Original Article

The dark side of technology: cyberloafing, a Turkish study

of nursing behaviour

lu Kemer1
A. Sarıog PhD, RN €
& S. Dedesßin Ozcan 2
RN, MSc
1 Assistant Professor, Erzurum, Turkey, 2 Research Assistant, Faculty of Nursing, Department of Nursing Management, Atat€urk University, Erzurum, Turkey

SARIOGLU €
KEMER A.& DEDESßIN OZCAN S. (2021) The dark side of technology: cyberloafing, a Turkish study of nursing
behaviour. Int. Nurs. Rev. 00, 1–8

Aim: This study aimed to explore the frequency of both serious and minor cyberloafing behaviours of nurses and the factors which
affect these behaviours.
Background: Cyberloafing is using the internet or an internet connected device at work for personal use. Cyberloafing is a behaviour
that negatively affects the personal performance of healthcare staff.
Methods: A total of 375 nurses in three large hospitals in Eastern Turkey participated in this descriptive research. A personal
information form and the Cyberloafing Scale were used to collect the data.
Results: The data analyses showed moderate levels of minor cyberloafing scores and low levels of serious cyberloafing scores. The more
serious level of cyberloafing behaviour was found among nurses who had social networking accounts and spent more than four hours
on the internet each day. Minor cyberloafing behaviours occurred more frequently than the serious level.
Conclusions: The frequency of cyberloafing behaviours is influenced by time spent on the internet, having social networking accounts,
age, marital status, education and professional experience.
Implications for nursing and health policy: The findings support the development of policies that are designed to have nurses focus
on patient care during work hours; use their working hours more effectively; and prevent cyberloafing.

Keywords: Behaviours, Cyberloafing, Internet, Nurse, Nursing, Turkey

Introduction care applications can have negative and irreversible results.

Nursing is a profession that intensely uses an internet connec-
tion and tools such as telephones and computers within the
scope of recording patient data and care practices, accessing
patient information, and accessing and utilizing scientific lit-
erature (Aghaz & Sheikh 2016; Tan & Demir 2018). It is vital
that nurses focus their attention exclusively on their patients
while providing them health care. The smallest mistakes in
Moreover, nurses are generally expected to carefully perform
their interventions effectively, from the first application with
zero errors (Arslan & Demir 2016). Nurses’ practice errors
can have life-threatening consequences in patient. Cyberloaf-
ing is therefore an issue that may negatively affect nurses’
attention, perceptions and concentration during working
€ udo
gru & Yıldırım 2020).
hours (Bilgin Demir et al., 2017; Oz€

Background
Correspondence address: Aysßeg€ useyin Avni Ulasß Street,
ul Sarıo
glu Kemer, 22 H€
9/C Erzurum 25240, Turkey. Tel: +90 507 853 25 65; E-mail: aysegulsari- € uc€
Or€ u & Aksoy (2018) defined cyberloafing behaviour as
oglu@msn.com using the internet/internet connected tools for non-business
purposes during working hours. Cyberloafing behaviours may
Sources of funding: This research received no specific grant from any be categorized as minor or serious (Ross 2018). Minor cyber-
funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Conflict of interest: No conflict of interest has been declared by the loafing behaviours are considered short-term, insignificant
authors. and commonplace; for example shopping on the internet at

