Introduction

Science is the body of knowledge. Everything around us can be related with science. The
study of science has its branches - life sciences and physical sciences. Life sciences include biolo-
gy, zoology and botany while Physical sciences has its outer branches which are the geology, as-
tronomy, chemistry and physics. However, physics is more than part of physical sciences because
it does not only deal with matter and energy but it also deals with other concepts like motion,

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
heat, sound, light, electricity, magnetism and composition of atoms.
Physical science covers everything that is physical, which quite covers a lot. You may
begin your journey in Physical science by learning about measurements and how to do proper

IN
lab procedures. You will also be introduced to some lessons that will prepare you for standard-
ized tests in science.
This module offers core concepts through direct instruction and activities that will surely
stimulates the student's curiosity and will let them discover the true wonder of Physical Sciences

GRADE 12 which can be applied in our daily lives even in the simplest things we performed in our daily rou-
tines. Science has different fields and through this different fields you can answer the different
questions circling in your minds. Then you better read and work on the following activities pre-
sented in this module. Enjoy and have fun!

REMINDER!

Expected Skills:

Learning Module To do well in every module, you need to remember and do the following:
1. Read the instructions carefully before doing anything.
2. [Link] all the activities and worksheets. Follow instructions on how to submit them.

SECOND QUARTER 3.
4.
Look up the meaning words that you do not know.
You will frequently come across process questions as you go through different lessons.
Keep a notebook where you can write and revise your answer to questions. Use also the
notebook to jot down short notes, draw diagrams, and summarize what you have just read.
5. For worksheets and reports that need to be submitted, use the provided checklist.
6. Allow time for relaxation and recreation when you are mentally tired. Make a time table to
It’s time to LEARN schedule your study and recreation.

and have FUN!

1
 4. Who argued that if the Moon and the Sun were both spherical, then perhaps, the Earth was also
MODULE 1 PHYSICAL SCIENCE FIRST WEEK spherical.
A. Aristotle
Lesson Coverage: B. Anaxagoras
In this lesson, you will examine those questions when you take the following topics: C. Pythagoras
D. Eratosthenes
Lesson 1. How the Greeks knew that the Earth is Spherical 5. Who made accurate observations of the movement of celestial bodies
Lesson 2. Astronomical Phenomena known to Astronomers before the advent of telescopes A. Galileo
Lesson 3. Johannes Kepler’s Discoveries from Tycho Brahe’s Collection of Astronomical Data B. Aristotle
C. Kepler
In these topics, you will learn the following: D. Tycho Brahe
Explain how the Greeks knew that the Earth is spherical
Lesson 1 Lesson 1: How the Greeks knew that the Earth is Spherical
Around 500 B.C., most Greeks believed that the Earth was round, not flat. It was Pythagoras and
Cite examples of astronomical phenomena known to his pupils who were first to propose a spherical Earth.
Lesson 2 astronomers before the advent of telescopes
Explain how Brahe’s innovations and extensive collection of 500 to 430 B.C., Anaxagoras further supported Pythagoras' proposal through his observations of
the shadows that the Earth cast on the Moon during a lunar eclipse. He observed that during a lu-
Lesson 3 data in observational astronomy paved the way for Kepler’s
nar eclipse, the Earth's shadow was reflected on the Moon's surface. The shadow reflected
discovery of his laws of planetary motion was circular.

