Examples:
Worn and tattered, Uncle Joe took
Incorrect:
down the flag.
Correct: Uncle Joe took down the flag,
which was worn and tattered. OR
Uncle Joe took down the worn,
tattered flag.
Incorrect:
While making breakfast, the smoke
alarm went off and woke the baby.
Correct: While I was making breakfast, the
smoke alarm went off and woke
the baby. OR
The smoke alarm went off and
GED ® TES T GRE
woke the baby while I was making

breakfast.
A unit of measure for the relative intensity of

sounds.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 116 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 116 3/15/13 12:1

D
decimal
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Declaration of
Independence
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 117 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 117 3/15/13 12:1

D
A number in the base-10 number system. Each
place value in a decimal number is worth ten
times the place value of the digit to its right.
1 2 6 8 • 3 4 5 7
T H T O D T H T T
H U E N E E U H E
O N N E C N N O N
U D S S I T D U
S R M H R S T
A E A S E A H
N D L D N O
D S POINT T D U
S H T S
S H A
S N
D
T
H
S
In expanded form, this number can also be

GED ® TES T GRE
expressed as:
1,268.3457 = (1 × 1,000) + (2 × 100) + (6 × 10)

+ (8 × 1) + (3 × .1) + (4 × .01) + (5 × .001)
+ (7 × .0001)
F LASH
A document adopted on July 4, 1776, in which

the American colonies proclaimed their inde-
V OCA
pendence from Great Britain.

REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 118 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 118 3/15/13 12:1

D
declination
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
deflation

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
delta
[ 119 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 119 3/15/13 12:1

D
The celestial coordinate similar to that of
latitude on Earth. Declination measures how
many degrees, minutes, and seconds north or
south of the celestial equator an object is.
A decrease in prices due to decreased money

supply and an increased quantity of consumer
goods.
GED ® TES T GRE
A fan-shaped deposit of material at the mouth

of a river.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 120 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 120 3/15/13 12:1

D
demand
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
democracy
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DEMOGRAPHY
[ 121 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 121 3/15/13 12:1

D
The quantity of goods or services that consum-
ers want to buy at any given price. According
to the principle of demand, demand decreases
as price increases, and vice versa.
A form of government in which decisions are

made by the people, either directly or through
elected representatives.
• In representative democ- Representative:
racy, people elect officials • United States
to represent their views. • Canada
GED ® TES T GRE
• In direct democracy, • Most European nations

decisions are made by the Direct:
people. • Switzerland
The study of changes in population through

F LASH
birth rate, death rate, migration, and other

factors.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 122 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 122 3/15/13 12:1

D
DENITRIFICATION
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
denominator

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
denotation
[ 123 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 123 3/15/13 12:1

D
A process in which bacteria convert nitrites or
nitrates back into nitrogen gas, which is then
released into the atmosphere.
The bottom number in a fraction. The denomi-

1
nator of __
2 is 2.
GED ® TES T GRE
Exact or dictionary meaning. For example, the

words slim and thin have a similar denotation.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 124 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 124 3/15/13 12:1

D
denouement
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
density

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
depression
[ 125 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 125 3/15/13 12:1

D
The resolution or conclusion of the action.
The mass of a substance for a given unit vol-

ume. A common unit of density is grams per
milliliter (g/ml).
GED ® TES T GRE
A prolonged and severe period of low eco-

nomic productivity and incomes.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 126 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 126 3/15/13 12:1

D
diagonal
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
dialect

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
dialogue
[ 127 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 127 3/15/13 12:1

D
Symbol ( / ) used to join words or numbers.
The most frequent use of the diagonal is with
the phrase and/or, which shows that the sen-
tence refers to one or both of the words being
joined. Diagonals are also used to separate
numbers in a fraction, to show line division in
poetry, or to indicate per or divided by. Also
known as a backslash.
Language that differs from the standard lan-

guage in grammar, pronunciation, and idioms
(natural speech versus standard English);
language used by a specific group within a
culture.
GED ® TES T GRE
The verbal exchange between two or more

people; a conversation.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 128 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 128 3/15/13 12:1

D
diameter
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
dictatorship
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 129 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 129 3/15/13 12:1

D
A line segment that goes directly through the
center of a circle and has endpoints on the
curve of the circle. A diameter is the longest
line you can draw in a circle.
diameter
A form of government in which one ruler has

absolute power over many aspects of society,
GED ® TES T GRE
including social, economic, and political life.
• It is ruled by one leader • Nazi (National Socialist)
who has absolute power government of Adolf
over many aspects of Hitler
life, including social, eco- • General Augusto
nomic, and political. Pinochet in Chile from
F LASH
• Leader is not elected by 1973–1990

the people. • North Korea
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 130 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 130 3/15/13 12:1

D
diction
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
difference
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
direct election
[ 131 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 131 3/15/13 12:1

D
The particular choice and use of appropriate
words, combining them in the right way to
communicate your message accurately.
The result of subtracting one number from

another. For example, the difference between
$800 and $500 is $300. $800 − $500 = $300
These words . . . . . . often translate
into these
math symbols
subtracted from –
GED ® TES T GRE
difference
decreased by
minus
take away
less
F LASH
A type of electoral process in which the

citizens of a state or country elect the govern-
V OCA
ment officials and representatives.

REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 132 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 132 3/15/13 12:1

D
discount rate
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
displacement

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Distance
[ 133 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 133 3/15/13 12:1

D
The interest rate that the U.S. Federal Reserve
Board charges banks to borrow money.
The change in position of an object, computed

by calculating the final position minus the
initial position. Common units of measure are
meters (m).
GED ® TES T GRE
Distance = rate × time

F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 134 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 134 3/15/13 12:1

D
distance between points on

a coordinate plane
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 135 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 135 3/15/13 12:1

D
(x1,y1) and (x2,y2) are two points on the line. The
distance between two points is the length of
the path connecting them. In the plane, the
distance between points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is
given by the distance formula:
d = ( x 2 − x 1 )2 + ( y 2 − y 1 )2
Example:
What is the distance between the points
(–2,8) and (4,–2)?
Substitute these values into the formula:
D = [4 − ( −2)]2 + [( −2) − 8]2

= (4 + 2)2 + ( −2 − 8)2
= (6)2 + ( −10)2
GED ® TES T GRE
= 36 + 100
= 136
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 136 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 136 3/15/13 12:1

D
distributive property
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
divergent boundary GED ® T EST FLAS H REV IEW
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
dividend
[ 137 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 137 3/15/13 12:1

D
This property states that multiplication dis-
tributes over addition or subtraction. In other
words, a × (b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c).
Example:
17 × 5 =
You know that 7 + 10 = 17: 17 × 5
= 5(10 + 7).
Use the distributive property: 5 × 10 +
5 × 7.
Follow the order of operations: 50 + 35
= 85.
A boundary between two of Earth’s plates that

are moving away from each other.
GED ® TES T GRE
The number in a division problem that is being

F LASH
divided. In 32 ÷ 4 = 8, 32 is the dividend.

V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 138 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 138 3/15/13 12:1

D
divisible by
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
DNA

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
double negative
[ 139 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 139 3/15/13 12:1

D
Capable of being evenly divided by a given
number, without a remainder.
Abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid. Con-

tains all genetic material for an organism. The
smallest units of DNA are called nucleotides.
GED ® TES T GRE
A negative word added to a statement that is

already negative. For example, I don’t want
nothing.
Examples:
F LASH
Incorrect:
He doesn’t have no idea what
she’s talking about.
Correct: He doesn’t have any idea what
V OCA
she’s talking about.

REVIEW
OR
He has no idea what she’s talking
BULA RY
about.
[ 140 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 140 3/15/13 12:1

D
drama
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
dramatic irony

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Dred Scott decision
[ 141 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 141 3/15/13 12:1

D
Literature that is meant to be performed.
When a character’s speech or actions have an

unintended meaning that is known to the audi-
ence but not to the character.
GED ® TES T GRE
An 1857 U.S. Supreme Court decision that

ruled that the Court could not ban citizens
from bringing slaves into free territories.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 142 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 142 3/15/13 12:1

A
E
ecliptic
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FLAS H REV IEW

Electoral College
EST BULARY
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 143 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 143 3/15/13 12:1

E
The apparent path of the sun across the sky
over the course of a year.
The system by which the President of the

United States is elected, wherein the elec-
tors of each state cast their electoral votes for
the winner of the popular vote in their state.
Currently, a presidential candidate needs 270
electoral votes to win the election.
AK 3
Presidential Electoral Vote—November 2004
Total electoral votes: Bush 286, Kerry 252.
GED ® TES T GRE
WA 11
MT 3 ME 4
ND 3
OR 7 MN 10 VT
3 NH
ID 4 4 MA 12
SD 3 WI 10 NY 31
WY 3 MI 17 RI 4
CT 7
IA 7 PA 21
NE 5 NJ 15
NV 4 IL IN OH
UT 5 20 DE 3
21 12
CO 9 WV DC 3
CA 55 KS 6 5 VA 13
MO 11 KY 8 MD 10
NC 15
TN 11
AZ 8 OK 7
NM 5 AR 6 SC
8
MS AL
9 GA 15
6
TX 34 LA
9
F LASH
FL
HI 4 George W. Bush and 27
Richard B. Cheney
John Kerry and

John Edwards
V OCA
The electoral college is a group of electors who choose the

president and vice president. Each state is allowed the same
number of electors as its total number of U.S. senators and
REVIEW
representatives—so each state has at least three electors. In

most states, the candidate who wins the most popular votes
earns that state’s electoral votes.
BULA RY
Source: National Archives and Records Administration.
[ 144 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 144 3/15/13 12:1

E
electrical potential energy
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
electromagnetic wave

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
electrostatic force
[ 145 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 145 3/15/13 12:1

E
The energy due to an object’s position within
an electric field.
A light wave that has an electric field com-

ponent and a magnetic field component.
An electromagnetic wave does not require a
medium through which to travel.
GED ® TES T GRE
The force that exists between particles due

to their charges. Particles of like charge repel,
particles of unlike charge attract.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 146 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 146 3/15/13 12:1

E
elegy
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 147 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 147 3/15/13 12:1

E
A poem that laments the loss of someone or
something.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 148 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 148 3/15/13 12:1

E
element
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 149 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 149 3/15/13 12:1

E
A pure chemical substance consisting of one
type of atom. It cannot be decomposed by
ordinary chemical reactions.
Examples:
H—Hydrogen: involved in the nuclear process that
produces energy in the sun, found in many organic
molecules within our bodies (like fats and carbohy-
drates) and in gases (like methane)
He—Helium: used to make balloons fly
C—Carbon: found in all living organisms; pure
carbon exists as graphite and diamonds
N—Nitrogen: used as a coolant to rapidly freeze
food, found in many biologically important mol-
ecules, such as proteins
O—Oxygen: essential for respiration (breathing) and
combustion (burning)
Si—Silicon: used in making transistors and solar cells
Cl—Chlorine: used as a disinfectant in pools and
as a cleaning agent in bleach, and is also important
GED ® TES T GRE
physiologically as well, as in the nervous system

Ca—Calcium: necessary for bone formation and
muscle contraction
Fe—Iron: used as a building material; carries oxygen
in the blood
Cu—Copper: a U.S. penny is made of copper; good
conductor of electricity
I—Iodine: lack in the diet results in an enlarged
F LASH
thyroid gland, or goiter

Hg—Mercury: used in thermometers; ingestion can
cause brain damage and poisoning
V OCA
Pb—Lead: used for X-ray shielding in a dentist office

Na—Sodium: Found in table salt (NaCl), also impor-
REVIEW
tant biologically within the nervous system and is a

key player in the active transport process that occurs
BULA RY
across cell membranes
[ 150 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 150 3/15/13 12:1

E
ellipse
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ellipsis
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
em-dash
[ 151 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 151 3/15/13 12:1

E
A geometric shape that is formed when a
plane intersects with a cone at an angle, so
that a shape similar to a circle but stretched
in one direction is formed. The orbits of the
planets around the sun represent ellipses.
Symbol (…) used to show that quoted material

has been omitted, or to indicate a pause or
hesitation.
GED ® TES T GRE
A specialized punctuation mark (—) that can

be used to mark a sudden break in thought or
to insert a comment, emphasize explanatory
material, indicate omitted letters or words, or
connect a beginning phrase to the rest of the
sentence.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 152 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 152 3/15/13 12:1

E
endoplasmic reticulum
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
energy
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 153 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 153 3/15/13 12:1

E
An organelle that is used to transport proteins
throughout the cell.
Lysosome
Chloroplast
2
Cytoplasm
2
Endoplasmic
2
2
reticulum
Golgi
Plasma complex
membrane
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Vacuole
2
2
2
2
Cell wall
2
2
Ribosomes Centriole
2
Mitochondria
The ability to do work or undergo change.

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while
GED ® TES T GRE
potential energy is stored energy.
Maximum Maximum
Potential Potential
Energy Energy
F LASH
Maximum Kinetic
V OCA
Energy
REVIEW
The change of potential energy into kinetic

energy, and kinetic energy into potential energy,
in a pendulum.
BULA RY
[ 154 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 154 3/15/13 12:1

E
Enlightenment
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
epicycle

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
equation
[ 155 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 155 3/15/13 12:1

E
A philosophical movement of the eighteenth
century in Europe and North America that
emphasized rational thought.
Smaller circles on which the planets traveled

around Earth in the geocentric model of the
solar system. Epicycles were used to explain
the retrograde motion of planets and help
make the predicted positions of the planets
match the observed positions.
GED ® TES T GRE
Two equal expressions.