© 2021 International Council of Nurses 1

2
lu Kemer et al.
A. Sariog
work, making money orders, and sending and receiving per-
€ uc€
sonal e-mail (Andel et al. 2019; Or€ u & Yıldız 2014). Serious
cyberloafing behaviours involve long-term waste of time,
damage to organizational structure and operations, and cause
legal problems in some contexts; for example gambling online
or accessing adult websites (Mercado et al. 2017; Metin Orta
& Demirutku 2020).
Cyberloafing behaviours have been shown to cause eco-
nomic losses in institutions, decrease productivity, damage
organizational reliability, damage personal and organizational
privacy, negatively affect the fulfilment of legal responsibili-
ties, and may even create an individual dependency (Hadling-
ton & Parsons 2017; Varol & Yıldırım 2019). In the
healthcare context, cyberloafing behaviours prevent workers
from focusing on their tasks (so they take longer to complete
the tasks) and have a negative impact on business productiv-
ity (Cizmeci & Deniz 2016; Tan & Demir, 2018; Urek € et al.
2017). Furthermore, cyberloafing behaviours have direct and
indirect effects on issues such as patient safety, employee/in-
stitution performance and professional image (Arslan &
Demir 2016).
Studies have determined that as healthcare workers’ level of
cyberloafing increases, their work productivity decreases (Bil-
gin Demir et al., 2017). In their study, McBride et al. (2015)
determined that healthcare workers frequently exhibit minor
cyberloafing behaviours such as sending e-mails and text mes-
sages to their families/friends at work. The most common
form of cyberloafing behaviour is the use of social media dur-
ing work hours (G€ okcßearslan et al. 2018). Both serious and
minor cyberloafing behaviours have been found to be preva-
lent among nurses (Derin 2018; G€ ulduran & Sßahin Percßin
2020). A study of nurse academics concluded that they also
exhibit serious cyberloafing behaviours (Esßkin Bacaksız et al.
2018). Among clinical nurses, Tan & Demir (2018) found
that nurses’ serious cyberloafing behaviours can influence
minor cyberloafing behaviours in them (Tan & Demir 2018).
Cyberloafing has been linked to nurses causing infections,
neglecting patient safety and privacy, delaying their work, and
interrupting communication with their patients (El Din &
Baddar 2019).
This study aimed to explore the frequency of serious and
minor cyberloafing behaviours of nurses and the factors that
affect these behaviours. Our purpose was to reveal if Turkish
nurses had any tendencies to engage in serious and minor
cyberloafing behaviour (based on their self-evaluations); and
to understand if demographic variables influenced nurses who
engaged in types of cyberloafing and the duration of cyber-
loafing behaviours.
The study hypotheses were as follows:
© 2021 International Council of Nurses
H1: The levels of nurses’ minor and serious cyberloafing
behaviours are high.
H2: The level of nurses’ minor cyberloafing behaviours is
higher than their serious cyberloafing level.
H3: Nurses’ demographic variables and virtual environment
habits affect their cyberloafing behaviours.
Methods
Setting and sample
This research was conducted in the three largest tertiary care
hospitals in Eastern Turkey. Hospital A is a tertiary care univer-
sity hospital with a capacity of about 534 nurses. Hospital B is a
tertiary research and training hospital with a capacity of about
509 nurses. Hospital C is a tertiary state hospital with a capacity
of about 175 nurses. The study population was composed of
approximately 1218 nurses working across the three hospitals.
The sample size was set to 375 participants with a confidence
level of t = 1.96, a frequency of P = 0.50, and a sampling error
of d = 0.05. From Hospitals A, B and C, 164 (≌30.8%), 157
(≌30.8%) and 54 (≌30.8%) nurses were included in the study.
The participants were selected using stratified sampling method
(Taherdoost 2016), and the stratification was conducted
according to hospital type.
Fig. 1 presents the participant and questionnaire informa-
tion for each hospital type.
Women comprised 73.9% of the sampled nurses; 58.9%
were single; 79.5% were aged 20–30; 51.7% were high school
graduates; 62.4% had 0–5 years of professional nursing expe-
rience; and 32.8% were practicing in the medical units.
Considering the nurses’ personal habits for using virtual
environments, 87.2% had social networking accounts, and
59.2% spent one to four hours each day on the internet.
60.8% of the participants considered cyberloafing to be a neg-
ative behaviour (Table 1).
Data collection
The study was conducted between February and May 2018.
The inclusion criteria were that (1) the participant had
worked as a nurse for at least one year, and (2) he or she vol-
unteered freely to participate in the study. The researchers
(ASK and SDO), € do not work in Hospitals A, B or C. How-
ever, prior to the study, they visited each of the participating
hospitals to have meetings with manager nurses and asked for
their help in distributing the questionnaires. The number of
nurse managers involved from the hospitals were as follows:
Hospital A (34), B (28) and C (10). Nurse managers in each
clinic were informed about the research and the question-
naires, with written consent forms attached, and these were
The dark side of technology: cyberloafing 3

