FUNDAMENTALS “OF TRAFFIC FLOW hove Err RAILROAD ENGINEERING PORTS AND BANBOR BVONERIVG, PREVENT ENG IEEE PORT ENGIETRNY HEAWAY veneer ~boranch of Gril Grgintring Frat deals Lith the ploming 2:9”, opretion and maintenonu of Meds, bridgx and other fariontal chats fo there Cafe fremspork Of punplx ond grad TRAFFIC ~ ny puton, velice oF nde frovling along fix reading Gped- Total dictonu traveled over fotal time of 4ravel. TIME MRI SPEED - Spucd toking into Quest o point along fu roadway. Aeithomstic: muon of Hoe cpeeda. SPACE MERN CPOE —~ Spud faking Into auount a Cegmanf of fix rpadudy Wormanic rus Of 41a ¢prtde Tine pean Gye (Hs) — oveogt of Pte pou ton Grab (in) - anerogt seeLe Two gee of ctidente are collects Nog fraggle md abn ot two Gampete. fia flew of HKG ig te teagpie dewity Ht CO Veh/ tm. wae R Se eergt ht aa 4 Ao tae 1.50% (10) TE, D gemk an UK le)2 Ta yehids fine Madey 26 eurfvebicle amd rx spauyy 0} cars measured OF & point lng thu North Laven Expretsnay fom a ging [ame ie GOMAch over Hu tee 4 a. Compete fhe Frappe. ey bb. Deleon, faa spay prec peed jm Eph wh a ke (S 6) us Ce) tar acy, Qehick Gye won oa — aCGR)= he L(A «Hor, Ret ao %a Yh, Hopvle PERCNE 1. Dunng Peale frovec , 3600 rehick pars @ certain frighway from 7:00 AM fo 4:00 AM with an rtrage Werte op 30 KPH. Determine Hla agp cuncity in rebider pe Kilomater. 1900 r/o q= +: 1900 tl) [peveonf ke? ee i 2. Compre te OH OF flow in velicles purhove if Ha cpou maar speed jd 2"PH and fe dencity Ont 099 Wy IF thick per Kilomter. Je 30 the LO bm We Taga Heth qe Mek = 427 (I = Gis el. 43, The crowing 0g bo oF mare, tragic ctreame feaveling in Ha vam gaara direction along G Lagrigicanst path a 9 Wghwoy without fu aid of trygie Gighaly . P=STAM Density AND FREE-FLOW ¢PERD Jam Density (hy) ~ the density at which the speed of tac Is ‘approaching ero. Relationship between free flow speed and Jam density. k wawy 7) CapacityMaximum Flow (nas) ~ abiity of a roadway to Fre Fow Speed (ty)~ te speed at hich the density ota ‘sappocching se ko0 hep Meo k= kj ‘accommodate traffic. Maximum number of vehices that can ass a given point in unit time max = Heap eo (8) = 0k 2)(2)="4 deo x (K) 4 Two platoons of cars are timed over a distance of 0.5 kn ‘Their owe are recorded, The fret group stimed at 40 seconds, ‘withthe Tow at 1950 vehicles per hour. The second group took 145 seconde, witha flow of 1800 vehicles per hour. 4, Determine the ree ow speed in kph Determine the jam density in vehi | 2) Determine the mcm flow a the Watt stream in veh. | be o.ckm F(A) Govp | P,(4c,40) ave t= ee Hove 5-2 (u=AtBx) Qe L300 V/pe Ae p4BK Govp 2: x | o te ae 30 [ar a= N00 pe ac | PLE K) ASB ks tn aek he Foun 24k Br-3 [1 Speed - Dencity Q) Free Faw Speed Hest fy #0 fn ssx + fig= 55 kphl (6) Jom Density kK @ wr? ¢ ss-£k rere. (Dont Pns Kane fine MK =r,Aikernate qk ; be o¢- dk Troe cece) - (x2.09 = (ee-4 eye Us Sk- EK > 3 2 $e st-5k ke gas Ye 2. Apportion of the South Luzon Expressway is known to have e free how speed of 60 kph and a capacity of 3600 vehicles per Keur it ina given hour, 3344 vehicles were counted at pecined pont slong this highway, compute the space mean Speed of these 3344 vehicles Mg = Got=h Speed -Floo Ruationchip q = B46 Moe he? Her bel“ Fe) a aK 0-m) hee. kph Te MEK 3¢ kph Lay, e guar = L008) + kj = 240 in : K 3944 = fn [aeci- sl 5844 = 200, - aU — A bad a -3394 =O