Examples:
2+2=1+3
2x = 4
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 156 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 156 3/15/13 12:1

E
equator
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 157 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 157 3/15/13 12:1

E
The imaginary line drawn around the earth that
runs east and west at 0° latitude.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 158 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 158 3/15/13 12:1

E
equidistant
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
equilateral triangle
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
equilibrium (chemistry)
[ 159 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 159 3/15/13 12:1

E
A point between two objects where the dis-
tance between the point and each object is
the same.
A type of triangle where all sides are equal and

all angles are equal.
60°
5 5
GED ® TES T GRE
60° 60°
5
F LASH
A state at which the forward and reverse reac-

tions proceed at the same rate.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 160 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 160 3/15/13 12:1

E
equilibrium (economics)
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
even number
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
exact rhyme
[ 161 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 161 3/15/13 12:1

E
When supply of a good or service equals that
which customers are willing to buy (demand).
A counting number that is divisible by 2. Here

are some helpful rules for how even and odd
numbers behave when added or multiplied:
even + even = even and even × even = even

odd + odd = even and odd × odd = odd
odd + even = odd and even × odd = even
GED ® TES T GRE
The repetition of identically stressed sounds

at the ends of words. (e.g., cat and hat; laugh
and staff; refine and divine)
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 162 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 162 3/15/13 12:1

E
executive branch
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

expanded notation
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 163 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 163 3/15/13 12:1

E
The arm of government that carries out laws.
Members Characteristics
• President • A president is elected by the vot-
• Vice President ers for four-year term.
• Agencies • A president cannot serve more
• Departments than two terms.
• Vice president becomes head of
state if the president becomes
disabled or dies in office.
• Agencies carry out a president’s
policies and provide special
services.
• Department heads advise a presi-
dent and carry out policies.
A method of writing numbers as the sum of

their units (hundreds, tens, ones, etc.). The
GED ® TES T GRE
expanded notation for 378 is 300 + 70 + 8.

F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 164 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 164 3/15/13 12:1

E
exponent
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
exposition
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
eye rhyme
[ 165 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 165 3/15/13 12:1

E
A number that indicates an operation of repeated multipli-
cation. For instance, 32 indicates that the number 3 should
be multiplied by itself once; 35 indicates it should be multi-
plied by itself four times.
25←exponent = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 32
↑
base
Exponent Exponential Form Standard Form

1 3 1
3
2 32 9
3 33 27
4 3 4
81
5 35 243
GED ® TES T GRE
In a plot, the conveyance of background infor-

mation necessary to understand the complica-
tion of the plot.
F LASH
V OCA
Words that look like they should rhyme be-

cause of spelling, but because of pronuncia-
REVIEW
tion, they do not. (e.g., slaughter and laughter;

enough and though; bough and through)
BULA RY
[ 166 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 166 3/15/13 12:1

A
F
factor
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
falling action
FLAS H REV IEW

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EST BULARY
fASCISM
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[ 167 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 167 3/15/13 12:1

F
The events that take place immediately after
the climax, in which “loose ends” of the plot
are tied up.
One of two or more numbers or variables that

are being multiplied together.
GED ® TES T GRE
An Italian term for a military-based totalitarian

government.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 168 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 168 3/15/13 12:1

F
federal Reserve System

(the Fed)
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FederalisM

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FederalISt Papers
[ 169 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 169 3/15/13 12:1

F
U.S. banking system established in 1913.
Includes 12 Federal Reserve banks under an
eight-member controlling board.
A government structure that divides power

between a central government and regional
governments. The United States is a federal
republic, a democracy that divides power be-
tween federal, state, and local governments.
GED ® TES T GRE
A series of 85 essays written in 1787–1788

by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and
John Jay in which they argued that federal-
F LASH
ism would offer a government structure that

would preserve the rights of states and secure
individual freedoms.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 170 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 170 3/15/13 12:1

F
feet
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
feudalism

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
fiction
[ 171 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 171 3/15/13 12:1

F
In poetry, a group of stressed and unstressed
syllables.
A political and economic system that existed in

Europe between the ninth and fifteenth centu-
ries in which a lord granted land and employ-
ment to a tenant in exchange for political and
military services.
GED ® TES T GRE
Prose literature about people, places, and

events invented by the author.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 172 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 172 3/15/13 12:1

F
figurative language
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
flashback

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
focal length
[ 173 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 173 3/15/13 12:1

F
Comparisons not meant to be taken literally
but used for artistic effect, including similes,
metaphors, and personification.
When an earlier event or scene is inserted into

the chronology of the plot.
GED ® TES T GRE
The distance from a focal point to a mirror or

lens.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 174 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 174 3/15/13 12:1

F
force
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
fractal

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 175 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 175 3/15/13 12:1

F
That which acts on an object to change its mo-
tion; a push or pull exerted on one object by
another. The unit of force is the Newton (N).
A geometric figure that is self-similar; that

is, any smaller piece of the figure will have
roughly the same shape as the whole.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 176 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 176 3/15/13 12:1

F
fraction
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 177 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 177 3/15/13 12:1

F
The result of dividing two numbers. When you
3
divide 3 by 5, you get __
5 , which equals 0.6. A
fraction is a way of expressing a number that
involves dividing a top number (the numerator)
by a bottom number (the denominator).
Decimal and Fraction Equivalents to Know

FRACTION DECIMAL
1
____ 0.01
100
1
___ 0.1
10
1
__ 0.2
5
1
__ 0.25
4
1
__ 0.33 (rounded)
3
GED ® TES T GRE
1
__ 0.5
2
2
__ 0.67 (rounded)
3
3
__ 0.75
4
4
__ 0.8
F LASH
9
___ 0.9
10
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 178 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 178 3/15/13 12:1

F
free enterprise
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
free verse

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
freefall
[ 179 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 179 3/15/13 12:1

F
Freedom of private business to organize and
operate for profit with no or little government
intervention.
Poetry that is free from any restrictions of me-

ter and rhyme.
GED ® TES T GRE
An object in one-dimensional motion that is

only acted on by the force of Earth’s gravity.
In this case, its acceleration will be –g or g
downward.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 180 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 180 3/15/13 12:1

F
French and Indian War
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
frequency

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
frictional force
[ 181 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 181 3/15/13 12:1

F
The last of four North American wars fought
between Great Britain and France in which
each country fought for control of the conti-
nent (1754–1763).
The number of cycles or repetitions per

second. Frequency is often measured as the
number of revolutions per second. The com-
mon units of frequency are hertz (Hz), where
one hertz equals 1 cycle/second.
GED ® TES T GRE
The force that acts parallel to surfaces in

contact opposite the direction of motion or
tendency of motion.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 182 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 182 3/15/13 12:1

F
functional group
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
functional texts

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
future perfect tense
[ 183 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 183 3/15/13 12:1

F
A group of atoms that give a molecule a cer-
tain characteristic or property.
Literature that is valued mainly for the infor-

mation it conveys, not for its beauty of form,
emotional impact, or message about human
experience.
GED ® TES T GRE
Verb form that shows continuing actions that

will be completed at a certain time in the
future. For example, “By 2020, I will have lived
in New York for 20 years.” and “By 2020, I will
F LASH
have been living in New York for 20 years.”

V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 184 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 184 3/15/13 12:1

F
future progressive tense
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
future tense

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 185 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 185 3/15/13 12:1

F
Verb form that shows continuing actions in the
future. For example, “I will be running in next
year’s Boston Marathon.”
Verb form that shows action that has yet to

happen.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 186 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 186 3/15/13 12:1

A
G
gel electrophoresis
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
general election
FLAS H REV IEW

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EST BULARY
genre
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[ 187 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 187 3/15/13 12:1

G
A process used in laboratories to determine
the genetic makeup of DNA strands. This pro-
cess involves the movement of chromosomes
through a gel from one pole to the other.
Magnetism is used to pull the chromosomes
through the gel.
An election in which the citizens of a nation or

region vote to elect the ultimate winner of a
political contest.
GED ® TES T GRE
Category or kind; in literature, the different

kinds or categories of texts.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 188 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 188 3/15/13 12:1

G
geocentric model
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
geochemical cycle
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 189 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 189 3/15/13 12:1

G
The model of the solar system that places
Earth at the center with the planets and the
sun orbiting around it.
The circulation of elements in the biosphere.

For example, water, carbon, and nitrogen are
recycled in the biosphere. A water molecule in
the cell of your eye could have been at some
point in the ocean, in the atmosphere, in a leaf
of a tree, or in the cell of a bear’s foot.
GED ® TES T GRE
CO2 in atmosphere
Photosynthesis
(land)
Photosynthesis
(water)
F LASH
Burning
fossil
fuels Burning
forests
V OCA
Respiration
REVIEW
(organisms on
land and in
water)
BULA RY
[ 190 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 190 3/15/13 12:1

G
geology
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
glacier
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Golgi apparatus
[ 191 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 191 3/15/13 12:1

G
The study of rocks and minerals.
A large mass of snow-covered ice.

GED ® TES T GRE
An organelle that packages proteins so that

they can be sent out of the cell. Also called
Golgi complex.
Lysosome
2
Cytoplasm
2
F LASH
Endoplasmic
2
reticulum
Golgi
Plasma complex
membrane
V OCA
Nucleolus
Nucleus
REVIEW
Vacuole
2
2
Cell wall
2
BULA RY
Ribosomes Centriole
Mitochondria
Animal Cell
[ 192 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 192 3/15/13 12:1

G
government
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
gravitational force

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Great Depression
[ 193 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 193 3/15/13 12:1

G
The act or process of governing; the control of
public policy within a political organization.
The attractive force that exists between all

particles with mass.
GED ® TES T GRE
A severe economic recession characterized

by bank closings, failed businesses, high
unemployment, and homelessness that lasted
through the 1930s in the United States.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 194 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 194 3/15/13 12:1

G
greenhouse effect
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Gross Domestic Product

(GDP)

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Gross National Product

(GNP)
[ 195 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 195 3/15/13 12:1

G
A process whereby carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere can trap solar energy. The trapped
heat causes a rise in global temperature.
A measure of the total value of goods and ser-

vices produced within a nation over the course
of a year.
GED ® TES T GRE
A measure of the value of goods and services

produced within a nation as well as its foreign
investments over the course of a year.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 196 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 196 3/15/13 12:1

A
H
haiku
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
half-rhyme
FLAS H REV IEW

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EST BULARY
heliocentric model
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[ 197 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 197 3/15/13 12:1

H
A short, imagistic poem of three unrhymed
lines of five, seven, and five syllables,
respectively.
The repetition of the final consonant at the

end of words (e.g., cat and hot; adamant and
government; soul and all).
GED ® TES T GRE
The model of the solar system that places the

sun at the center with the planets orbiting
around it.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 198 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 198 3/15/13 12:1

H
hemisphere
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
heterogeneous mixture
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
hexagon
[ 199 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 199 3/15/13 12:1

H
Half of Earth; either the northern or southern
half of the globe as divided by the equator or
the eastern and western half as divided by the
prime meridian.
GED ® TES T GRE
A mixture that is not uniform in composition.

An example is a mixture of salt and pepper.
F LASH
V OCA
A polygon with six sides.

REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 200 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 200 3/15/13 12:1

H
Hiroshima
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Holocaust

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
homogeneous mixture
[ 201 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 201 3/15/13 12:1

H
A city in southwestern Japan that was the
target of the first atomic bomb ever dropped
on a populated area in August 1945.
Persecution and murder of millions of Jew-

ish people and other Europeans under Adolf
Hitler’s Nazi regime.
GED ® TES T GRE
A mixture in which the components are uni-

formly distributed. An example is a mixture of
a small amount of salt in water.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 202 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 202 3/15/13 12:1

H
homonym
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
humanism

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
hydratea
[ 203 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 203 3/15/13 12:1

H
A set of distinct words with different meanings
and spellings that are pronounced alike. For
example, sea and see.
A cultural and intellectual movement of the

Renaissance that emphasized classical ideals
as a result of a rediscovery of ancient Greek
and Roman literature and art.
GED ® TES T GRE
Crystal of a molecule that also contains water

in the crystal structure. If the water evaporates,
the crystal becomes anhydrous.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 204 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 204 3/15/13 12:1

H
hydrology
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
hyperbole

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
hyphen
[ 205 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 205 3/15/13 12:1

H
The study of Earth’s water and water systems.
Extreme exaggeration not meant to be taken

literally, but done for effect. For example, “I
am so hungry I could eat a horse.”
GED ® TES T GRE
Symbol (-) used to join words in creating

compound nouns or adjectives. Hyphens can
be used to: join two coequal nouns working
together as one (e.g., teacher-poet); join multi-
F LASH
word compound nouns (e.g., up-to-date); join

two or more words that function as a single ad-
jective preceding the noun (e.g., a soft-spoken
V OCA
person); and join prefixes and suffixes to words

(e.g., ex-husband, secretary-elect).
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 206 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 206 3/15/13 12:1

H
hypotenuse
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
hypothesis GED ® T EST FLAS H REV IEW
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 207 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 207 3/15/13 12:1

H
The longest leg of a right triangle that is
always opposite the right angle.
u se
en
pot
Hy
The step in the scientific method where a

prediction is made about the end result of an
experiment. A hypothesis is generally based
GED ® TES T GRE
on research of related data.