Responded quesonnaire
Refused quesonnaire
Nurses on leave
298 292
(55.8%) (57.3%) Professional experience < 1 year
Unavailable data

164
(30.8%) 157
(30.8%)

79
54 (45.1%)
32 26 (30.8%)
23 17 21 18
(4.3%) (5.9%) (3.1%) (5.1%) (4.1%) 13 11 13 (10.2%)
(2.5%) (6.2%) (7.4%)

Hospital A = 534 Hospital B = 509 Hospital C = 175

Figure 1 Participant and questionnaire information.

delivered to them for distribution. In each clinic, the ques-
tionnaires (in sealed envelopes) were distributed to the clini-
cal nurses who met the inclusion criteria and answered any
questions by the clinic nurses about the research. The nurses
were asked to sign the consent form and complete the ques-
tionnaires outside of office hours and return both within a
two-week period. A sealed envelope was provided for them to
use anonymously when they returned the questionnaires and
consent form to the designated box in each unit.
Instruments
Personal Information Form
This form consisted of seven questions regarding the demo-
graphic features of participants (age, marital status, gender,
education, experience, department) and three questions
related to their habits of using virtual environments (whether
they had social networking accounts, how much time they
spent on the internet each day, how they perceived cyberloaf-
ing).
Cyberloafing Scale
Cyberloafing Scale measures the frequency of individuals’
cyberloafing behaviours. It was developed by Or€€ uc€u & Yıldız
(2014) and, was originally written in Turkish. Permission has
8 been given to use the scale in this research. It has two sub-
scales: (1) serious cyberloafing behaviours [1–8 (eight items)]
and (2) minor cyberloafing behaviours [9–14 (six items)].
Among the serious cyberloafing behaviours are visiting virtual
communities on the internet, watching videos for fun, reading
blogs, playing games and surfing the internet. The minor
cyberloafing activities include the following: using online
banking, visiting online shopping and news sites and using
electronic means of communication for non-work purposes.
The Cronbach alpha values of the scale, each item of which
was designed as five-point Likert scale (1 = never; 5 = al-
ways), were 0.80 for the serious cyberloafing sub-scale and
0.79 for the minor cyberloafing sub-scale. The minimum and
maximum scores of the scale range from 1 to 5. The scale,
which is evaluated between very low and very high, has five
cut-off points of 0.79 points (Or€ € uc€u & Yıldız 2014; Tekin
2019). In this study, the coefficient for the minor cyberloafing
subscale was 0.83, and the coefficient for the serious cyber-
loafing sub-scale was 0.81.
Statistical analysis
The data were analysed via SPSS 24. Percentage, means,
spearman correlation, independent and dependent samples t
tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mann–Whitney U
tests were used for data analysis.
Ethical considerations
Ethics approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of
Nursing Faculty (approval number: 2018-2/7) and the