UA= 36 Eph hs, 7 22 kphfronurg_exeR CUE Lf chon og 4 Bakowrdn of Hy MEK that connects speed of SO hpi and a capecity of 2000 FEl/hr, dompete ton sono YH, £60 hv) CH) nee jm. a A gechon of HM (Lby-Bolamban Highway hay O free-flow spec % MIS Hehfim, Ie He spa muon spetd OF the relioe ie 30 km) he, determing PH Jam ctendity in ptbicler per kan fo liclt- kn go bm HY, oe 2 90 Ft — (ge 22 au 3. An Grfervad Higby for hone commercial froggiv rfl soll 0 fompange fo felon hou a fre fw fix jam aensty in vtbicls per Klomt cy, 40 brow ome a dew'ly partial gnba) of aunt,QUEUEING THEORY queue ~ vbilestn uals tring up and wating for sevice ‘Rniva’ Rate (2) he rate a which vehicles anve a the queue P) point Ga Departure Rate (t)~ ate at wtich vehicles leave the queue ue point tensity (p) = ratio of aval rate and departure rate, QUEVE MODELS — pwn oueuING ‘This queueing model is the simplest having deterministic anivals, detorminisc departure and one departure channel, (>) > Conetard Orrivate (taal fine intel) 2% Horkovion (My —> Uren intervate Cexpnneniy cick) 4. A freeway has thee lanes in each direction and has 2 ‘raximum fw of 6000 vehi. Its operating at 3000 vehi. A thlfsion eccuts, blocking the wo lanes and resting the ow Of the thd lane to 1500 veh. The freeway has a constant ‘Speed of 60 velvr and is threelane jam density fs 60 vehi. ‘The ineldert is completely cleared in 30 minutes and traf retums to normal as soon tis happened 2, Determine the length of queue 20 mins after the cision. ©Q- Ao &, Determine tne gest ence aove 2 fanowmany routes he queue spate? nm Bt 5 naman Yes nore ie ty be ween? oon a dy do ote ae et a EtWhats tne average cla pet vetice? s00()~ 7010 (2) : eto ® Q=A-p@Brine on = woot N° 200(32)< tree © pss (86) 2. amet dae to) om youn Geaneren + 000-200 = 20min (©) Tilet 2009 = fs bean Af ges fee ornle-29) T= £ (9 pin) (Horu) +4 (I me) (260) TD (LEI rh mins lave. (BP) Pray per vein 1D ow Qn Ave Aino p= IOS tenn Onur? 00-760 720 Vth Gem, Genpit oul Guoveing that has exponentially disbuted —arivals, ‘lerministic departures ané one departure channel ‘Average Length of Queue Average Waling Time in Queue ? za=n), B= ‘Average Time Spent inthe System ta eae 2-0) ‘2. Vehicles arive at the entzance of the new extension of NLEX. Freres a single toll gat at which all vehicles must stop where tol attendant distbuts the tckel. I takes the atendnt 10 ‘Seconds to cistbute the Ueket to every vehicle. The average ‘rival rate of vehicles 180 vehMh and it's unevenly distributed {exponential tmes between atvals) over the entre period from ‘pening ime unt casing. Determine the folowing 2. Average lenath of queue. '. Wang time in queue. © Average ime spent in queue Ye 10 Me (Ci (eufe) >S _ponentaly, diekibuied | arivals, buted depertures and one departure channel, Average Length of Queve Average Waiting Time in Queve a =D +3, Assume thatthe tol attendant in the new tol gate takes an Abeper ef 10 seconds. to cstibute brochures, ul, te aeereotion time varies depending on whether drivers have uostione relating to expressway operating potcies. Given ar sueetge aval rate of 180 veh which vehicles arrive at tinequal time Interval, compute the following ‘a. Average length in queue. . Average wating time in queue. Average time spent in the system. [0 atavd< /rew he BP 30 Cvaging) Y= Io Hf (ure)Crump: Wich aries ah an eterna fo a fell