F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 208 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 208 3/15/13 12:1

A
I
iambic pentameter
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
igneous rock
FLAS H REV IEW

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EST BULARY
image distance
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[ 209 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 209 3/15/13 12:1

I
A metrical pattern in poetry in which each line
has 10 syllables (five feet) and the stress falls
on every second syllable. The da-dum of a hu-
man heartbeat is the most common example
of this rhythm: da-dum, da-dum, da-dum.
A rock formed through the cooling of magma.

GED ® TES T GRE
The distance from an image to a mirror or lens.

F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 210 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 210 3/15/13 12:1

I
imagery
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
immigration

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
imperialism
[ 211 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 211 3/15/13 12:1

I
The representation of sensory experiences
through language. For example, “Her face
blossomed when she caught a glance of him.”
The process of moving and settling in a coun-

try or region to which one is not native.
GED ® TES T GRE
The practice of extending a nation’s power

by territorial acquisition or by economic and
political influence over other nations.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 212 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 212 3/15/13 12:1

I
improper fraction

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 213 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 213 3/15/13 12:1

I
A fraction whose numerator is the same size
as or larger than its denominator. Improper
fractions are equal to or greater than 1.
10 25
(e.g., __ __
3 , 5 , etc.)
Example:
62
__
Convert 8 to a mixed number.
Find how many times 8 divides into 62:
7
—–
8)6 2
56
6R
Find the whole number part: 7.
Find the remainder: 6.
6 3
The mixed number is 7 __ __
8 or 7 4 .
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 214 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 214 3/15/13 12:1

I
independent clause
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Industrial Revolution
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 215 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 215 3/15/13 12:1

I
A group of words within a sentence that by
itself could form a complete sentence.
Dependent clause: Because she was
excited.
excited.
GED ® TES T GRE
The extensive social and economic changes

brought about by the shift from the manufac-
turing of goods by hand to large-scale factory
production that began in England in the late
eighteenth century.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 216 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 216 3/15/13 12:1

I
inequality
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 217 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 217 3/15/13 12:1

I
Two expressions that are not equal and are
described by an inequality symbol such as <,
>, ≤ , ≥, or ≠.
A conclusion based upon reason, fact, or
evidence.
Example:
If 7 – 2x > 21, find x.
Isolate the variable:
7 – 2x > 21
7 – 2x – 7 > 21 – 7
–2x > 14
Then divide both sides by –2. Because you
are dividing by a negative number, the
inequality symbol changes direction:
GED ® TES T GRE
–2x
___ 14
__
–2 > –2 becomes x < –7, so the answer
consists of all real numbers less
than –7.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 218 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 218 3/15/13 12:1

I
inertia
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
inference

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
infinitive phrase
[ 219 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 219 3/15/13 12:1

I
The tendency of an object to remain at rest or
in motion with constant velocity unless acted
on by a force.
A conclusion based upon reason, fact, or

evidence.
GED ® TES T GRE
A phrase that begins with the infinitive form

of a verb (one which follows the word to) that
functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb
in a sentence. For example, “He helped to
F LASH
build the roof.”

V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 220 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 220 3/15/13 12:1

I
inflation
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
inorganic

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
integer
[ 221 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 221 3/15/13 12:1

I
An increase in prices due to an increase in the
amount of money in circulation and a de-
creased supply of consumer goods.
A material that is neither plant nor animal in

origin.
GED ® TES T GRE
All of the whole numbers, including negatives. Exam-

ples are –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, and 3. Note that integers
do not include fractions or decimals. Here are some
rules for working with integers:
F LASH
(+) × (+) = + (+) ÷ (+) = + (+) + (+) = +

(+) × (–) = – (+) ÷ (–) = – (–) + (–) = –
(–) × (–) = + (–) ÷ (–) = + (+) – (–) = +
(–) – (+) = –
V OCA
Example:
REVIEW
8 + –11 =
Subtract the absolute values of the numbers:
BULA RY
11 – 8 = 3
The sign of the larger number (11) was originally
negative, so the answer is –3.
[ 222 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 222 3/15/13 12:1

I
intensity
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
interest

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Intolerable Acts
[ 223 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 223 3/15/13 12:1

I
The power per unit area of a wave; measured
in Watts/m2.
The price paid for the use of borrowed money.

GED ® TES T GRE
A series of laws passed by the British Parlia-

ment in 1774 to punish the colony of Massa-
chusetts for the Boston Tea Party.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 224 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 224 3/15/13 12:1

I
ion
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
irony

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
isolationism
[ 225 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 225 3/15/13 12:1

I
An atom that has either lost electrons to
become a positively charged cation, or has
gained electrons to become a negatively
charged anion. For example, calcium (Ca) can
lose two electrons to become an ion with a
positive charge of +2 (Ca2+)
The use of words to express something other

than and especially the opposite of the literal
meaning.
GED ® TES T GRE
A national policy of avoiding political alliances

with other nations.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 226 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 226 3/15/13 12:1

I
isomers
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
isosceles triangle
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
isotopes
[ 227 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 227 3/15/13 12:1

I
Substances that have the same molecular
formula (same number of elements) in different
arrangements.
A type of triangle that has two sides the same

length, where equal angles are opposite equal
sides.
C
GED ® TES T GRE
m∠a = m∠b
b a
B A
F LASH
Atoms of the same element, with different

numbers of neutrons, and hence different
V OCA
atomic masses.
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 228 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 228 3/15/13 12:1

A
J
jargon
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Jovian planetS
FLAS H REV IEW
EST BULARY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[ 229 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 229 3/15/13 12:1

J
Technical, wordy language used by those as-
sociated with a trade or profession.
The outer planets of the solar system that have

characteristics similar to those of Jupiter. The
Jovian planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune. They are large, have many moons,
and may have rings. They have thick atmos-
pheres, are gaseous, and have high mass and
low density. Jovian planets are located far
GED ® TES T GRE
from the sun and from each other. They have

a composition similar to that of the sun, have
short rotation rates, and have long revolution
periods around the sun. Jovian planets are also
called gas planets.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 230 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 230 3/15/13 12:1

J
judicial branch
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
judicial review

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 231 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 231 3/15/13 12:1

J
The arm of government that interprets laws.
• U.S. Supreme Court • U.S. Supreme Court is the
• Circuit Courts of Ap- highest court in the nation.
peals • The president appoints
• Federal District Courts the nine justices of the
Supreme Court.
• Term is for life.
A doctrine that allows the U.S. Supreme Court

to invalidate laws and executive actions if the
Court decides they conflict with the Constitu-
tion. This power was not established until the
1803 case of Marbury v. Madison.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 232 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 232 3/15/13 12:1

A
K
kinetic energy
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GRE ®VTOCA
GED FLAS H REV IEW
EST BULARY
[ 233 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 233 3/15/13 12:1

K
The energy due to an object’s motion or
velocity.
Maximum Maximum
Potential Potential
Energy Energy
Maximum Kinetic
Energy

in a pendulum.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 234 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 234 3/15/13 12:1

A
L
labor market
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
labor union
FLAS H REV IEW

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EST BULARY
laissez-faire
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[ 235 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 235 3/15/13 12:1

L
The market in which workers compete for jobs
and employers compete for workers. As in
other markets, the labor market is driven by
supply and demand.
An organization of wage earners that uses

group action to seek better economic and
working conditions.
GED ® TES T GRE
A doctrine that believes economic systems

work better without intervention by
government.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 236 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 236 3/15/13 12:1

L
land breeze
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

latitude
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 237 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 237 3/15/13 12:1

L
The breeze that develops on the shoreline due
to unequal heating of the air above the land
and ocean. Land breeze occurs at night when
the air above the land is cooler and the air
above the ocean is warmer. The breeze blows
from the land to the sea.
The coordinate used to measure positions on

Earth north or south of the equator, ranging
from 0° at the equator to 90° at the poles.
Latitude is measured in degrees, minutes, and
seconds.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 238 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 238 3/15/13 12:1

L
legend
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
legislative branch
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
like terms
[ 239 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 239 3/15/13 12:1

L
A table or list that explains the symbols used
on a map or chart.
The law-making arm of a government.

• U.S. Congress: • Number of representatives
• House of for each state is based on the
Representatives population of that state.
• Senate • Representatives serve two-year
terms.
• Each state has two senators.
GED ® TES T GRE
• Senators serve six-year terms.
Terms that have the same variable(s) with the

same exponent(s), such as 3x2y and 5x2y.
F LASH
Like Terms What Both Terms Contain

5x and 9x x
V OCA
3x2 and 8x2 x2

REVIEW
xy and –5xy xy
BULA RY
[ 240 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 240 3/15/13 12:1

L
line
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

linear equation
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 241 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 241 3/15/13 12:1

L
An infinite collection of points in a straight
path.
An equation for a straight line. The variable in a linear equa-

tion cannot contain an exponent greater than 1. This type of
equation cannot have a variable in the denominator, and the
variables cannot be multiplied.
Example:
Solve the following linear equation:
x + 5 = 10.
What operation is used in the equation? Addition. In or-
GED ® TES T GRE
der to get the x alone, you will need to get rid of the 5.
So, you should use the inverse operation and subtract.
Remember, you have to perform the operation to both
sides of the equation:
x + 5 = 10
– 5 – 5 → Subtract 5 from both sides
of the equation.
Combine like terms on both sides of the equal sign:
F LASH
x + 5 = 10
–5 – 5
x + 0 = 5 → All like terms have been
combined.
V OCA
Therefore, x = 5.
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 242 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 242 3/15/13 12:1

L
literary texts
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
LITERATURE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 243 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 243 3/15/13 12:1

L
Literature valued for its beauty of form,
emotional impact, and message(s) about the
human experience.
Any written or published text.

GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 244 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 244 3/15/13 12:1

L
longitude
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 245 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 245 3/15/13 12:1

L
The coordinate used to measure positions on
Earth east or west of the prime meridian, rang-
ing from 0° at the prime meridian to 180° east
or 180° west longitude. The prime meridian
goes through Greenwich, England. Longitude is
measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 246 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 246 3/15/13 12:1

L
longitudinal wave
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Louisiana Purchase

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 247 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 247 3/15/13 12:1

L
A wave that has the same direction of vibration
as its direction of travel. The motion of the par-
ticles in the medium is parallel to the direction
of wave propagation. Sound is an example of a
longitudinal wave.
The vast land area in North America bought by

the United States from France in 1803.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 248 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 248 3/15/13 12:1

A
M
main idea
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
market
FLAS H REV IEW
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EST BULARY
mass
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[ 249 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 249 3/15/13 12:1

M
The overall fact, feeling, or thought a writer
wants to convey about his or her subject.
Main Idea
(general claim about the subject)
Supporting Idea Supporting Idea Supporting Idea

(specific fact or detail) (specific fact or detail) (specific fact or detail)
Any forum in which an exchange between buy-

ers and sellers takes place.
GED ® TES T GRE
The amount of matter in an object; also a

measure of the amount of inertia of an object.
The unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 250 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 250 3/15/13 12:1

M
Mayflower Compact
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mayor-council

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mean
[ 251 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 251 3/15/13 12:1

M
An agreement which stated that the settlers of
the Plymouth Colony would make decisions by
the will of the majority. It is the first instance of
self-government in America.

elect a mayor as city or town executive and
elect a council member from each ward.
GED ® TES T GRE
(x1 + x2 + . . . + xn – x1) ÷ n, where xs are values for which a

mean is desired and n is the total number of values for x.
sum of the numbers
mean = _____________________
the number of numbers
Example:
F LASH
Find the mean of the following set of numbers:

5, 7, 19, 12, 4, 11, 15.
Add all the numbers in the list:
V OCA
5 + 7 + 19 + 12 + 4 + 11 + 15 = 73.
Count how many numbers are in the list: There are
REVIEW
seven numbers in the list: 7

Divide the sum by the number of numbers:
BULA RY
73 ÷ 7 = 10.4.
So, the mean is 10.4.
[ 252 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 252 3/15/13 12:1

M
meander
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
measures of central
tendency

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
median
[ 253 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 253 3/15/13 12:1

M
A broad curve in a river.
A single value that attempts to describe a

set of data by specifying the central position
within that set of data.
GED ® TES T GRE
The middle value of an odd number of or-

dered scores, and halfway between the two
middle values of an even number of ordered
scores.
F LASH
Example:
Find the median of the following set of
V OCA
numbers: 5, 7, 19, 12, 4, 11, 15.

Put the numbers in sequential order:
REVIEW
4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 15, 19.

BULA RY
The middle number is the median: 11.