© 2021 International Council of Nurses

4
lu Kemer et al.
A. Sariog

Table 1 Distribution of the nurses by their demographic variables and cyberloafing and moderate levels (M = 3.10  0.84) of minor
virtual habits (n = 375) cyberloafing behaviours. Therefore, H1 was rejected. The
nurses’ minor cyberloafing levels were also found to be signif-
Demographic variables N (%) Virtual habits N (%) icantly higher than their serious cyberloafing levels, and, thus,
H2 was supported (P < 0.001) (Table 2).
Age (years) Having social networking In support of H3 (P < 0.05), nurses’ serious cyberloafing
accounts levels significantly varied according to their age, marital sta-
20–30 298 (79.5%) Yes 327 (87.2%)
tus, educational level and experience. Also, for minor cyber-
31–50 77 (20.5%) No 48 (12.8%)
Gender
loafing, age and experience were statistically significant, but
Female 277 (73.9%) marital status and educational level were not. Thus, H3 was
Male 98 (26.1%) supported for age and experience (P < 0.05) but rejected for
Marital status Spending time each day on the marital status and educational level (Table 3).
internet According to these findings, participant nurses in the 20–
Single (Unmarried) 221 (58.9%) <1 h 85 (22.7%) 30 age group engaged in serious and minor cyberloafing
Married 154 (41.1%) 1–4 h 222 (59.2%)
activities more frequently than nurses aged 31–50
>4 h 68 (18.1%)
(P < 0.001). Unmarried (single) nurses also tended to show
Education
High school 194 (51.7%) serious cyberloafing behaviours more frequently than married
Bachelor degree 181 (48.3%) nurses (P < 0.001), and nurses with high school educations
Experience How do you consider exhibited more serious cyberloafing behaviours than those
cyberloafing? with bachelor’s degrees (P < 0.05) (Table 3). Similarly, nurses
0–5 years 234 (62.4%) Positive behaviour 147 (39.2%) with 0–10 years of experience showed more frequent serious
6–10 years 85 (22.7%) Negative behaviour 228 (60.8%) and minor cyberloafing behaviours than those with 11+ years
>11 years 56 (14.9%)
of experience (P < 0.001). However, no significant differences
Department
Medical units 123 (32.8%)
were found between serious and minor cyberloafing beha-
Surgical units 85 (22.7%) viours based on the variables of gender and department
Operating room 55 (14.7%) (P > 0.05) (Table 3). Thus, H3 was also rejected for gender
Emergency room 67 (17.9%) and department.
Intensive care units 45 (11.9%) Concerning the time they spent on the internet, 59.2% of
nurses reported that they spent one to four hours on the
internet each day. As the time spent on the internet increased,
the levels of serious and minor cyberloafing behaviours also
institutions at which the research was conducted. Permission increased (P < 0.05) (Table 4), supporting H3.
to use the Cyberloafing Scale was obtained via email. The Another important finding was that 60.8% of the sampled
data collection process was explained to nurses, and their nurses considered cyberloafing to be a negative behaviour.
written consent was collected by manager nurses. Written Those who considered it to be a positive behaviour engaged
consent was an ethical obligation for informing the partici- in more serious cyberloafing than those who considered it to
pants. The nurses were also informed that they could with- be a negative behaviour (P < 0.05) (Table 4). Thus, H3 was
draw from the study at any time without giving a reason, and supported for nurses’ assessments of serious cyberloafing
that their identities would not be disclosed and any data
would be known only to the researchers and used only for
scientific purposes. Table 2 Comparison of nurses’ scores by the cyberloafing behavior
types (n = 375)
Results
Of the total population contacted and offered the survey and Cyberloafing behavior types Mean  SD t P-value
consent forms, 66 had less than one year of professional nurs-
ing experiences, 669 nurses declined to participate in the Serious cyberloafing 2.92  0.79 4.898 <0.001
Minor cyberloafing 3.10  0.84
questionnaire, 60 nurses were on leave, and 423 who con-
sented to participate (34.73% response rate). The participat-
ing nurses exhibited low levels (M = 2.92  0.79) of serious SD, standart deviation.