gah on am expreccway. Thre ic a ging gat Cat which all resides mwct stop), wher. a fol attic drutibva He tekeh Ta pthicls Gerive at a rate of 2 beh min. Apter 20 nanvis fle arrival claw carte decliauc to 2Yh/min, Gnd itt conbiavee at Heat frvet for tha reiwindey of Hu day. IF fhe time required to dicnbute fla feel ju IC eeande, and atsaming DIDI quenricg- Le Deberminy JP masioumn guile fength Ae al > +t Ga? Ore ay Hr we Dae 2G = &(2D = UO Pebiclas Men #4 4(20) < go behicles Qyean® [00-0 =| £0 heli, Ze We mag. ier lh fm gutve ipa Qo Dede Neo + 2( 4 - 20) = 4 ices 2 Delain, fa HAL delay dee fo fix, queve. Tokal Delag= Arca behecey Avcival and dtpocturt, To= Aeaay(e) 44 Coy TD = g100 tel-nsin)CERVICE RATES AND DEMANDS ON HIGHWAYS SO ee ee 1. Abr ito be consacted beeen Samara tn cont to tel aro te gels expressed 9s © = Sot0Sv wher Viste mumber of vise par hur oni the cont per vende cenavos ne demand for ave acass 200 = 06a tot of 25 centavos sade ‘expected decrease of volume across the bridge? C 2400 - oe V# 240 ~ 10] 5ot0-cV] Y= 400 Vth, Ce 50+0.5V4a¢ C= e+ 0.0 = 2900 -100 Y= dgo0- Pe] rr40-¥] V= 352.35 FM/ny Vs 351 Hh/y Ay= 400 - 354 v= APJ 2. A toll bridge caries 10000 vehiday. The current toll Zavenicle, Studies have shown that for each increase intl of Fees ne trafic volume vl dacrease by r0DOvenay. is Sesked to increase the tll to 2 point where revenue wil be maximized. ‘a. Determine the tol charge to maximum revenues. Determine the traffein vohiéey afer tol incre, 2 Determine the total revenue merease with new ol Rrcy {¥ Joon0-1902% Co fall charge V_= 10900 ~ j000¢ Lebx= fo, Of fires $06 wil ncroued R= (349-5x)( 19000 - 1090 x) Becw fe eamtancms Sh Re $y — dh = 0-42000-j000x feud a Ri 4000), 0 = agoo -1000¥ Pa = 32000 yer AR = 32000 ~30000 C23 tex3. Aramp meter operates during the moming peak period. Ramp mats cycles vary with time 2s shown in the table below. The TMoteriag scheme allows one vehide per cycle to pass the signal ‘The tale below gives the number of vehicles. demanding Senice on the ramp during the parteuar time intervals, the “Cumulative demand forthe ramp forthe moring peak and the amp meter eye for each interval. SRE] ein | Coe | Warsee) eee rio | vam | Wore’ | “are | nie ok soe [Te is : ico (6:45-7:00 100 475. 10. ay $gozr i [ tos [ann 2 " a xe 1392ta5-_[ 20 [a0 i a Tas=e00 [85 555 ¢ i ‘8, What ae the service rates for meter cycle 12? ‘What are the service rates for meter cys 107 ‘Wheat are the service rates for meter cycle 87 {. Determine the time the queue onthe ramp begins and ends fe Determine the longest queve. ve {Determine the tial delay. the Se Gao 68 7 FI 730 Tae BO Tie Tog Th @ 730 tos daly = LD, Pay HOLY SE oy a r = = Disp rth-minMopue_Exe RCE Ke Kelis arcing at flu tubronce oF fia nas extention of WLEX. Thurs Ico eingle tollgate al which alt rebicbs rich stop white a toll aftwdant dictri luk a trip Hickst. The toll openc at GAM ah which fiw rehides legin fo Srrire at fie CObe of © Walécee per mime « After 20 twits, ty. areival low ca declnn to % rehickr ptr nuncte and it osrtinves at flat Fevel for thu remaled og fla day. Ie Fle fine requind fo dhetvibvlo fu trip ticket NMC eccordey dotirnuny He total mubie of Miele fhab hace arrined qnd departed until We more grave oath Lab b= fina fo dictipmie fa qreve ra re Fee Go ye pr wine 1-604) avo rei, & (a8) bace-20) =4E EeODesiavter 