The median is 11.
[ 254 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 254 3/15/13 12:1

M
meiosis
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
melodrama

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
memoir
[ 255 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 255 3/15/13 12:1

M
A process of cellular reproduction where the
daughter cells have half the amount of chro-
mosomes. This is used for purposes of sexual
reproduction to produce sex cells that will be
able to form an offspring with a complete set
of chromosomes with different DNA than the
parents.
A play propelled by exaggerated emotion and

action, with a happy ending.
GED ® TES T GRE
An autobiographical text that focuses on a

limited number of events and explores their
impact on the author.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 256 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 256 3/15/13 12:1

M
meniscus
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
metamorphic rock

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
metaphor
[ 257 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 257 3/15/13 12:1

M
The curved surface of a liquid in a container,
caused by surface tension.
A rock whose crystal structure has been

changed through heat and/or pressure.
GED ® TES T GRE
A type of figurative language that compares

two things by saying they are equal. Take, for
example, the expression,“He is the apple of
my eye.” There is, of course, no real apple in a
F LASH
person’s eye. The “apple” is someone beloved

and held dear.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 258 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 258 3/15/13 12:1

M
meteorology
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
meter

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Middle Ages
[ 259 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 259 3/15/13 12:1

M
The study of Earth’s atmosphere and weather.
The number and stress of syllables in a line of

poetry.
GED ® TES T GRE
A period in Europe beginning with the decline

of the Roman Empire in the fifth century and
ending with the Renaissance in 1453.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 260 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 260 3/15/13 12:1

M
mid-oceanic ridge
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 261 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 261 3/15/13 12:1

M
A region under the ocean where new crust is
being created and the plates on either side of
the ridge are moving apart.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 262 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 262 3/15/13 12:1

M
midpoint
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 263 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 263 3/15/13 12:1

M
The middle point of a line segment.
Example:
Find the midpoint of line segment AB.
B
(5,10)
Midpoint
GED ® TES T GRE
(1,2)
A
F LASH
(1 + 5)
______ 6
Midpoint x = = __ = 3
V OCA
2 2
(2 + 10)
_______ 12
__
Midpoint y = = 2 =6
REVIEW
2
—
Therefore, the midpoint of AB is (3,6).
BULA RY
[ 264 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 264 3/15/13 12:1

M
mineral
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 265 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 265 3/15/13 12:1

M
A naturally occurring element or compound
found in Earth’s crust.
Mineral Function Food Sources

Calcium builds milk; cheese;
healthy green, leafy
bones and vegetables;
teeth; helps fish; eggs
nerves and
muscles
Iodine helps body iodized salt;
use energy fish; seafood
Iron keeps red liver; meat;
blood cells green, leafy
healthy vegetables;
eggs
GED ® TES T GRE
Magnesium helps mus- vegetables;

cles and cereals; meat;
nerves nuts; milk
Sodium controls wa- salt, most pro-
ter balance; cessed foods
helps nerves
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 266 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 266 3/15/13 12:1

M
misplaced modifiers
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mitochondria
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mitosis
[ 267 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 267 3/15/13 12:1

M
Words, phrases, or clauses that describe nouns
and pronouns, but are placed too far away
(in a sentence) from the words they describe.
For example, the words only, almost, and just
should be placed as closely as possible to the
words they describe.
An organelle that produces ATP.

Lysosome
Chloroplast
2
Cytoplasm
2
Endoplasmic
2
2
reticulum
Golgi
Plasma complex
membrane
Nucleolus
GED ® TES T GRE
Nucleus
Vacuole
2
2
2
Cell wall
2
2
Ribosomes Centriole
2
Mitochondria
F LASH
A process in which cells produce genetically

identical offspring.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 268 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 268 3/15/13 12:1

M
mixed number
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mixture

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mode
[ 269 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 269 3/15/13 12:1

M
A number with an integer part and a fractional
part. Mixed numbers can be converted into
improper fractions. For example, the mixed
1
number 5__2 can be converted into the
11
improper fraction __
2.
A physical combination of different substances.

GED ® TES T GRE
The value that appears most often in a data

set.
Example:
Find the mode of the following set of num-
F LASH
bers: 5, 7, 19, 12, 4, 11, 15.

None of the numbers occurs more than
V OCA
once, so there is no mode.

REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 270 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 270 3/15/13 12:1

M
modifiers
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mole

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
molecular mass
[ 271 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 271 3/15/13 12:1

M
Words and phrases that describe other
words. For example, an adjective is a modi-
fier because it describes nouns and pronouns.
Adverbs are modifiers because they describe
verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
The amount of a substance that contains as

many particles (e.g., atoms, molecules, ions,
electrons) as there are atoms in 12 grams of
the carbon-12 isotope. This corresponds to
a value of 6.022 × 1023 particles of the sub-
stance.
GED ® TES T GRE
The sum of the atomic masses in a molecule.

F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 272 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 272 3/15/13 12:1

M
molecule
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
monarchy GED ® T EST FLAS H REV IEW
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
monologue
[ 273 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 273 3/15/13 12:1

M
A substance formed by a chemical bond be-
tween two or more atoms.
A form of government headed by one ruler

who claims power through hereditary or divine
right.
• One person from a royal Absolute monarchy:
family is ruler. • Swaziland
• Power is inherited from • Saudi Arabia
GED ® TES T GRE
generation to generation. Constitutional monarchy:

• Absolute monarchs have • Great Britain
complete authority. • Japan
• Constitutional monarchs • Sweden
have limited authority; a • Morocco
representative democracy
governs.
F LASH
In drama, a play or part of a play performed

V OCA
by one character speaking directly to the

audience.
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 274 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 274 3/15/13 12:1

M
monomial
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
monopoly
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 275 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 275 3/15/13 12:1

M
An expression with one term (e.g., 3x2).
A situation in which a specific person or enter-

prise owns all or nearly all of the market for a
particular commodity. A monopoly is charac-
terized by a lack of viable economic competi-
tion to produce a good or service. Because
losing customers to competitors is not an
issue, the specific person or enterprise can set
GED ® TES T GRE
a price that is significantly higher than the cost

of producing the good or service.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 276 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 276 3/15/13 12:1

M
monotheistic
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 277 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 277 3/15/13 12:1

M
The worship or belief in a single God. Mono-
theistic religious systems include Christianity,
Judaism, Islam, and Sikhism.
Religion Origin Characteristics

Judaism Middle East, • The belief in a single,
now Israel— all-powerful God is
the Jewish central to Judaism.
calendar
begins with • The Torah—the instruc-
the biblical tions believed to be
time of the handed down from
Creation God to Moses—en-
compasses Jewish law
and custom.
Christianity Jerusalem, • Early followers believed
now in Israel— that Jesus fulfilled the
Christian cal- Jewish prophesy of the
endar begins Messiah.
with the birth
of Jesus • The Gospels in the
Bible’s New Testament
describe the teachings
GED ® TES T GRE
and life of Jesus.

• Beliefs include that
Jesus is the son of God
and that after crucifix-
ion, he rose from the
dead.
Islam Arabia in • Its followers, called
622 a.d. Muslims, believe in one
all-powerful God.
F LASH
• Muslims adhere to
the codes of living set
forth in the holy book
V OCA
of Islam, the Qur’an

(Koran).
REVIEW
• The founder of Islam

was Muhammed, a
prophet who lived
BULA RY
in Mecca in the sixth

century, a.d.
[ 278 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 278 3/15/13 12:1

M
multiple of
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
mutualism

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 279 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 279 3/15/13 12:1

M
A multiple of a number has that number as
one of its factors; 35 is a multiple of 7; it is also
a multiple of 5.
A class of relationship between two organisms

in which both organisms benefit.The pollina-
tion process involving flowering plants and
insects (such as bees and wasps) is the best
example of this. While the insects get their
food in the form of nectar from the plants, the
plants benefit from pollination carried out by
GED ® TES T GRE
these insects, which helps them reproduce.

F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 280 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 280 3/15/13 12:1

A
N
Nagasaki
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
narrator
FLAS H REV IEW

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EST BULARY
naturalization
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[ 281 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 281 3/15/13 12:1

N
A seaport in western Japan that was the target
of the second atomic bomb ever dropped on a
populated area in August 1945. The bombing
marked the end of World War II.
In fiction, the character or person who tells the

story.
GED ® TES T GRE
The process by which one becomes a citizen of

a new country.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 282 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 282 3/15/13 12:1

N
negative number
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
net force

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 283 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 283 3/15/13 12:1

N
A real number whose value is less than zero.
The vector sum of all the forces acting on an

object.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 284 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 284 3/15/13 12:1

N
New Deal
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Newton
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 285 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 285 3/15/13 12:1

N
A domestic reform program initiated by
the administration of President Franklin D.
Roosevelt to provide relief and recovery from
the Great Depression.
The New Deal

Agricultural Adjustment Act—paid farmers
to slow their production in order to stabilize
food prices
National Industrial Recovery Act—outlined
codes for fair competition in industry
Securities and Exchange Commission—
established to regulate stock market
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation—
insured bank deposits in the case that banks
fail
GED ® TES T GRE
Public Works Administration—built roads,

public buildings, dams
Tennessee Valley Authority—brought elec-
tric power to parts of the Southeast
F LASH
The metric and System International unit of

V OCA
force. One Newton equals one kg/s2.

REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 286 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 286 3/15/13 12:1

N
nitrification
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
nominative case

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
nonfiction
[ 287 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 287 3/15/13 12:1

N
A process where bacteria break down ammo-
nium ion into another set of molecules (nitrite
and nitrate), resulting in a low amount of fixed
nitrogen in soil.
The case of a noun or pronoun used as the

subject or a complement following a linking
verb (am, is, are, was, were—any form of be).
GED ® TES T GRE
Prose literature about real people, places, and

events.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 288 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 288 3/15/13 12:1

N
non-renewable resource
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
nonrestrictive clause

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
normal force
[ 289 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 289 3/15/13 12:1

N
A resource that is not replaced in nature as
quickly as it is used. In many cases, it is not
replaced or re-formed at all. Fossil fuels such
as oil and coal are examples.
Group of words that simply adds information,

but is not essential to the basic meaning of a
sentence (if it is removed, the basic meaning
of the sentence is not changed). Nonrestric-
tive clauses must be set off by commas. Also
known as a nonessential clause.
GED ® TES T GRE
This force acts between any two surfaces in

contact. It is the part of the contact force that
acts normal or perpendicular to the surfaces in
contact.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 290 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 290 3/15/13 12:1

N
nucleolus
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
nucleotide
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 291 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 291 3/15/13 12:1

N
An organelle found inside a nucleus that is
responsible for the production of ribosomes.
Lysosome
Chloroplast
2
Cytoplasm
2
Endoplasmic
2
2
reticulum
Golgi
Plasma complex
membrane
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Vacuole
2
2
2
2
Cell wall
2
2
Ribosomes Centriole
2
Mitochondria
The smallest unit of DNA. There are five differ-

GED ® TES T GRE
ent types of nucleotides: adenine (A), guanine

(G), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil (U).
The arrangement of genes is based directly on
the specific arrangement of nucleotides.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 292 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 292 3/15/13 12:1

N
nucleus
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
numerator
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 293 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 293 3/15/13 12:1

N
An organelle in a cell that contains all DNA
and controls the functions of the cell.
Lysosome
Chloroplast
2
Cytoplasm
2
Endoplasmic
2
2
reticulum
Golgi
Plasma complex
membrane
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Vacuole
2
2
2
2
Cell wall
2
2
Ribosomes Centriole
2
Mitochondria
The top number in a fraction. The numerator

GED ® TES T GRE
1
of __
4 is 1.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 294 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 294 3/15/13 12:1

A
O
object distance
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
objective case pronoun
FLAS H REV IEW

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EST BULARY
obtuse angle
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[ 295 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 295 3/15/13 12:1

O
The distance from an object to a mirror or lens.
Word used as the object following an action

verb or as the object of a preposition.
GED ® TES T GRE
An angle that measures more than 90° but less

than 180°.
Obtuse Angle
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 296 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 296 3/15/13 12:1

O
oceanography
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
octagon
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
odd number
[ 297 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 297 3/15/13 12:1

O
The study of Earth’s oceans.
A polygon with eight sides.

GED ® TES T GRE
A counting number that is not divisible by 2.

F LASH
Here are some helpful rules for how odd

and even numbers behave when added or
V OCA
multiplied:
REVIEW
even + even = even and even × even = even

odd + odd = even and odd × odd = odd
BULA RY
odd + even = odd and even × odd = even
[ 298 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 298 3/15/13 12:1

O
ode
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
oligarchy
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
omniscient narrator
[ 299 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 299 3/15/13 12:1

O
A poem that celebrates a person, place, or
thing.
A form of government in which decisions

are made by a small, elite group that is not
elected by the people.
• It is governed by a • City-state of Sparta
small upper-class in ancient Greece
GED ® TES T GRE
group.
• Apartheid-era South
• Leaders are not Africa
elected by the
general populace.
F LASH
A third-person narrator who knows and reveals

the thoughts and feelings of the characters.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 300 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 300 3/15/13 12:1

O
onomatopoeia
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
orbit

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
order of operations
[ 301 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 301 3/15/13 12:1

O
When the sound of a word echoes its meaning.
(e.g., bang, beep, splash).
The path an object takes as it travels around

another object in space.
GED ® TES T GRE
The sequence of performing steps to get the correct answer

in a given mathematical expression. The order you follow is:
1. Simplify all operations within grouping symbols such
as parentheses, brackets, braces, and fraction bars.
2. Evaluate all exponents.
3. Do all multiplication and division in order from left to
F LASH
right.
4. Do all addition and subtraction in order from left to
right.
V OCA
Example:
(36 + 64) ÷ (18 – 20)
REVIEW
First, evaluate the parentheses, from left to right:

(36 + 64) = 100 and (18 – 20) = –2.
BULA RY
Now, do the division: 100 ÷ –2 = –50.
[ 302 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 302 3/15/13 12:1

O
ordered pair
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
organic
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 303 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 303 3/15/13 12:1

O
Two numbers in a specific sequence that
represent a point on a coordinate plane. The
numbers are enclosed in parentheses with the
x-coordinate first and the y-coordinate second;
for example, (2,3). If the x-coordinate is posi-
tive, move to the right. If negative, move to
the left. If the y-coordinate is positive, move
up. If negative, move down.
y
II I
4
3
(−2,3) (2,3)
2
1
x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–1
–2
GED ® TES T GRE
(−3,−2) (3,−2)
–3
–4
III IV
F LASH
Matter or material that is plant or animal in

origin.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 304 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 304 3/15/13 12:1

O
origin
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
oxbow lake
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 305 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 305 3/15/13 12:1

O
The starting point, or zero, on a number line.
On a coordinate plane, the origin is the point
where the x-axis and y-axis intersect. The coor-
dinates of the origin are (0,0).
y
5
2
origin (0,0)
1
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1
–2
–3
–4
GED ® TES T GRE
–5
A crescent-shaped lake formed when a mean-

der is cut off from the river it was part of.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 306 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 306 3/15/13 12:1

O
oxidation
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 307 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 307 3/15/13 12:1

O
The loss of electrons by a substance in a
chemical reaction.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 308 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 308 3/15/13 12:1

P
A
paragraph
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
parallel
FLAS H REV IEW
EST BULARY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GRE ®VTOCA
parallel circuit
GED
[ 309 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 309 3/15/13 12:1

P
A group of sentences about the same idea.
Lines in the same plane that will never

intersect.
Definition Example
two lines on a flat A
surface (also called <________________>
a plane in geometry)
GED ® TES T GRE
B
that never intersect
<________________>
(the symbol || indi-
cates that two lines A || B
are parallel)
F LASH
A circuit with more than one path for an elec-

trical current to follow.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 310 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 310 3/15/13 12:1

P
parallel structure
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 311 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 311 3/15/13 12:1

P
Two or more equivalent ideas in a sentence
that have the same purpose, presented in the
same form.
Example:
Not parallel: We came, we saw, and it was
conquered by us.
(The first two clauses use the active we +
past tense verb construction; the third uses
a passive structure with a prepositional
phrase.)
Parallel: We came, we saw, we
conquered.
(All three clauses start with we and use a
past tense verb.)
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 312 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 312 3/15/13 12:1

P
parallelOGRAM
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 313 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 313 3/15/13 12:1

P
A quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides.
B C
A D
In this figure, line AB || CD and BC || AD.