© 2021 International Council of Nurses

The dark side of technology: cyberloafing 5

Table 3 Comparison of nurses’ cyberloafing scores by demographic variables (n = 375)

Demographic variables N (%) Serious cyberloafing Minor Cyberloafing

Mean  SD Mean  SD

Age
20–30 ages 298 (79.5%) 3.02  0.75 3.18  0.80
31–50 ages 77 (20.5%) 2.52  0.80 2.78  0.92
t= 5.094 3.732
P-value <0.001 <0.001
Marital status
Single (Unmarried) 221 (58.9%) 3.09  0.77 3.17  0.81
Married 154 (41.1%) 2.67  0.74 3.00  0.88
t= 5.243 1.942
P-value <0.001 0.053
Education
High school 194 (51.7%) 3.02  0.83 3.12  0.88
Bachelor’s degree 181 (48.3%) 2.81  0.73 3.07  0.80
t= 2.688 0.490
P-value 0.008 0.624
Experience
0–5 years (1) 234 (62.4%) 3.07  0.74 3.19  0.81
6–10 years (2) 85 (22.7%) 2.84  0.74 3.14  0.79
>11 years (3) 56 (14.9%) 2.42  0.84 2.62  0.92
F= 17.101 10.983
P-value <0.001 <0.001
1,2 > 3 1,2 > 3
Post Hoc (Bonferroni)= (P < 0.05) (P < 0.05)

SD, standart deviation.

behaviour. Nurses who had social networking accounts and
those with social networking accounts (82.2%) engaged in
serious cyberloafing activities more frequently than those
without social network accounts (P < 0.05) (Table 4). Thus,
H3 was, again, supported.
Discussion
Based on the nurses’ self-evaluations, this study examined the
frequency of serious and minor cyberloafing behaviours
among the participants, as well as the factors influencing
these behaviours. The nurses displayed minor cyberloafing
behaviours (e.g. receiving emails, texting and visiting news
sites) more frequently than serious cyberloafing behaviours
(e.g. watching videos, gambling). Several previous studies sup-
port this finding (Arslan & Demir, 2016; Esßkin Bacaksız et al.
€
2018; Urek et al. 2017). In a 2015 study, 64.2% of the surgical
nurse participants engaged in minor cyberloafing behaviours,
while 23.1% exhibited serious cyberloafing behaviours
(McBride et al. 2015). It may be that serious cyberloafing
behaviours occurred less often than minor cyberloafing beha-
viours among these nurses because their work is delayed and
may sometimes include covert activities.
The current study found that younger nurses engaged more
frequently in serious and minor cyberloafing behaviours.
Likewise, Esßkin Bacaksız et al. (2018) state that, as the ages of
nurse academicians increase, their cyberloafing tendencies
decrease. More intense use of the internet, social networking
sites and technology among younger people may encourage
cyberloafing tendencies to increase.
In this study, single (unmarried) nurses engaged in more
serious cyberloafing activities than married nurses, a finding
that has been reported in other research (Derin 2018; Or€ € uc€u
& Aksoy 2018). One explanation could be that as married
people they have stronger social networks due to their
spouses and children and not reliant on social networking
sites and writing blogs etc. that encourages cyberloafing.
Nurses with bachelor’s degrees presented fewer serious
cyberloafing behaviours than their colleagues with high school

© 2021 International Council of Nurses

6
lu Kemer et al.
A. Sariog

Table 4 Comparison of nurses’ cyberloafing scores by their virtual habits (n = 375)

Virtual habits N (%) Serious cyberloafing Minor cyberloafing

Mean  SD Mean  SD

Spending time each day on the internet

<1 h (1) 85 (22.7%) 2.68  0.81 2.88  0.85
1–4 h (2) 222 (59.2%) 2.93  0.72 3.15  0.81
>4 h (3) 68 (18.1%) 3.19  0.88 3.20  0.91
F= 8.377 3.656
P-value <0.001 0.027
3>2>1 2>1
Post Hoc (Bonferroni)= (P < 0.05) (P < 0.05)
How behaviour is cyberloafing?
Positive behaviour 147 (39.2%) 3.02  0.79 3.15  0.82
Negative behaviour 228 (60.8%) 2.85  0.78 3.06  0.86
t= 2.079 0.971
P-value 0.038 0.332

Mean rank (Med) Mean rank (Med)

Having social networking accounts

Yes 327 (87.2%) 192.46 (2.87) 191.62 (3.16)
No 48 (12.8%) 157.60 (2.75) 163.36 (2.83)
MWU= 6389.000 6665.500
P-value 0.037 0.091