340 B.C., Aristotle listed several arguments for a spherical Earth which included the positions of
PRE-ASSESSMENT
the North star, the shape of the Moon and the Sun, and the disappearance of the ships when they
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. sail over the horizon.
1. Who was the first person to propose that Earth is spherical?
A. Aristotle NorthStar
B. Anaxagoras The North Star was believed to be at a fixed position in the sky. However, when the Greeks trav-
C. Pythagoras eled to places nearer the equator, like Egypt, they noticed that the North Star is closer to the hori-
D. Eratosthenes zon.
2. Who used a primitive version of a sundial, called gnomon, in systematically observing the mo-
tion of the sun? The Shape of the Sun and the Moon
A. Babylonian and Greeks Aristotle argued that if the Moon and the Sun were both spherical, then perhaps, the Earth was al-
B. Egyptian and Greeks so spherical.
C. Babylonian and Egyptian
D. Babylonian and Spartan DisappearingShips
If the Earth was flat, then a ship traveling away from an observer should become smaller and
3. An eclipse occurs when the Earth casts its shadow on the moon when the Earth is between the smaller until it disappeared. However, the Greeks observed that the ship became smaller and then
Sun and the Moon. its hull disappeared first before the sail as if it was being enveloped by the water until it complete-
A. Solar Eclipse ly disappeared.
B. Lunar Eclipse The Size of the Spherical Earth
C. Half moon Eclipse It was Eratosthenes who gave the most accurate size during their time. While he was working at
D. Waning Gibbous the Library of Alexandria in Northern Egypt, he received correspondence from Syene in Southern
Egypt which stated that a vertical object did not cast any shadow at noontime during the summer
solstice. 2
But this was not the case in Alexandria where, at noon time during the summer solstice, a verti- Lesson 2: Astronomical Phenomena known to Astronomers before the advent of
cal object still casts a shadow. These observations could only mean that the Sun, during this telescopes
time in Alexandria, was not directly overhead. Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are easily seen in the sky without the aid of tele-
scopes. These planets can be easily confused with stars and are only seen at specific times of the
day. Even before the invention of the telescope, ancient people have already observed different
astronomical phenomena. The most observable objects in the sky are the sun and moon.

Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations used a primitive version of a sundial, called gnomon, in
systematically observing the motion of the sun. By looking at the shadows that the gnomon
casts, they were able to observe that the sun rises in the eastern part of the sky, reaches its high-
est point in midday, and sets in the western part of the sky.

Also, they recorded that the points where the sun rises and sets on the horizon varies over a
year and these variations happen periodically. They observed that these variations are related
to weather and so concluded that seasonal changes in climate happen during a course of one
year.

Eratosthenes then determined the angle the Sun made with the vertical direction by measuring
the shadow that a vertical stick cast. He found out that in Alexandria, the Sun makes an angle of
7.2° from the vertical while 0° in Syene. To explain the difference, he hypothesized that the light
rays coming from the sun are parallel, and the Earth is curved.

From his measurements, he computed the circumference of the Earth to be approximately 250
000 stadia (a stadium is a unit of measurement used to describe the size of a typical stadium at
the time), about 40 000 kilometers.
ACTIVITY 1. EXPLAIN IT!
Direction. In a 1-2 paragraph essay, explain in your own words “How did the Greeks know that
Earth is sphere”.
Ancient people have observed that the moon changes its path and its appearance within a peri-
od of 29.5 days. They observed that the moon changes its appearance from thin semi-circular
disk to full circular disk. These phases of the moon is the basis of ancient calendars.

Lunar Eclipse
Besides their observation in the different phases of the moon, they also noticed that there are
times when the moon or part of it seemed to be covered by a shadow for a brief moment. A lunar
eclipse occurs when the Earth casts its shadow on the moon when the Earth is between the Sun
and the Moon.
3
A phenomenon such as this is known as a lunar eclipse wherein the moon changes into a dark or Visibility of Planets
blood red color. Astronomers have discovered that Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are planets because
they have noticed that the stars are in a fixed position with respect to each other (like how con-
stellations are always grouped). But there are very bright stars that change positions periodically.
These “stars” do not belong to any group of constellations in the sky. Thus, they are called
"wanderers” or planetes in Greek terms.
ACTIVITY 2:
Direction: Draw an example of astronomical phenomena before the discovery of tele-
scope.

Solar Eclipse
Aside from lunar eclipse, the occurrence of a solar eclipse was also observed. Solar eclipse occurs
when the Moon is in between the Sun and the Earth and the moon partially or completely blocks
out the sun.
Lesson 3: Johannes Kepler’s Discoveries from Tycho Brahe’s Collection of Astro-
nomical Data

Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomer and nobleman who made accurate observations of the
movement of celestial bodies in an observatory built for him by King Frederick II of Denmark in
1576. He was able to invent different astronomical instruments, with the help of his assistants,
and made an extensive study of the solar system. He was able to determine the position of 777
fixed stars accurately.

Johannes Kepler When King Frederick II died, and the successor did not fully support Brahe’s
work, he moved to Prague in 1599 where he was supported by Emperor Rudolf II and worked as
an imperial mathematician. Emperor Rudolf II recommended Johannes Kepler to work for him as
an assistant. Kepler was born to a poor German family and studied as a scholar at the University
of Tubingen in 1589.