A parallelogram has:
• opposite sides that are equal (AB = CD
and BC = AD)
• opposite angles that are equal (m∠a =
GED ® TES T GRE
m∠c and m∠b = m∠d)

• and consecutive angles that are sup-
plementary (m∠a + m∠b = 180°, m∠b +
m∠c = 180°, m∠c + m∠d = 180°, m∠d
+ m∠a = 180°)
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 314 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 314 3/15/13 12:1

P
parentheses
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
parliament

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
past perfect PROGRESSIVE

tense
[ 315 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 315 3/15/13 12:1

P
Symbols ( ) used to enclose explanatory materi-
al that interrupts the normal flow of a sentence.
They also enclose information when accuracy
is essential and enclose letters or numbers in a
list, marking a division from the rest of the text.
A national legislative body made up of elected

and sometimes non-elected officials. The
British Parliament is made up of the House of
Commons and the House of Lords.
GED ® TES T GRE
Verb form that shows continuing action

that began in the past. For example, “She
had been painting the door before the cat
F LASH
scratched it.”
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 316 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 316 3/15/13 12:1

P
past perfect tense
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
past progressive tense

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
past tense
[ 317 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 317 3/15/13 12:1

P
Verb form that shows an action completed in
the past or completed before some other past
action. For example, “Kristen had never been
to an opera before last night.”
Verb form that shows a continuing action in

the past. For example, “We were eating dinner
when the phone rang.”
GED ® TES T GRE
Verb form that shows action that happened in

the past. For example, “He washed his car.”
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 318 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 318 3/15/13 12:1

P
Pearl Harbor
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
PEMDAS
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 319 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 319 3/15/13 12:1

P
A United States military base in the Pacific
Ocean that was attacked by Japan in 1941.
The attack led to the entry of the United States
into World War II.
An order for doing a sequence of mathemati-

cal operations (see order of operations):
P (Parentheses): Perform all operations
within parentheses first.
E (Exponents): Evaluate exponents.
M (Multiply): Work from left to right in your
expression.
GED ® TES T GRE
D (Divide): Work from left to right in your

expression.
A (Add): Work from left to right in your
expression.
S (Subtract): Work from left to right in your
expression.
F LASH
Example:
(5 + 3)2
_______
4 + 27 =
V OCA
(8)2
___
4 + 27 =
64
__
4 + 27 =
REVIEW
16 + 27 = 43
BULA RY
[ 320 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 320 3/15/13 12:1

P
pentagon
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 321 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 321 3/15/13 12:1

P
A polygon with five sides.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 322 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 322 3/15/13 12:1

P
percent
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 323 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 323 3/15/13 12:1

P
A ratio or fraction whose denominator is as-
sumed to be 100, expressed using the % sign;
98
___
98% is equal to 100 .
Percent Decimal Fraction

1% 0.01 1
___
100
5% 0.05 5
___
100
10% 0.10 1
__
10
12.5% 0.125 1
__
8
20% 0.20 1
__
5
25% 0.25 1
__
4
1 0.33 (round- 1
__
33 __
3%
GED ® TES T GRE
3
ed)
40% 0.40 2
__
5
50% 0.50 1
__
2
2 0.67 (round- 2
__
66 __
3% 3
ed)
F LASH
75% 0.75 3
__
4
V OCA
80% 0.80 4
__
5
REVIEW
90% 0.90 9
__
10
BULA RY
100% 1.00 1
__
=1
1
[ 324 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 324 3/15/13 12:1

P
perimeter
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

period
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
perpendicular
[ 325 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 325 3/15/13 12:1

P
The distance around the outside of a polygon.
Formulas for finding the perimeter of:
• Square: P = 4 × S, where S is the length
of any one side
• Rectangle: P = 2 × length + 2 × width
• Triangle: P = side1 + side2 + side3
7
4
6
10 Perimeter = 6 + 7 + 4 + 10 = 27
The time, often measured in seconds, for one

complete repetition or rotation.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
Two lines that intersect to form 90° angles.

B
V OCA
A
REVIEW
A B
BULA RY
(the symbol ⊥ indicates that two lines are

perpendicular).
[ 326 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 326 3/15/13 12:1

P
personification
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
phloem

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
photon
[ 327 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 327 3/15/13 12:1

P
Figurative language that endows non-human
or non-animal objects with human characteris-
tics. For example, “The candle flame danced
in the dark.” A candle flame cannot actually
dance; this is a different way to describe that
the flame flickered.
Vascular tissue found in plants that transports

mostly sugar and water; can travel either
“shoot to root” or “root to shoot.”
GED ® TES T GRE
A particle of light. A discreet amount of light

energy where a single photon of light is the
smallest unit of light energy possible.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 328 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 328 3/15/13 12:1

P
photosynthesis
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
physical property

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Pilgrims
[ 329 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 329 3/15/13 12:1

P
A process by which the sunlight’s energy,
water, and carbon dioxide are transformed into
sugar and oxygen.
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
A property that can be observed without

performing a chemical transformation of that
substance.
GED ® TES T GRE
A group of religious separatists who were the

founders of the Plymouth Colony on the coast
of Massachusetts in 1620.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 330 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 330 3/15/13 12:1

P
plate tectonics
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
plot

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
plurality system
[ 331 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 331 3/15/13 12:1

P
The theory in which Earth’s crust is made up of
many plates that float on the mantle. This the-
ory explains the movement of the continents,
the formation of mountains, earthquakes,
volcanoes, and the existence of mid-oceanic
ridges.
The ordering of events in a story.

GED ® TES T GRE
An electoral system in which a candidate need

only receive more votes than his or her op-
ponent to win.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 332 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 332 3/15/13 12:1

P
Plymouth Colony
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
poetry

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
point
[ 333 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 333 3/15/13 12:1

P
A settlement made by Pilgrims on the coast of
Massachusetts in 1620.
Literature written in verse.

GED ® TES T GRE
A location in space.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 334 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 334 3/15/13 12:1

P
point of view
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
polar zone

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
political party
[ 335 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 335 3/15/13 12:1

P
The perspective from which something is told
or written.
The climatic zone near the North and South

Poles characterized by long, cold winters and
short, cool summers.
GED ® TES T GRE
An organization that presents its positions on

public issues and promotes candidates that
support its point of view. Political parties serve
several functions:
F LASH
• recruit candidates and run election

campaigns
• formulate positions on issues that affect
V OCA
the public and propose solutions

• educate the public on issues
REVIEW
• mobilize their members to vote

BULA RY
• create voting blocs in Congress
[ 336 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 336 3/15/13 12:1

P
polygon
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
polymer
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 337 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 337 3/15/13 12:1

P
A closed two-dimensional shape made up of
several line segments that are joined together.
B
C
A
D
GED ® TES T GRE
F E
A large molecule made up of repeating units

of one or more small molecules (monomers).
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 338 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 338 3/15/13 12:1

P
polynomial
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
polytheistic
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 339 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 339 3/15/13 12:1

P
A number, variable, or combination of a num-
ber and a variable.
• A monomial is a polynomial with one
term, as in 2b3.
• A binomial is a polynomial with two un-
like terms, as in 5x + 3y.
• A trinomial is a polynomial with three
unlike terms, as in y2 + 2z – 6.
The worship or belief in many Gods. Polytheis-

tic religious systems include Buddhism, Hindu-
ism, and Shintoism.
Religion Origin Characteristics

Hinduism India in • Hinduism has no single
GED ® TES T GRE
1500 b.c. founder; it developed over a

period of 4,000 years.
• One of its main features is a
caste system, in which people
are born into a prescribed
class and follow the ways of
that class.
Buddhism India in • It was founded by Siddhartha
525 b.c. Gautama, called the Buddha.
F LASH
• Buddhists believe in a cycle

of rebirth.
• The ultimate goal of the
V OCA
Buddhist path is to achieve

nirvana, an enlightened state
free from suffering.
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 340 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 340 3/15/13 12:1

P
population
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
position

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
positive number
[ 341 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 341 3/15/13 12:1

P
The size, makeup, and distribution of people
in a given area.
The location of an object in a coordinate sys-

tem. Common units of measure are meters (m).
GED ® TES T GRE
A real number whose value is greater than

zero.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 342 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 342 3/15/13 12:1

P
possessive case pronouns
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
potential difference GED ® T EST FLAS H REV IEW
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 343 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 343 3/15/13 12:1

P
Pronouns that show ownership, such as my,
our, your, his, her, their, its.
Possessive
Pronoun Meaning Example
its belonging to it The dog chased its
tail.
your belonging to you Your time is up.
their belonging to Their words were
them comforting.
whose belonging to who Whose tickets are
these?
The difference in electric potential energy

per unit charge between two points. This is
commonly called voltage. The common unit of
GED ® TES T GRE
measure for potential difference is volts (V).

F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 344 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 344 3/15/13 12:1

P
potential energy
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
precession
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
precision
[ 345 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 345 3/15/13 12:1

P
The energy due to an object’s position or state.
Maximum Maximum
Potential Potential
Energy Energy
Maximum Kinetic
Energy
in a pendulum.
The process by which Earth’s axis traces out a

GED ® TES T GRE
circle on the celestial sphere.

F LASH
The measurement of the closeness of

V OCA
measurements obtained from two or more

experimental runs.
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 346 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 346 3/15/13 12:1

P
present perfect PROGRESSIVE

tense
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
present perfect tense

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
present progressive tense
[ 347 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 347 3/15/13 12:1

P
Verb form that shows action that began in
the past and is continuing in the present. For
example, “They have been talking for the last
hour.”
Verb form that shows an action that began in

the past. For example, “I have seen that movie
ten times.”
GED ® TES T GRE
Verb form that shows an action happening

now, and ends in the suffix –ing. For example,
“They are sleeping.”
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 348 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 348 3/15/13 12:1

P
present tense
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
pressure

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
primary election
[ 349 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 349 3/15/13 12:1

P
Verb form that shows action that happens now
or action that happens routinely. For example,
“I run in the park.”
Force per unit area. Units used to measure

pressure are torr, atmosphere (atm), and pascal
F
(Pa). p = __
A
GED ® TES T GRE
A preliminary contest in which voters give their

preference for a political party’s candidate for
public office.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 350 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 350 3/15/13 12:1

P
prime meridian
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

prime number
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
procedure
[ 351 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 351 3/15/13 12:1

P
An imaginary line that runs north and south
through Greenwich, England at 0° longitude.
A real number that is divisible by only two

GED ® TES T GRE
positive factors: 1 and itself. For example, 5 is

a prime number, as only 1 and 5 divide it.
F LASH
A logical list of steps that explain the exact ac-

tions taken to perform an experiment.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 352 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 352 3/15/13 12:1

P
product
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
progressivism GED ® T EST FLAS H REV IEW
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
projectile
[ 353 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 353 3/15/13 12:1

P
The result when two numbers are multiplied
together. For example, the product of 4 × 3
is 12.
These . . . often translate into
words . . . these math symbols
multiplied by ×, ·
product ( ) Parentheses can also
times indicate multiplication.
3(5) is the same as 3 × 5
or 3 · 5.
A reform movement of the early twentieth

century that sought to remedy the problems
created by industrialization.
GED ® TES T GRE
An object in two-dimensional motion that has

F LASH
a vertical acceleration equal to –g (or g down-

ward) and a horizontal acceleration of zero.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 354 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 354 3/15/13 12:1

P
pronoun
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
proper fraction
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
proper nouns
[ 355 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 355 3/15/13 12:1

P
A word used in place of a noun; includes I, my,
she, he, them, theirs, it.
Singular Plural
First person I, me we, us, our
Second person you you (all)
Third person he, she, it, they, them,
one their
A fraction whose denominator is larger than its

numerator. Proper fractions are equal to or less
3 __7
than 1. (e.g., __
5 , 8 , etc.)
GED ® TES T GRE
Nouns that name a specific person, place, or

thing. Proper nouns must be capitalized. Some
examples of proper nouns include days of the
F LASH
week, holidays, historical events, names of

people, landmarks, cities and states, names of
V OCA
products, and works of art and literature.

REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 356 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 356 3/15/13 12:1

P
proportion
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
proportional GED ® T EST FLAS H REV IEW

representation
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
prose
[ 357 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 357 3/15/13 12:1

P
A relationship between two equivalent sets of
fractions in the form ab = cd. For example,
2
__ 6
__
3 = 9.
Example:
8
__ ?
___
10 = 100
Divide the denominator into the new de-

nominator, which is 100: 100 ÷ 10 = 10.
Multiply 10 by the numerator: 8 × 10 = 80.
80
___
Write 80 over the new denominator: 100 .
An electoral process in which political par-

ties are awarded a proportion of legislative
seats based on the percentage of votes they
GED ® TES T GRE
received.
F LASH
Literature that is not written in verse or dra-

matic form.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 358 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 358 3/15/13 12:1

P
protagonist
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
protein synthesis

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
pun
[ 359 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 359 3/15/13 12:1

P
The “hero” or main character of a story that
faces the central conflict.
A process by which DNA will transport its infor-

mation by way of RNA to the ribosomes where
proteins will be assembled.
GED ® TES T GRE
A play on the meaning of a word.

F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 360 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 360 3/15/13 12:1

P
Puritans
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Pythagorean theorem
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 361 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 361 3/15/13 12:1

P
A group of English migrants who sought to
purify the Church of England. The group
started settlements in New England in the
seventeenth century.
Theorem stating that in all right triangles, the

sum of the squares of the two legs is equal to
the square of the hypotenuse: leg2 + leg2 = hy-
potenuse2. Another different way to state this
is: a2 + b2 = c2, where a and b are the legs and
c is the hypotenuse of the right triangle.
GED ® TES T GRE
c
2
1
F LASH
a +b =c
2 2 2
12 + 22 = c2
V OCA
1 + 4 = c2
5 = c2
REVIEW
–
√5 = c
BULA RY
[ 362 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 362 3/15/13 12:1

A
Q
quadrants
FLAS H REV IEW

EST BULARY
GRE ®VTOCA
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GED
[ 363 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 363 3/15/13 12:1

Q
The four equal parts of a coordinate plane.
A number names each quadrant. The upper-
right-hand area is quadrant I. You proceed
counterclockwise to name the other quadrants.
II I
4
3
(−2,3) (2,3)
2
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–1
–2
(−3,−2) (3,−2)
–3
GED ® TES T GRE
–4
III IV
Points Sign of Coordinates Quadrant

(2,3) (+,+) I
F LASH
(–2,3) (–,+) II

(–3,–2) (–,–) III
V OCA
(3,–2) (+,–) IV
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 364 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 364 3/15/13 12:1

Q
quadrilateral
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

qualitative observation
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
quantitative observation
[ 365 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 365 3/15/13 12:1

Q
A polygon with four sides.
a c
An observation that includes characteristics

other than amounts or measurements; may
GED ® TES T GRE
include shapes, colors, actions, and odors.

F LASH
An observation that includes characteristics of

measurements or amounts.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 366 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 366 3/15/13 12:1

Q
quatrain
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
quotation marks

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
quotient
[ 367 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 367 3/15/13 12:1

Q
In poetry, a stanza of four lines.
Symbols (“ ”) used to set off a direct quotation

or thought within a sentence or paragraph.
They are also used to set off unfamiliar terms
and nicknames. Do not use quotation marks
for paraphrases or indirect quotations.
GED ® TES T GRE
The result when one number is divided into

another. For example, when dividing 6 by 3,
the quotient is 2.
F LASH

divided by ÷, /
V OCA
quotient
per
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 368 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 368 3/15/13 12:1

R
A
radiation
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
radical
FLAS H REV IEW

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EST BULARY
radicand
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[ 369 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 369 3/15/13 12:1

R
The emission of energy.
The symbol used to signify a root operation.

(√— )
GED ® TES T GRE
The number or mathematical expression inside

of a radical. For example, 12 is the radicand in
–—
√12 .
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 370 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 370 3/15/13 12:1

R
radius
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
rate
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ratify
[ 371 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 371 3/15/13 12:1

R
Any line segment from the center of a circle to
a point on the curve of the circle. The radius of
a circle is equal to half the diameter.
radius
A ratio comparing two items with unlike units.

Some common rates include the following:
calories per serving feet per yard

cents per pound heartbeats per minute
GED ® TES T GRE
dollars per hour inches per foot

dollars per pound miles per gallon
dollars per year miles per hour
feet per mile words per minute
F LASH
To confirm or give formal approval to some-

V OCA
thing, such as an agreement between nations.

REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 372 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 372 3/15/13 12:1

R
ratio
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ray
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
reactant
[ 373 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 373 3/15/13 12:1

R
The relationship between two things, ex-
pressed as a proportion. Here are some exam-
ples of ways to write ratios:
• with the word to: 1 to 2
• using a colon (:) to separate the num-
bers: 1:2
• using the phrase for every: 1 for every 2
• separated by a division sign or fraction
1
bar: 1/2 or __
2
A line which includes a clearly defined starting

point, but has no end point.
GED ® TES T GRE
y
ra
ray
Endpoint (or Vertex)

F LASH
A substance that is consumed in a chemical

V OCA
reaction to form products.

REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 374 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 374 3/15/13 12:1

R
readability
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
real numbers

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
recession
[ 375 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 375 3/15/13 12:1

R
Techniques and strategies that writers use to
make information easier to process, including
the use of headings and lists.
Numbers that include fractions and decimals

3
in addition to integers (e.g., –1, 0, 1, __ , 0.125,
—— 4
√12 , etc.).
GED ® TES T GRE
A period of low economic productivity and

income.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 376 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 376 3/15/13 12:1

R
reciprocal
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Reconstruction

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
rectangle
[ 377 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 377 3/15/13 12:1

R
One of two numbers that, when multiplied to-
gether, give a product of 1. For instance, since
3 2 3 2
__
2
× __
3
is equal to 1, __
2
is the reciprocal of __
3
.
From 1865 to 1877, the period of readjust-

ment and rebuilding of the South that followed
the American Civil War.
GED ® TES T GRE
A parallelogram with four right angles.

B C
F LASH
AB = CD
BC = AD
V OCA
REVIEW
A D
BULA RY
[ 378 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 378 3/15/13 12:1

R
reduction
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
redundancy
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
reflexive pronoun
[ 379 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 379 3/15/13 12:1

R
The gain of electrons by a substance in a
chemical reaction.
The same idea expressed twice using different

words; words with meanings that overlap.
 The use of unnecessary words or phrases
Redundant: Turn left at the green-
colored house.
Correct: Turn left at the green house.
GED ® TES T GRE
 Unnecessary repetition of nouns or

pronouns
Redundant: Riva she couldn’t believe
her ears.
Correct: Riva couldn’t believe her ears.
F LASH
V OCA
A pronoun that includes the word self or

selves: myself, yourself, himself, herself, our-
REVIEW
selves, themselves.
BULA RY
[ 380 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 380 3/15/13 12:1

R
region
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
remainder

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Renaissance
[ 381 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 381 3/15/13 12:1

R
A land area that shares cultural, political, or
geographic attributes that distinguish it from
other areas.
The amount left over after a division prob-

lem using whole numbers. For example,
55
__
7 = 7, with a remainder of 6. Divisible num-
bers always have a remainder of zero.
GED ® TES T GRE
A term meaning “rebirth” that refers to a se-

ries of cultural and literary developments in Eu-
rope in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth
centuries.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 382 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 382 3/15/13 12:1

R
renewable resource
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
repeal

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
republic
[ 383 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 383 3/15/13 12:1

R
A renewable resource is replaced in nature
as quickly as it is used. Plants and crops are
examples of resources that are replenishable.
To take back or undo, typically referring to

the repeal of an amendment to the U.S.
Constitution.
GED ® TES T GRE
A government based on the concept that

power resides with the people, who then elect
officials to represent them in government.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 384 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 384 3/15/13 12:1

R
reserve ratio
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
resistance

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
respiration
[ 385 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 385 3/15/13 12:1

R
A portion of deposits that banks, which are
members of the Federal Reserve system, set
aside and do not use to make loans.
The resistance to the flow of electrons through

a circuit. The resistance is dependent on the
current flowing through the circuit element and
the voltage across the circuit element; resist-
ance is measured in ohms (Ω).
V
R = __I
GED ® TES T GRE
A process by which sugar is converted into

ATP and carbon dioxide; may include oxygen,
which is called aerobic respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 386 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 386 3/15/13 12:1

R
restrictive clause
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
retrograde motion

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
reversible reaction
[ 387 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 387 3/15/13 12:1

R
Group of words that, if omitted from a sen-
tence, changes the entire meaning of the sen-
tence, or even makes the sentence untrue. The
restrictive clause is not set off with commas.
Also known as an essential clause.
The apparent westward motion of objects in

the sky from one night to another.
GED ® TES T GRE
A reaction in which products can revert back

into reactants.
Ea for Ea for
F LASH
forward reverse
reaction reaction
reactants
V OCA
products
REVIEW
The activation energies (Ea) for the forward

reaction (reactants forming products) and for
BULA RY
the reverse reaction (products forming reac-

tants) are about the same. Such a reaction is
reversible.
[ 388 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 388 3/15/13 12:1

R
revolution
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
rhombus
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
rhyme
[ 389 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 389 3/15/13 12:1

R
A violent change in the political order and
social structure of a society.
A parallelogram with four equal and congruent

sides.
D C
AB = BC = CD = DA
GED ® TES T GRE
A B
The repetition of an identical or similar

stressed sound(s) at the end of words.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 390 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 390 3/15/13 12:1

R
rhythm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ribosome
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 391 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 391 3/15/13 12:1

R
The overall sound or “musical” effect of the
pattern of words and sentences.
An organelle where protein synthesis occurs.

Ribosomes can be found floating freely in the
cytoplasm or attached to the outside of endo-
plasmic reticulum.
Lysosome
Chloroplast
2
Cytoplasm
GED ® TES T GRE
Endoplasmic
2
reticulum
Golgi
Plasma complex
membrane
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Vacuole
2
2
2
Cell wall
2
2
Ribosomes Centriole
2
Mitochondria
F LASH

V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 392 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 392 3/15/13 12:1

R
right angle
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
right ascension
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 393 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 393 3/15/13 12:1

R
An angle that measures exactly 90°.
Right
Angle
GED ® TES T GRE
The celestial coordinate similar to that of lon-

gitude on Earth. Right ascension is measured
in hours, minutes, and seconds, with 24 hours
making up 360° around the celestial sphere.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 394 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 394 3/15/13 12:1

R
right triangle
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
river systems
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 395 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 395 3/15/13 12:1

R
A triangle with a right angle. In a right triangle,
the side opposite the right angle is called the
hypotenuse. This will be the longest side of
the right triangle.
e
nus
te
po
Hy Right
GED ® TES T GRE
A river and its associated tributaries and drain-

age basin.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 396 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 396 3/15/13 12:1

R
RNA
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
rock cycle

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Romanov dynasty
[ 397 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 397 3/15/13 12:1

R
Abbreviation for ribonucleic acid. RNA is re-
sponsible for transmitting genetic information
from the DNA to the ribosomes for protein
synthesis.
A concept in geology that summarizes how

rocks of different types are formed and how
they can be transformed from one type into
another.
GED ® TES T GRE
The family that ruled Russia from 1613 until the

Russian Revolution in 1917.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 398 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 398 3/15/13 12:1

R
root
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

rounding
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 399 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 399 3/15/13 12:1

R
One of two (or more) equal factors of a num-
ber. The square root of 36 is 6 because 6 × 6
= 36. The cube root of 27 is 3 because 3 × 3 ×
3 = 27.
Reducing the digits in a number while trying

to keep its value similar. A rounded number
has approximately the same value as the
number you start with and is easier to use, but
it is less exact.
The general rule for rounding:
• If the number you are rounding is fol-
GED ® TES T GRE
lowed by 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, round the

number up. For example, 58 rounded to
the nearest ten is 60.
• If the number you are rounding is fol-
lowed by 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, round the
number down. For example: 53 rounded
to the nearest ten is 50.
F LASH
To the
Nearest . . . Ten Hundred Thousand
V OCA
27,239 rounds to 27,240 27,200 27,000

REVIEW
691 rounds to 690 700 1,000

38 rounds to 40 0 0
BULA RY
[ 400 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 400 3/15/13 12:1

R
rule of law
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

run-on sentence
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 401 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 401 3/15/13 12:1

R
The principle that all citizens, including func-
tionaries of the government, must follow the
law.
A sentence in which independent clauses have

been run together without punctuation (a
period, semicolon, or comma).
Run-on: The debate is over, now it is

time to vote.
Period: The debate is over. Now it
GED ® TES T GRE
is time to vote.
Comma + The debate is over, and
conjunction: now it is time to vote.
Semicolon: The debate is over; now it
is time to vote.
Dash: The debate is over—now it
F LASH
is time to vote.
Subordinating Since the debate is over, it
V OCA
conjunction: is time to vote.

REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 402 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 402 3/15/13 12:1

S
A
sarcasm
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
satire
FLAS H REV IEW

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EST BULARY
scalar
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[ 403 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 403 3/15/13 12:1

S
Sharp, biting language intended to ridicule its
subject.
A form of writing that exposes and ridicules

its subject with the hope of bringing about
change.
GED ® TES T GRE
A quantity that has a magnitude or amount

only.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 404 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 404 3/15/13 12:1

S
scale
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 405 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 405 3/15/13 12:1

S
A special ratio used for models of real-life
items.
On scale drawings, the scale will be a compari-
son of a small distance unit, like inches, to a
large distance unit, like feet or even miles.
So a scale on a map could read “3 inches =
10 miles.” This means for every 3 inches on the
map, the actual distance is 10 miles. This ratio
3
is ___
10 , but care should be taken to remember
that the units do not agree. If a scale drawing
reads “1 inch = 10 feet,” this does not mean
that the real item is only 10 times bigger, even
though the ratio would be 1:10. Solve scale
drawing problems as you would any type of
ratio problem, keeping the units consistent
and clear in your answer.
GED ® TES T GRE
Example:
A model locomotive measures 8.7 inches in
length. If the scale given is 1:16, how long
is the real locomotive?
Because the real train engine is 16 times as
big as the model, the real train engine will
be 8.7 times 16, which is 139.2 inches, or
F LASH
11.6 feet.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 406 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 406 3/15/13 12:1

S
scientific method
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

scientific notation
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 407 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 407 3/15/13 12:1

S
A process by which data is collected to answer
an integral question. The major steps are prob-
lem, research, hypothesis, procedure, observa-
tions and data collection, analysis of data, and
conclusion.
A special notation used as shorthand for large

numbers. Scientific Notation is based on the
base number 10 to the e power. The number
123,000,000,000 in scientific notation is written
as 1.23 × 1011.
Example:
GED ® TES T GRE
What is 23,419 in scientific notation?

Position the decimal point so that there is
only one non-zero digit to its left: 2.3419
Count the number of positions you had to
move the decimal point to the left, and that
will be e: 4.
F LASH
In scientific notation, 23,419 is written as

2.3419 × 104.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 408 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 408 3/15/13 12:1

S
sea breeze
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
sectionalism

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
sedimentary rock
[ 409 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 409 3/15/13 12:1

S
The breeze that develops on the shoreline due
to unequal heating of the air above the land
and ocean. Sea breeze occurs during the day
when the air above the ocean is cooler and the
air above the land is warmer. The breeze blows
from the sea to the land.
The attitude or actions of a region or section of

a nation when it supports its own interests over
that of the nation as a whole.
GED ® TES T GRE
A rock made up of sediments that have been

deposited, compacted, and cemented over
time.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 410 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 410 3/15/13 12:1

S
semicolon
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
sentence fragment GED ® T EST FLAS H REV IEW
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 411 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 411 3/15/13 12:1

S
Symbol (;) used to separate independent
clauses. This includes independent clauses
that are joined without a conjunction, inde-
pendent clauses that contain commas even if
the clauses are joined by a conjunction, and
independent clauses connected with a con-
junctive adverb.
An incomplete sentence segment that is

lacking either a subject or a predicate. Also
called an incomplete sentence. To correct a
fragment, add the missing subject or verb or
otherwise change the sentence to complete
the thought.
Incomplete: Which is simply not true.
GED ® TES T GRE
[No subject. (Which is not a

subject.)]
Complete: That is simply not true.
Incomplete: For example, the French
Revolution. [No verb.]
Complete: The best example is the
F LASH
French Revolution.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 412 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 412 3/15/13 12:1

S
separation of powers
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
series circuit

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
setting
[ 413 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 413 3/15/13 12:1

S
The practice of dividing the authority of a gov-
ernment between different branches to avoid
an abuse of power.
A circuit with only one path for an electrical

current to follow. The current in each element
in a series circuit is the same.
GED ® TES T GRE
The time and place in which a story unfolds.

F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 414 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 414 3/15/13 12:1

S
shortage
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
signed number

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
simile
[ 415 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 415 3/15/13 12:1

S
When demand for a good or service is greater
than that which is produced.
A number with a positive or negative sign in

front of it.
GED ® TES T GRE
A type of figurative language that compares

two things using like or as. For example, the
expression “as blind as a bat” indicates that
the person cannot see any better than a bat
F LASH
can.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 416 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 416 3/15/13 12:1

S
simple interest formula
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

simplify terms
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
situational irony
[ 417 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 417 3/15/13 12:1

S
Interest = principal × rate × time
Example:
To calculate the interest on $1,000.00 at 5%
interest per year after 5 year(s):
• P is the principal amount or loan
amount: $1,000.00
• r is the interest rate: 5% per year, which
5
___
in decimal form is 100 = 0.05
• t is 5 year(s)
To find the interest, multiply $1,000.00 ×
0.05 × 5. The interest payable is: $250.00.
To combine like terms and reduce an equation

to its most basic form.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
The tone that results when there is incongruity

between what is expected to happen and what
V OCA
actually occurs.
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 418 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 418 3/15/13 12:1

S
slope
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
slope-intercept form

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 419 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 419 3/15/13 12:1

S
The steepness of a line. Slope is the rise or
decline over the run, or the change in y over
the change in x.
y = mx + b. m = slope of the line and b = the

y-intercept. The slope-intercept form is also
known as “y = form.”
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 420 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 420 3/15/13 12:1

S
slope of a line on a
coordinate plane
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
social studies
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 421 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 421 3/15/13 12:1

S
y2 – y1
______
Slope of a line: m = x – x . (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) are
2 1
two points on the line.

Example:
Find the slope of a line containing the
points (3,2) and (8,9).
(8,9)
(3,2)
GED ® TES T GRE
Solution
(9 – 2)
_______ 7
__
(8 – 3) = 5
7
__
Therefore, the slope of the line is 5.
F LASH
The study of how people live every day,

including the exploration of humans’ physical
environments, cultures, political institutions,
V OCA
and economic conditions.

REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 422 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 422 3/15/13 12:1

S
socialism
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
soliloquy
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
solubility
[ 423 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 423 3/15/13 12:1

S
An economic system in which the state owns
and controls the basic factors of production
and distribution of wealth.
• State owns and operates • No current examples,
many businesses and services. though many EU
countries have social-
• Private ownership is allowed. ist aspects.
• Citizens pay high taxes to
fund state-run social services,
including healthcare, food,
and housing.
In drama, a speech made by a character who

reveals his or her thoughts to the audience as
if he or she is alone and thinking aloud.
GED ® TES T GRE
The amount of solute that can be dissolved

F LASH
completely in a solvent at a given temperature.

V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 424 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 424 3/15/13 12:1

S
solution
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
sonnet

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
speaker
[ 425 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 425 3/15/13 12:1

S
A homogeneous mixture of a solute (usually
solid, but sometimes liquid or gas) in a solvent
(usually a liquid, but sometimes a solid or gas).
A poem composed of 14 lines, usually in iam-

bic pentameter, with a specific rhyme scheme.
GED ® TES T GRE
In poetry, the voice or narrator of the poem.

F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 426 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 426 3/15/13 12:1

S
speed
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
speed of light

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
spindle fiber
[ 427 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 427 3/15/13 12:1

S
The magnitude of velocity. Speed measures
the rate that position changes with time with-
out regard to the direction of motion. Com-
mon units are meters per second (m/s).
The speed of light in a vacuum is the fastest

known speed. As light travels in other materi-
als, it will change speed. The speed of light in
any material is still the fastest speed possible
in that material. Commonly denoted by the
symbol c.
GED ® TES T GRE
An organelle used during mitosis and meio-

sis that separates and “pulls” chromosomes
toward the opposite poles of the cell.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 428 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 428 3/15/13 12:1

S
spontaneous reaction
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
square
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 429 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 429 3/15/13 12:1

S
A reaction that does not require an external
source of energy to proceed.
A parallelogram with both four equal and right

angles and four congruent sides. A square,
a parallelogram, a rhombus, and a rectangle
share the same properties: opposite sides are
parallel and congruent, opposite angles are
congruent, consecutive angles are supplemen-
tary, and diagonals bisect each other.
GED ® TES T GRE
B C
AB = BC = CD = DA
m∠A = m∠B = m∠C = m∠D
A D
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 430 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 430 3/15/13 12:1

S
stage directions
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Stamp Act
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 431 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 431 3/15/13 12:1

S
In drama, the instructions provided by the
playwright that explain how the action should
be staged, including directions for props,
costumes, lighting, tone, and character
movements.
A measure passed by the British Parliament

in 1765 as a means of collecting taxes in the
American colonies. It required that all printed
materials, including legal documents and
newspapers, carry a tax stamp.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 432 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 432 3/15/13 12:1

S
stanza
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • GED ® T EST FLAS H REV IEW
star
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 433 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 433 3/15/13 12:1

S
A group of lines in a poem; a poetic paragraph.
Example:
0(1) A Poison Tree
}
0(1) I was angry with my friend:
I told my wrath, my wrath did end. stanza 1
I was angry with my foe;
I told it not, my wrath did grow.
}
0(5) And I water’d it in fears,
Night & morning with my tears; stanza 2
And I sunned it with smiles,
And with soft deceitful wiles.
}
(10) And it grew both by day and night,
(10) Till it bore an apple bright. stanza 3
And my foe beheld it shine,
And he knew that it was mine.
}
(10) And into my garden stole
(10) When the night had veil’d the pole; stanza 4
(15) In the morning glad I see
My foe outstretch’d beneath the tree.
GED ® TES T GRE
A body composed mostly of hydrogen and

helium that radiates energy and that has fusion
actively occurring in the core.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 434 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 434 3/15/13 12:1

S
states of matter
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
stock exchange
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 435 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 435 3/15/13 12:1

S
Solid, liquid, and gas. In solids, atoms or
molecules are held in place. The shape and
volume of a solid usually do not vary much.
In liquids, atoms or molecules can move, but
their motion is constrained by other molecules.
Liquids assume the shape of their container.
In gases, the motion of atoms or molecules is
unrestricted. Gases assume both the volume
and the shape of their containers and they are
easily compressible.
Gas
Vaporization Condensation
Sublimation Deposition
Liquid
GED ® TES T GRE
Melting Freezing
Solid
Phase changes between the three states of

matter.
F LASH
An organized market for buying and selling

stocks and bonds.
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 436 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 436 3/15/13 12:1

S
stock market crash of 1929
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
straight angle

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
structure
[ 437 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 437 3/15/13 12:1

S
A collapse in the value of stocks that marked
the onset of the Great Depression in the
United States.
An angle that measures 180°.

Straight Angle
180°
GED ® TES T GRE
The manner in which a work of literature is

organized; its order of arrangement and
divisions.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 438 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 438 3/15/13 12:1

S
style
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
sub-genre

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
subject
[ 439 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 439 3/15/13 12:1

S
The manner in which a text is written, com-
posed of word choice, sentence structure, and
level of formality and detail.
A category within a larger category.

GED ® TES T GRE
Someone or something that performs the ac-

tion or serves as the main focus of a sentence.
The subject of a sentence can be singular or
compound (plural):
F LASH
I slept all day. Kendrick and I worked all night.

singular compound subject (two sub-
V OCA
subject jects performing the action)

REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 440 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 440 3/15/13 12:1

S
subject-verb agreement
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
subordinate clause
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 441 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 441 3/15/13 12:1

S
The rule that states that the subject in a
clause—the person or thing doing the action—
must match the verb in number. For example,
if the subject is singular, the verb must be
singular; if the subject is plural, the verb must
be plural.
Incorrect: They doesn’t have a chance against
Coolidge.
(plural subject, singular verb)
Correct:
They don’t have a chance against
Coolidge.
(plural subject, plural verb)
A group of words that has both a subject and

GED ® TES T GRE
a verb but (unlike an independent clause) can-

not stand alone as a sentence. Also known as a
dependent clause.
Dependent clause: Because she was
excited.
F LASH

V OCA

excited.
REVIEW

BULA RY
[ 442 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 442 3/15/13 12:1

S
suffrage
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
sum
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 443 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 443 3/15/13 12:1

S
The right to vote.
The result of adding two numbers together.

The sum of 5 + 2 is 7.
added to +
sum
GED ® TES T GRE
plus
increased by
combine
all together
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 444 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 444 3/15/13 12:1

S
supplementary angles
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
supply
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 445 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 445 3/15/13 12:1

S
Two angles are supplementary if the sum of
their measures is equal to 180°.
Supplementary
Angles
1
2
∠1 + ∠2 = 180°
The amount of goods and services available

for purchase.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 446 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 446 3/15/13 12:1

S
surface area
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
surplus
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 447 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 447 3/15/13 12:1

S
The measurement of the area of each face of
an object.
4
GED ® TES T GRE
When the supply of a good or service is

greater than that which customers are willing
to buy (demand).
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 448 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 448 3/15/13 12:1

S
suspense
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
symbol

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 449 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 449 3/15/13 12:1

S
The state of anxiety caused by an undecided
or unresolved situation.
A person, place, or object invested with spe-

cial meaning to represent something else.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 450 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 450 3/15/13 12:1

T
A
tariff
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
temperance zone
FLAS H REV IEW

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EST BULARY
temperature
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[ 451 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 451 3/15/13 12:1

T
A tax on imported, and sometimes exported,
goods.
A climatic zone characterized by four seasons:

usually a hot summer, cold winter, and moder-
ate spring and fall.
GED ® TES T GRE
The measure of the average kinetic energy of

the molecules of a substance.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 452 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 452 3/15/13 12:1

T
tension
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
terminal moraine

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
terrestrial planet
[ 453 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 453 3/15/13 12:1

T
The force that acts and is transferred along
ropes, strings, and chains.
A ridge of material deposited by a glacier at its

farthest point of advance.
GED ® TES T GRE
One of the inner planets of the solar system

that have characteristics similar to that of
Earth. The terrestrial planets are Mercury,
Venus, Earth, and Mars. They are small, have
F LASH
few or no moons, and have no rings. They

have a thin or no atmosphere, are rocky, and
have high density and low mass. Terrestrial
V OCA
planets are located close to the sun and are

close to each other. They have long rotation
REVIEW
rates and short revolution periods around

BULA RY
the sun.
[ 454 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 454 3/15/13 12:1

T
theme
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
thesis

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
thesis statement
[ 455 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 455 3/15/13 12:1

T
The overall meaning or idea of a literary work.
The main idea of a nonfiction text.