Med, median; SD, standart deviation.

education. Despite there being different health qualifications
(high school and undergraduate degrees) in Turkey, nurses
with either high school or bachelor’s degrees perform similar
patient care roles in hospitals. Undergraduate education aims
to help graduates gain professional consciences and profes-
sionality (Kantek et al. 2017). Therefore, it is less likely that
they may display serious cyberloafing behaviours.
The current study also found that less experienced nurses
engage in serious and minor cyberloafing activities more fre-
quently than more experienced nurses. This result aligns with
the previous work of Arslan & Demir (2016) who determined
that, as levels of professional experience increase, the fre-
quency of cyberloafing decreases. Since less experienced
nurses are generally quite young, they may be more tempted
to undertake cyberloafing activities.
In this study, and concerning virtual habits, we found that
nurses who spend more time on the internet also have
higher level tendencies towards serious and minor cyberloaf-
ing. A previous study among healthcare staff members
reports that nearly 42% of the participants were connected
to the internet, non-stop, for over one hour (Ay et al.
2017). At the time of this study, there are many social net-
working options with internet sites designed to attract and
hold people’s attention. This extends the length of time peo-
ple are connected to the internet, and it may increase their
cyberloafing tendencies.
The nurses who found cyberloafing to be a positive beha-
viour engaged in serious cyberloafing activities more fre-
quently. A previous study among healthcare staff members
concluded that 54% of the participants found cyberloafing to
be partially acceptable (Ay et al. 2017). Employees who con-
sider cyberloafing to be a positive behaviour may be expected
to engage in these activities more often.
Another important result of this study is that the nurses
with social networking accounts had higher levels of cyber-
loafing than nurses without social networking accounts.
McBride et al. (2015) show that 20.8% of the nurses in their
sample used social networking sites during work hours. Being
on social networking sites at work is considered a serious
cyberloafing behaviour. Therefore, nurses with social

© 2021 International Council of Nurses

The dark side of technology: cyberloafing
networking accounts tend to display serious cyberloafing
behaviours more frequently.
Implications for nursing and health policy
Cyberloafing is a potentially harmful behaviour in which indi-
viduals cannot separate their social worlds from their work
life. The results of this study support the development of
policies that will allow nurses to focus on patient care at
work, use their working hours more effectively and prevent
cyberloafing. It can also contribute to the establishment of
internet usage techniques and protocols that will keep
employees from becoming bored while increasing their effi-
ciency. For instance, nurses can be provided in-service educa-
tion about how and when to use mobile phones, the internet
and computers appropriately during their working hours.
Some cautionary/mnemonic posters and informative notices
can be hung on the clinic walls. The risks associated with
cyberloafing can also be included in the nurses’ orientation
education. Additionally, the issues raised here can be moni-
tored with cross-sectional studies to determine nurses’ com-
puter usage patterns and assist work redesign where
appropriate.
Limitations
This study’s results are limited to the self-assessed views of
the nurses working at the three hospitals in which the
research was conducted. The results, therefore, cannot be gen-
eralized to nurses elsewhere in Turkey or beyond.
Conclusion
The frequency of cyberloafing behaviours is influenced by
time spent on the internet, having social networking accounts,
age, marital status, education and professional experience.
Nurses more often display minor cyberloafing than serious
levels. Being young, having less experience, spending more
time on the internet, having social networking accounts and
regarding cyberloafing as a positive behaviour, increase
nurses’ cyberloafing activities. Cyberloafing activities decrease
among nurses who are married and have a bachelor’s level
education.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the participating nurses and
the chief nurses at the participating hospitals, who con-
tributed to the data collection process.
Authorship contributions
Study design: ASK, SDO€
€
Data collection: ASK, SDO
© 2021 International Council of Nurses
7
Data analysis: ASK
Study supervision: ASK
Manuscript writing: ASK, SDO €
Critical revisions for important intellectual content: ASK,
€
SDO.
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