4. Atoll bridgs gm Handave to Lopu-lapy City cartite [000 wbidly per day. The precurk cock feu ig tngetadyaaae, PICO. When Ha toll fee ie ineraued by PO-2C, trapgic. volt, will deercose by $00 rebicks ptr day. HN desired fo increace fhe toll fee to a poink Whore fa revenve will be maximind. Detain fre fold charge fo maxinia revenve. Lab x ruber of tims POU ve added fo fhe cat Rev Re eae (hE4 0.20%) (£000 - 00%) Re WDDF MOK - PE dR _ qo-tcox dy = fov-avoy yer Cz he to-26), Tene 3+ Dehevaninn, Ha fota\ Revenve. Re Chs#0.U0) (v0 ~ 0 @) [Re mre,PEAK HOUR FACTOR PEAK HOUR FACTOR VP Hrofie: alm (peat pave Solon) PEAK HOUR FACTOR Mie pra If nmin, glow Pur = = puature fratpic Amand variation within he avalysre hour and describe HH elabioncp eect All havrky Inline amd tha rate Ie-minvtre glow corte within fou fave, 4. For the given data shown: Te VOU 0-635 [eis =630 Sa0- 6s Bas = 700, 706-735 Tis= 730, gfale|e el a 2. Pook hour Peak hour volume ©: Peak hou factor ke Peak have G 100-7100 —> 39450430994 z1af eth op 36430 14H» Ho Hh [eee op 304 9 Hater Wr Zor Giap S788 hgh 3 paeyDe = (2H % Peale hove Vom = [4h los Vv 4Ve = I 4(@38) PHF. 0.421 P ane © pareMOPUE EERE OTUTION: for fia Qietn data shown: TIME VoLUMe G0 Gut ais Gir -4:39 3K0 Gyn ae ar Gras = 7200 200 Le Determine peak wave volume. = BIS 4 pave BIR eg 412 +940 me 2. Determine fra pole hove factor ro ars HE 4H) 3. Debian fu Aesign havely valve pave 4m) =| 10 Ja,Acerbeer_pwales Troggi, Volume Chidics — pumber of vehicles croseing ethno Mad ptr unit fim. TAR ended dctenvine He volume oF tropes movi On eae Ceaipration 0% madwy vehidey ot a particular (on G9 O parttor tou. ACCIDENT ANALYSIS. ADT ~ (5 the avera locaton over afl year i ADT ~is the averoge 24 —hour raffle volume ata given location Chrceage. Deity Tgpe) {ora pees oftmsless nana year. (eg, summa, semen, ‘a month, a season) 24 — hour tafe volume at » given (Annval Aremnge- Pally Troppicy, Directional Design Hourly Volum 1D = peak hour volume proportion inthe major direction Hourly Expansion Factors: {otal volume for 24h period HEP = Solume for particular hour Dally E Qn Factors: ___average total volume for week DEE ~ erage volume for particular day Monthly Expansion Factors: Aapt MEE TF for particular month ‘Accident rate for 100 millon vehicle miles of travel (HMA) fora segment ofa highway: .4(100 600 000) ADFT) ‘Accident rate per milion entering vehicles (MEV) for an Intersection: Severity Ratio Fatal + injury accidents SR Fata + injury aecldents + property damageLurgenty needs to datormino the AADT on a 1. Atraffe engine 1, Abate emt" She cofesed the dala shown below on & ‘a ema no mori of Nay. Deterine the ADT of he WW. por athe ‘ood (Time Volume HEF no Fo0= 800, 400 2 W908 00 = 900 535 72.08 00 = 1000 350 18.80 kno yaD0= 1100 710 W710 ri :00= 1200 0 18352 DEF for Tuesday = 7.727 [ow MEF for May = 1304 2. The projected ADT of ¢ proposed fcity fs 33,0 ifthe proportion of ADT in te design hot the peakchour drectonal 12 Determine the DDHV. Assume tna the PHF, fv 0.91, 0.925, and 7.0, respectively, ee BL wine wr athe Vol. for a¢hee = lime 2 perlite bar Woo F147 Hazan +124 H209H Ss 5 ACTS pet pen = Vol fora werk Wl fora day Vob. gor yack = 7-727 (1409 18) Abbr = 9240.96 wth Yer = ———___ ADT por perkeslor oath Jaa. _MA0T aan ARDT = 4407.46 Wh STEP FO fy, ate for the fealty to provide a LOS fpumber of fanes