GED ® TES T GRE
The sentence(s) that expresses an author’s

thesis.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 456 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 456 3/15/13 12:1

T
tone
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

topic sentence
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 457 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 457 3/15/13 12:1

T
A writer’s emotional attitude toward the
subject or audience. The mood or attitude
conveyed by writing or voice.
Here are some common words used to
describe tone:
cheerful hopeful sad gloomy
apologetic critical sincere insincere
sarcastic ironic playful demanding
bossy indifferent anxious respectful
disrespectful foreboding uncertain threatening
matter-of-fact somber grateful annoyed
humorous mocking defeated uplifting
timid joyful secure insecure
hesitant bold rude proud
complimentary angry confident mischievous
The sentence in a paragraph that expresses

the main idea of that paragraph.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 458 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 458 3/15/13 12:1

T
topography
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
total cost

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
totalitarianism
[ 459 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 459 3/15/13 12:1

T
The representation of features of land surfaces,
including the shape and elevation of terrain,
primarily through mapping.
Total cost = number of units × price per unit

GED ® TES T GRE
A government in which the rulers of the

state control all aspects of society, including
economic, political, cultural, intellectual, and
spiritual life.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 460 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 460 3/15/13 12:1

T
Townshend Acts
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
tragedy

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
tragic flaw
[ 461 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 461 3/15/13 12:1

T
Measures passed by British Parliament in 1767
that taxed American colonists for imported
glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea.
A play that presents a character’s fall due to a

tragic flaw.
GED ® TES T GRE
The characteristic of a hero in a tragedy that

causes his or her downfall.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 462 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 462 3/15/13 12:1

T
tragic hero
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
tragicomedy

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
transpiration
[ 463 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 463 3/15/13 12:1

T
The character in a tragedy who falls from
greatness and accepts responsibility for that
fall.
A tragic play that includes comic scenes.

GED ® TES T GRE
Process where plants draw on water from the

soil and release it as vapor through pores in
their leaves.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 464 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 464 3/15/13 12:1

T
transversal
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
transverse wave
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 465 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 465 3/15/13 12:1

T
A line that cuts across two or more lines in the
same plane at different points. When a trans-
versal passes through lines that are parallel, (as
is often the case), both congruent and supple-
mentary angles are produced.
In the previous figure:

• ∠b, ∠c, ∠f, and ∠g are all acute and
equal.
GED ® TES T GRE
• ∠a, ∠d, ∠e, and ∠h are all obtuse and

equal.
• Also, any acute angle added to any
obtuse angle will be supplementary.
F LASH
A wave where the motion of the particles in

the medium is perpendicular to the direction
of wave propagation. Light is an example of a
V OCA
transverse wave.
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 466 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 466 3/15/13 12:1

T
trapezoid
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
treaty

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Treaty of Versailles
[ 467 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 467 3/15/13 12:1

T
A quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides.
A B
D C
A formal agreement between sovereign na-

tions or groups of nations.
GED ® TES T GRE
The major treaty of five peace treaties that

ended World War I in 1919.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 468 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 468 3/15/13 12:1

T
triangle
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

trinomial
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Tropic OF CANCER
[ 469 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 469 3/15/13 12:1

T
A polygon with three sides.
+ + = 180°
An expression with three terms; for example,

a + b + c.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
An imaginary line at 23.5° north latitude.

V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 470 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 470 3/15/13 12:1

T
Tropic of CaPRICORN
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
tropicAL ZONE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 471 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 471 3/15/13 12:1

T
An imaginary line at 23.5° south latitude.
A climatic zone characterized by a hot, wet

climate with few seasons.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 472 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 472 3/15/13 12:1

A
U
understatement
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
unemployment
FLAS H REV IEW

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EST BULARY
uniform circular motion

GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[ 473 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 473 3/15/13 12:1

U
A statement that is deliberately restrained.
When willing and able wage earners cannot

find jobs. The unemployment rate serves as
one index of a nation’s economic activity.
GED ® TES T GRE
Motion with constant speed in a circle. Since

the direction of the velocity changes in this
case, there is acceleration even though the
speed is constant.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 474 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 474 3/15/13 12:1

U
urbanization
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 475 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 475 3/15/13 12:1

U
The movement of a population from rural
areas to cities with the result of urban growth.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 476 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 476 3/15/13 12:1

A
V
valence
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FLAS H REV IEW

variable
EST BULARY
GRE ®VTOCA
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GED
[ 477 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 477 3/15/13 12:1

V
Electrons that are in the outer atomic shell and
can participate in a chemical reaction.
A letter, often x, used to represent an unknown

number value in a problem.
Math Relationship: Translated into an

In Words Algebraic Expression
a number plus six x+6
five times a number 5x
GED ® TES T GRE
three less than a x–3

number
the product of seven 7x
and a number
a number divided by x
x ÷ 8 or __
8
eight
F LASH
a number squared x2
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 478 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 478 3/15/13 12:1

V
vector
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
veins

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
velocity
[ 479 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 479 3/15/13 12:1

V
A quantity that has both a magnitude (an
amount) and a direction. In one-dimensional
motion, direction can be represented by a
positive or negative sign. In two-dimensional
motion, the direction is represented as an
angle in the coordinate system.
In plants, veins are found in the leaves. They

are sometimes called the vascular bundle,
which contains the xylem and phloem. In
animals, veins are tube-like tissue that usually
transports blood.
GED ® TES T GRE
The rate that a position changes per unit of

time and the direction it changes in. Common
units are meters per second (m/s).
d
V = __t
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 480 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 480 3/15/13 12:1

V
ventricles
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
verb
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
verbal irony
[ 481 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 481 3/15/13 12:1

V
Chambers found in animal hearts that pump
blood away from the heart.
A word or phrase that explains an action, such

as want, run, take, give, or a state of being,
such as am, is, are, was, were, be.
Examples:
She yelled out the window. (action)
GED ® TES T GRE
I am happy to be here. (state of being)

We feel very lucky to be alive. (state of
being)
I should ask Winston what he thinks. (action)
F LASH
When the intended meaning of a word or

phrase is the opposite of its expressed mean-
V OCA
ing. For example, “Isn’t it as pleasant as a root

canal?” implies that whatever occurred was
REVIEW
not pleasant at all.

BULA RY
[ 482 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 482 3/15/13 12:1

V
vertex
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

veto
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
voice
[ 483 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 483 3/15/13 12:1

V
The endpoint where two rays join to form an
angle.
y
ra
ray
Endpoint (or Vertex)
The power of the executive to block the laws

GED ® TES T GRE
passed by the legislative branch.

F LASH
In nonfiction, the sound of the author speaking

V OCA
directly to the reader.

REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 484 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 484 3/15/13 12:1

V
voltage
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
voltmeter

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 485 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 485 3/15/13 12:1

V
See definition for potential difference.
A device used to measure voltage in a circuit.

GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 486 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 486 3/15/13 12:1

V
volume
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 487 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 487 3/15/13 12:1

V
A cubic measurement that measures how
many cubic units it takes to fill a solid figure.
Formulas for finding the volume of:
• Cube: V = s3, where s is the length of any
edge of the cube
• Rectangular solid: V = length × width
× height
1
• Square pyramid: V = __ 3 × (base edge)
2
× height
1
• Cone: V = __3 × π × radius × height; π is
2
approximately equal to 3.14

• Cylinder: V = π × radius2 × height; π is
approximately equal to 3.14
• Prism: V = B × h (the area of the base ×
the height)
Example:
GED ® TES T GRE
Find the volume of a cylinder that has a

height of 10 cm and a radius of 5 cm.
Choose the correct formula. The problem
tells you that you are measuring the volume
of a cylinder. The formula for the volume of
a cylinder is V = Ah or V = πr2h.
Plug in the known measures and solve:
F LASH
V = πr2h
= π(5)2(10)
V OCA
= π(25)(10)
= π(250)
REVIEW
= 785
BULA RY
[ 488 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 488 3/15/13 12:1

A
W
water cycle
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
weight
FLAS H REV IEW

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
EST BULARY
whole numbers
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[ 489 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 489 3/15/13 12:1

W
The movement of water between the land,
oceans, and atmosphere.
The force of Earth’s gravity on an object. Near

the surface of Earth, the weight is equal to the
object’s mass × the acceleration due to gravity
(W = mg).
GED ® TES T GRE
0, 1, 2, 3, and so on. Whole numbers do not

include negatives, fractions, or decimals.
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 490 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 490 3/15/13 12:1

A
X
x-axis
FLAS H REV IEW

EST BULARY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[ 491 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 491 3/15/13 12:1

X
The horizontal line that passes through the
origin on a coordinate plane.
y
5
2
origin (0,0)
1
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1
–2
–3
GED ® TES T GRE
–4
–5
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 492 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 492 3/15/13 12:1

X
xylem
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 493 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 493 3/15/13 12:1

X
Vascular tissue found in plants that transports
water in one direction, from “root to shoot.”
This is the water that will be sent to the
photosynthetic cells in order to perform
photosynthesis.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 494 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 494 3/15/13 12:1

Y
A
y-axis
FLAS H REV IEW

EST BULARY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GRE ®VTOCA
GED
[ 495 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 495 3/15/13 12:1

Y
The vertical line that passes through the origin
on a coordinate plane.
y
5
2
origin (0,0)
1
x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1
–2
–3
GED ® TES T GRE
–4
–5
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 496 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 496 3/15/13 12:1

Y
y-intercept
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
YOLK

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
[ 497 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 497 3/15/13 12:1

Y
The point where a line graphed on a coordi-
nate plane intersects the y-axis.
The part of an egg that feeds the developing

embryo.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 498 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 498 3/15/13 12:1

Z
Zoologist
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
GRE ®VTOCA
GED FLAS H REV IEW
EST BULARY
[ 499 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 499 3/15/13 12:1

Z
A biologist who studies animal life.
GED ® TES T GRE
F LASH
V OCA
REVIEW
BULA RY
[ 500 ]
EST_02_9-504.indd 500 3/15/13 12:1

–notes–
EST_02_9-504.indd 501 3/15/13 12:1

–notes–
EST_02_9-504.indd 502 3/15/13 12:1

–notes–
EST_02_9-504.indd 503 3/15/13 12:1

–notes–
EST_02_9-504.indd 504 3/15/13 12:1

GED Test Flash Review

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

GED Test Flash Review

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TEST PREP $13.

Score Higher and Achieve

This portable guide features the essential

Prepare for a Brighter Future

Score Higher on Test Day!

EST_00_ffirs_i-iv.indd 1 3/15/13 12:1

EST_00_ffirs_i-iv.indd 3 3/15/13 12:1

Copyright © 2013 LearningExpress, LLC.

EST_00_ffirs_i-iv.indd 4 3/15/13 12:1

EST_00_fcont_v-viii.indd 5 3/15/13 12:1

EST_00_fcont_v-viii.indd 6 3/15/13 12:1

EST_00_fcont_v-viii.indd 7 3/15/13 12:1

EST_00_fcont_v-viii.indd 8 3/15/13 12:1

About the GEd® test

The GED® test is a series of five examina-

EST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 1 3/15/13 12:1

How the GEd® tests are Scored

Each GED® test is scored within a range of

GEd® test overview

The following is a breakdown of the major

Language Arts, reading

40 multiple-choice questions that cover the

■■■ Fictional literature (75% of test), in-

EST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 2 3/15/13 12:1

■■■ Prose fiction before 1920

■■■ Prose fiction between 1920 and

■■■ Nonfiction (25% of test), including

two selections of nonfiction prose from

■■■ Visual and performing arts reviews

■■■ Workplace and community

Language Arts, Writing

The Language Arts, Writing content area is

50 multiple-choice questions covering the

■■■ Organization (15%)

EST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 3 3/15/13 12:1

This part of the test requires you to write

■■■ Focused main points

■■■ Specific development of ideas

■■■ Sentence structure control, punctua-

tion, grammar, word choice, and

Each essay reader will score your work on a

EST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 4 3/15/13 12:1

50 questions (80% multiple-choice ques-

■■■ Number operations and number sense

■■■ Data analysis, statistics, and probability

In addition to multiple-choice questions,

50 multiple-choice questions from the fol-

■■■ History (U.S. or Canada, 25%; World,

EST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 5 3/15/13 12:1

50 multiple-choice questions from the fol-

■■■ Physical science (physics and chemis-

■■■ Earth and space science (20%)

Information on each GED® test subtest is avail-

How to use this Book

GED® Test Flash Review is designed to help

EST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 6 3/15/13 12:1

using this Book to Prepare for the

The following are some suggestions for mak-

■■■ Do not try to learn or memorize all of

EST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 7 3/15/13 12:1

may come across terms that are unfa-

ability—take it with you wherever and

EST_01_INTRO_1-8.indd 8 3/15/13 12:1

FLAS H REV IEW