Brahe and Kepler's Work

The Motion of the Stars Brahe and Kepler had an unsteady working relationship. Kepler was Brahe's assistant. However,
It was also observed that the stars appear to be attached to a celestial sphere that rotates around Brahe mistrusted Kepler with his astronomical data in fear of being shadowed by his assistant.
an axis in one day. This axis intersects the celestial sphere at a point in the northern sky and is assigned to Kepler the interpretation of his observations of Mars, whose movement did not match
presently close to the northern star, Polaris. Also, the constellations’ positions in the night sky vary Brahe’s calculations. Kepler was tasked to figure out what path Mars followed as it revolved
depending on the time of the year. 4
 The Law of Equal Areas
It was believed by many scientists that Brahe gave this task to Kepler to keep him occupied and
left Brahe to develop his laws of planetary motion. The second law, which is the law of equal areas states that when an imaginary line is drawn from
the center of the Sun to the center of a planet, the line will sweep out an equal area of space in
Kepler's Discoveries from Brahe's Data equal time intervals.
Kepler postulated that there must be a force from the Sun that moves the planets. He was able to
conclude that this force would explain the orbit of Mars and the Earth, including all the other The law describes how fast a planet moves in its orbit. A planet moves fastest when it is nearest
planets, moved fastest when it is nearest from the Sun and moved slowest when it is farthest the Sun and slowest when it is farthest from the Sun, and still, the same area is swept out by the
from the Sun line in equal amounts of time.

Eventually, Brahe decided to give all his data to Kepler hoping that he would be able to prove his
Tychonic system and put together new tables of astronomical data. This table was known
as Rudolphine Tables, named after the Roman emperor and was useful in determining the posi-
tions of the planets for the past 1000 years and the future 1000 years. This table was the most
accurate table that is known to the astronomical world.
After Brahe died in 1601, Emperor Rudolf II assigned Kepler as the new imperial mathematician,
and all of Brahe’s writings, instruments, and the Rudolphine tables were passed on to him. From
Brahe’s data, Kepler was able to formulate his laws of planetary motion: the law of ellipses, the
law of equal areas, and the law of harmonies.
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
The Law of Ellipses
When Kepler tried to figure out Mars’ orbit, it did not fit the then-famous theory that a planet fol-
lows a circular path. He then postulated that instead of a circular path, planets follow an oval or The law of harmonies, which is the third law, describes that the square of a planet’s orbital peri-
an ellipse orbit. od (T2) is proportional to the cube of a planet’s average distance from the Sun (R3). It states that
that the ratio of the squares of the periods of two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of the
average distances of these two planets from the Sun or where the subscript 1 indicates planet 1
and subscript 2 indicates planet 2.

ACTIVITY 3: ESSAY
Direction: In a 2 paragraph essay, explain “How Brahe’s innovations help Kepler in discovering
“Laws of Planetary Motion”.

This orbit matched his calculations and explained the “irregularities” in the movement of Mars.
He was able to formulate his first law of planetary motion, the law of ellipses which describes
that the actual path followed by the planets was elliptical, not circular, with the Sun at one focus
of the ellipse
5
POST-ASSESSMENT
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. MODULE 2 PHYSICAL SCIENCE SECOND WEEK
1. Who was the first person to propose that Earth is spherical?
A. Aristotle Lesson Coverage:
B. Anaxagoras In this lesson, you will examine those questions when you take the following topics:
C. Pythagoras
D. Eratosthenes Lesson 1. Aristotelian vs. Galilean views of motion
2. Who used a primitive version of a sundial, called gnomon, in systematically observing the mo- Lesson 2. How Galileo Inferred That Objects in Vacuum Fall with Uniform Acceleration
tion of the sun? Lesson 3. Newton’s Law of Inertia vs. Galileo’s Assertion on Horizontal Motion
A. Babylonian and Greeks Compare and contrast the Aristotelian and Galilean concep-
B. Egyptian and Greeks Lesson 1 tions of vertical motion, horizontal motion, and projectile mo-
C. Babylonian and Egyptian tion.
D. Babylonian and Spartan
3. An eclipse occurs when the Earth casts its shadow on the moon when the Earth is between explain how Galileo inferred that objects in vacuum fall
the Sun and the Moon. Lesson 2 with uniform acceleration, and that force is not neces-
A. Solar Eclipse sary to sustain horizontal motion
B. Lunar Eclipse Explain the subtle distinction between Newton’s 1st Law of
C. Halfmoon Eclipse Lesson 3 Motion (or Law of Inertia) and Galileo’s assertion that force is
D. Waning Gibbous not necessary to sustain horizontal motion
4. Who argued that if the Moon and the Sun were both spherical, then perhaps, the Earth was
also spherical. PRE-ASSESSMENT
A. Aristotle Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
B. Anaxagoras 1. It is an object’s change in position with respect to time.
C. Pythagoras A. Motion
D. Eratosthenes B. Natural Motion
5. Who made accurate observations of the movement of celestial bodies C. Violent Motion
A. Galileo D. Horizontal Motion
B. Aristotle 2. A combination of uniform motion in the horizontal direction and uniformly accelerated motion
C. Kepler in the vertical direction.
D. Tycho Brahe A. Natural Motion
B. Violent Motion
C. Horizontal Motion
D. Projectile Motion
3. Based on Galileo’s experiment, as the inclined plane becomes, the acceleration of ball
_____________________.
A. The same
B. Increases
C. Decreases
D. No changes at all.
4. The speed increases as the ball rolled down the inclined plane because of __________________.
A. Motion
B. Gravity
C. Friction
D. Air Resistance
6
5. I t is called this tendency of materials to resist change in their state of motion as
A. Motion
B. Inertia 1. an object in uniform motion will travel a distance that is proportional to the time it will take to
C. Friction travel;
D. Resistance 2. a uniformly accelerating object will travel at a speed proportional to some factor of time; and
3. an object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion; an external force is not neces-
Lesson 1. Aristotelian vs. Galilean views of motion sary to maintain the motion.

