I.

3 Gas Reservoirs with Water Influx and Water and Rock Compressibilities

 C + C w S wi 
G (B g - B gi ) + GB gi  f  ∆ pt + W e = G p B g + W p B w
 1 - S wi 

Let:

Cf + C w S wi
Cˆ e =
1 - S wi

Dividing all through by Bg and rearranging yields:

 B  W - W p Bw
G 1 - gi (1 - Cˆ e ∆ pt ) + e = Gp
 Bg  Bg

Substituting for Bg = C z/p yields:

 
G 1 -
p/z
(1 - Cˆ e ∆ pt ) + W e - W p Bw = G p
 pi / z i  Bg

Rearranging in a straight line form yields:

p  - 
(1 - Cˆ e ∆ pt )= pi - pi  G p - W e W p Bw 
 
z zi zi G  Bg 

Which suggests plotting (Gp - (We - Wp Bw)/Bg) on the x-axis versus p/z(1-Ce∆pt) on the

y-axis and drawing the best fit line through the set of points. The slope of the best fit line

would be -pi/(zi G) and the y-intercept would be pi/zi.

1
 EPS-441: Petroleum Development Geology
Material Balance Calculations for a Gas Reservoir with Water Influx
and Water and Rock Compressibilities: p/z plot

Semester: Homework #:

Name: SS#:

Given the following reservoir and rock properties:

Water compressibility, Cw = 3 x 10-6

Formation compressibility, Cf = 4 x 10-6
Areal extent, A = 8870 acres
Formation thickness, h = 32.5 ft
Porosity, φ = 30.8 %
Initial water saturation, Swi = 42.5 %
Gas deviation factor at standard conditions, zb = 1.0

Performance History
Time Gp p z Bg
years MMM SCF psia bbl/SCF
0 0 2333 0.882 0.001,172
2 2.305 2321 0.883 0.001,180
4 20.257 2203 0.884 0.001,244
6 49.719 2028 0.888 0.001,358
8 80.134 1854 0.894 0.001,496
10 105.930 1711 0.899 0.001,630
12 135.350 1531 0.907 0.001,820
14 157.110 1418 0.912 0.001,995
16 178.300 1306 0.921 0.002,187
18 192.089 1227 0.922 0.002,330
20 205.744 1153 0.928 0.002,495

1) Estimate the initial gas in place by the MB calculation with water influx and
water and rock compressibilities

2) Discuss the results

2
Solution:
A) Prepare the following table:
p/z We, bbl Gp - We/Bg p/z(1-Ce∆pt)
GpBg - G(Bg-Bgi)
2645.12 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2645.12
2628.54 1.62E+04 2.29E+09 2628.25
2492.08 8.66E+05 1.96E+10 2489.11
2283.78 4.66E+06 4.63E+10 2277.39
2073.83 1.04E+07 7.32E+10 2064.71
1903.23 1.79E+07 9.50E+10 1892.37
1687.98 2.73E+07 1.20E+11 1675.56
1554.82 3.53E+07 1.39E+11 1541.77
1418.02 4.69E+07 1.57E+11 1404.66
1330.80 5.62E+07 1.68E+11 1317.30
1242.46 6.62E+07 1.79E+11 1229.01

Plot (Gp - We/Bg) on the x-axis versus p/z(1-Ce∆pt) on the y-axis and draw the best-fit
line through the set of points, see Fig. 5. The best-fit equation is: p/z = -7.92292x10-
9
(Gp-We/Bg) + 2643.94; i.e Gp-We/Bg = (2643.94 - p/z)/7.92292. Thus setting p/z = 0 in
the best-fit equation yields the value of G to be 333.7 MMM SCF.

D) Discussion of results:
The amount of water influx was calculated on the assumption that the volumetric
calculation of the gas in place is valid. However, a more elaborate technique for water
influx calculation should be used. Such techniques will be covered in the "Water Influx"
chapter.

3
Fig. 5: p/z(1-Ce∆pt) plot versus Gp - We/Bg

4
I.4 Abnormally High-Pressure Gas Reservoirs
In abnormally high-pressure gas reservoirs, Cf is a strong function of pressure.
Thus we set:

( )
n n

Cˆ e ∆ pt = ∑ Cˆ ej ∆ p j = ∑ Cˆ ej p j+1 - p j
j=0 j=0

Therefore the equation is written as follows:

p n
 pi pi  We -W B w 
 1 - ∑ Cˆ ej ∆ p j  =
p
- G p - 
z  j=0 
 zi zi G  Bg 


Which is in the form:

y = b + mx
Where:

ppi  Wn - W p B w 
=  Gp1-- ∑e Cˆ ej ∆
bxy = p j 

zzi  j=0 B g 
pi
m= -
zi G

5
I.5 Abnormally High-Pressure Gas Reservoirs with Dissolved Gas in Water
(Fetkovitch Method)

For high-pressure gas reservoirs with dissolved gas in water, Fetkovitch et al.
expressed the material balance equation as follows:

  
p
(1 - C e ∆ pt )= pi - pi / zi  (G p - G I +W p Rsw ) -  W e +W I Bw - W p Bw 
z zi G   Bg 

Where:

C f + C tw S wi + M (C f + C tw )
Ce =
1 - S wi

1  V pi - V p  1  φ i - φ 
Cf =  =  
V pi  pi - p  φ i  pi - p 

1  Btw - Btwi 
C tw =  
Btwi  pi - p 

Btw = B w + (R swi - R sw ) B g

"M" is defined as the associated water volume ratio. The associated water and
pore volumes external to the net pay include Non-Net Pay (NNP) such as interbedded
shales and dirty sands plus external water volume found in AQuifers. This volume is
expressed as a ratio relative to the pore volume of the net-pay reservoir; i.e.

M = M NNP + M AQ

V P NNP h NNP hGROSS - h RES

M NNP = = =
V P RES h RES h RES
V P AQ
M AQ = ≈ (r e2 )
V P RES

6
I.6 Abnormally High-Pressure Gas Reservoirs with Dissolved Gas in Water
(Kazemi's Method)

7
I.7 Graphical Technique for the Abnormally High-Pressure Gas Reservoirs (A
Non-p/z Form of the Gas Material Balance)

8
I.8 Wet Gas Reservoirs
In wet gas reservoirs, the stock tank barrels of the Liquid condensate produced
must be accounted for in the cumulative gas production. This is done as follows:
(G p )eff = G p + (G Lc K Lc )

Where:
(Gp)eff = Effective cumulative gas produced, SCF
Gp = Cumulative gas produced, SCF
GLc = Cumulative liquid condensate produced, STB
KLc = Liquid condensate conversion factor, SCF/STB, which is given by:

SG Lc
K Lc = 132,790
MW Lc

SGLc = Specific gravity of the liquid condensate which is given by:

141.5
SG Lc =
131.5 + ° API

MWLc = Molecular weight of the liquid condensate which is given by:

5954
MW Lc =
° API - 8.8

Therefore the effective gas production would be given by:

° API - 8.8 
(G p )eff = G p + 3155.8255   G Lc
 131.5 + ° API 