required wil be 9) pry = KDARDT = atl (0.08)(200) ac & is 16 i istribution is 65:35. and fg ofthe proposed fcity ae ‘he maximum service fw of 1.500 vert. The 00 vehiday. ereent and bY we 2432 Hilo Lame veh] fine hte io f= 008 wer fowstiany foctr 2990, 9 Fo (oma ORAY =2.72 [nase],3. A vehicle travel a distance of 40m before coliding with hotter parked vahicles, the weight of which is 75 percent ofthe Tormor, Ater collision, i bath vehicles skid through 14m before ‘Stopning, determne the inital speed of the moving vehicle. ‘Ascume ieion cooficient of 0.62 “ Ari shee aaa te Vaearhe wo, oa Wo ooasw Wom (rt fr Tr, _ te — Work Beg Equation (Vs # Ys) few = 0.02(WHO-FEN)(I4) = tq teem) v2) Vy= 19.08 Me Gnaevation o¢ Morsrtum, ae Hr) + Eo «Bs 9) Wr r2.vtm Work Exroy Equation (v. ¢F Ve) 0.02 (w) (49) = #l ay” sy) Vs atom Em) ‘4. The number of accidents for 5 years recorded in a certain ome dion of a highway fs 4892. Ifthe average daly wfc is Tre. what fe tro acedent rate per millon entering vehicles? ‘Aly 090) armas Rs —— R_ _4eae hor (W) (360) joao 00 ” Sra(a(alay 4842(1099009) ; TET Re BOIL owidents MEV poz SUdI-+ fe = 002 ocsidere MEV ng5. Tho number of accidents for 6 years recorded in a 10 — mile ibng highway 6 5432. the average daly traf I 476, what is tRomncckent rate per hundred milion entering vehicles? For Rood Sighint A (pe000so) ‘ot (n)(ous)(L) nx 8492 (coe orsho) 4m (G(o40)C8) R= 520%, 6) ht52109 auidwt Jame a 6. Data on a trafic accident recorded far the past 5 years on a certain stretch of a two highway is tabulated as folows. Determine the severty ratio. ‘YEAR | PROPERTY | INJURY | FATAL DAMAGE 2008 205 % 2 ‘2002 178 48, 3 72003, 152 ri 3 2008 190. 60, 5 2005: 236 88 3 quy 20% 4 cee Bt = ———__ | 0.24 20344 $4UH L224 JonaMODVE_BERONE Ke The rwmbor of ouidrke gor G years Pelorded in a cxrtain eeution of highway ie Séq2. Ip He outrage daily froyfic in 476, gihat ic AM quidem rat per milion entering Yebidlee? 5¢42( 1000009) ee a fa matanatical odd N* O4X"-36x +1000 appmximatec fu mimber of ateidenty,t, per pulion pit deren, for divers who are x yor ob The formule applica fo srivtee ages IC fhtOgh 70 inclusiee Determnine 4x amber o¢ awidurte per 50 milion miles driean are Hare for 27 Ye old deivtee. is 042i ~ 36(20) + 1000 [FFT] yy 5, Baad On Hu rward of eOtd oecidtnhy, find fhe mumbar of gatal actidnby in 194 fe tha geverty watin e 0.2420>. Deberminn tla volve of x. YER — PROPERTY DAMAGE — NVR FATAL (304 (209) a | sy} oo. 1143, me 4e 3 (obor2eH 199% Ie + 3 10ae 90 «0 5 mem mH coy ix mn ADT og 300) Kehicker per day. Tha design ill ba gor commuters dircthion. 4. A freeway WY to be dtcigmed ax a posenngir ~car Only favilty > OF He ie ecimated hab 4h greewa will hare a pore flaw cperd of TOM. and Hu peak have gation ix €ctinahd with GC% op Ha prak have traggie, fraveling inthe pole Ig thy K- Factor for His greawiag He OME, detemine fhe directional design hevrly valu DDHV= 0-144 (0.42)(3000) [Pe] oe £. A cangn truck, of Weight Gon kg bik @ cor having 4 wtlght of eon tg. aud both vebicke Cd ogetier fhrovgh dietovee of Line begore, ming 19 Stop. Debra sx inital! spud o fia cargo track i TF dou pak ply brake by ore calision” Toke ont{picieat ag pricbin fo be 200. % V0 + cho ho a «(tie bie) a) = EC mr ty We M8) (000 + 1600)(4-81) (0-0) (0) 3, (000 #40) ge 11 m/e Govolt-@) (6) * (e000 4600) (4-81 07.40) [ea )(o'-¥h)