Horizontal motion
Aristotelian Concepts An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion, and an external force is not neces-
Aristotle is one of most influential Greek philosophers whose ideas were the basis for many con- sary to maintain the motion. If the Earth’s surface is very flat and extended infinitely, objects that
cepts that time. Motion is an object’s change in position with respect to time. According to Aris- are pushed will not be impeded. Thus, the objects will continue to move. This kind of motion, how-
totle, motion can either be a natural motion or a violent motion. ever, is not evident in nature. For example, if a ball is pushed on an infinitely flat plane, the ball will
continue to roll if unimpeded.
Natural Motion
An object will move and will eventually return to its natural state depending on the composition
Vertical motion
that the object is made of. An object made of material similar to earth will return to earth or an
In the absence of a resistance, objects would fall not depending on their weight, but in the time of
object that is similar to air will return to the air. For example, a ball mostly resembles the earth
fall. Also, if the object encountered a resistive force from a fluid equal or greater than its weight, it
so when it is thrown upward its natural tendency is to go back to Earth, its natural state or the
will slow down and reaches a uniform motion until it reaches the bottom and stops. For example,
smoke mostly resembles the air so its natural tendency is to go up the atmosphere.
without any resistance, a 1-kg object will be as fast as a 10-kg object when falling because they fall
with the same amount of time, given that they are released from the same height. Also, a stone
Violent motion
dropped in the ocean will sooner or later travel at constant speed.
An object will move if an external force such as pushing or pulling is applied to it. No motion will
take place unless there is a 'mover' in contact with an object.

Aristotle’s View on Projectile Motion

Aristotle believed that the motion of an object is parallel to the ground until it is the object's time
to fall back into the ground. An impetus will be kept by the object until such time that the initial
force is forgotten, and the object returns to its natural state to stop moving and fall to the ground.

Galilean Conceptions
Galileo Galilei challenged the Aristotelian view of motion when he had his actual and thorough
experiments. He disagreed with most of Aristotle’s claims and provided his own description of
motion.

Aristotle had his view on the projectile motion of an object. He believed that an object thrown
at a certain angle is given an impetus—a force or energy that permits an object to move. It will
continue to move in such state until the object’s impetus is lost, and the object returns to its natu-
ral state, causing it to stop and fall to the ground.

Galileo disproved Aristotle’s claims and believed that the motion of objects is not simply due to
the composition of objects. He mentioned that motion can be described by mathematics and the
changes in some physical variables such as time and distance. Using his actual and thorough ex-
periments, he was able to prove that:
7
Projectile motion ACTIVITY 2: REASON OUT!
Galileo believed that a projectile is a combination of uniform motion in the horizontal direction 1. Based on the discussion, whose view is more acceptable? Is it Aristotle or Galileo? Why?
and uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical direction. If it is not impeded, it will continue to
move even without an applied force. For example, when you shoot a ball in a basketball ring, the
ball does not need a force to keep it moving.

Lesson 2. How Galileo Inferred That Objects in Vacuum Fall with Uniform Acceler-
ation

Galileo proved with his experiments that when objects are dropped simultaneously, they will
reach the ground at the same time regardless of their masses and air resistance. In another set of
experiments, he discovered that objects fall with uniform acceleration

Galileo was fascinated by the behavior of falling objects. He knew that falling objects increase
their speed as they go down. This change in speed is acceleration. However, he did not have any
equipment to measure this change, so he used inclined planes to lessen the acceleration of the
ACTIVITY 1: VENN DIAGRAM moving bodies. He was then able to investigate the moving bodies carefully.
Direction: Compare and contrast the ideas of Aristotle and Galileo about motions. On his experiment, he had observed the following:
 A ball rolling down an inclined plane increases its speed by the same value after every se-
cond. For example, the speed of a rolling ball was found to increase by 2 m/s every second.
This means that the rolling ball would have the following speeds for every given second
ARISTOTLE GALILEO

 As the inclined plane becomes steeper, the acceleration of the rolling ball increases.

8
 The maximum acceleration of the rolling ball was reached when the inclined plane was posi- If the steepness of the second inclined plane is decreased, the ball would still reach the same
tioned vertically as if the ball is simply falling. height from the point it was released as shown in Figure B. Finally, he then removed the second
These observations lead Galileo to conclude that regardless of the mass of objects and air re- inclined plane and watched the ball as shown in Figure C. He observed the ball and made his con-
sistance, falling objects would always have uniform acceleration. clusion: the ball would continue to move in a straight line with constant speed.

ACTIVITY 3: EXPERIMENT TIME!

Direction: Please do the experiment, Given two one peso coins, released at the same time, Coin A is
dropped while Coin B is thrown horizontally coming from the same height.
1. Which one do you think would reach the ground first? Why?

Lesson 3. Newton’s Law of Inertia vs. Galileo’s Assertion on Horizontal Motion

Galileo Galilei was an Italian scientist who first explained the concept of inertia. He observed that
when a ball rolls down an inclined plane, its speed increases; and when it rolls upwards, its speed
decreases. This change in speed was due to gravity.

When the ball rolled down the inclined plane, it was pulled by gravity, so its speed increased. The Galileo asserted that if friction was absent, the ball would continue to move with constant velocity.
opposite happened when the ball rolled up the inclined plane. He then asked himself what would It would continue its state of motion unless a push or a pull compels it to change that state. Galileo
happen to the ball if it was rolling on a horizontal plane such as the floor. called this tendency of materials to resist change in their state of motion as inertia.
His assertion was the inspiration for Newton’s 1st law of motion. They both implied that no force
is needed to keep the motion of an object and the object’s inertia would keep it from changing its
state of motion.

ACTIVITY 4: WHAT DO YOU THINK?

1. Do you think that there is a difference between Galileo’s assertion and Newton’s Law first
Law of Motion? Why or Why not?

A ball rolling on the floor is not moving with or against gravity, so what would happen to its
speed?
Galileo thought that the ball rolling on a floor would remain moving with constant velocity if the
friction between the floor and ball would be removed. Galileo tested his theory in an experiment
using two inclined planes.
When the ball was rolled from one inclined plane to the next, it almost reached the height from
which it was released as shown in Figure A.
9
POST-ASSESSMENT
MODULE 3 PHYSICAL SCIENCE THIRD WEEK
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. It is an object’s change in position with respect to time.
A. Motion
B. Natural Motion Lesson Coverage:
C. Violent Motion In this lesson, you will examine those questions when you take the following topics:
D. Horizontal Motion Lesson 1. Light: Particle or a Wave?
2. A combination of uniform motion in the horizontal direction and uniformly accelerated mo- Lesson 2. Energy of Light
tion in the vertical direction.
A. Natural Motion Describe how the propagation of light, reflection, and refrac-
B. Violent Motion Lesson 1 tion are explained by the wave model and the particle model of
C. Horizontal Motion light
D. Projectile Motion Explain how the photon concept and the fact that the energy of a
Lesson 2 photon is directly proportional to its frequency can be used to ex-
3. Based on Galileo’s experiment, as the inclined plane becomes, the acceleration of ball plain why red light is used in photographic dark rooms,
_____________________.
A. The same
B. Increases PRE-ASSESSMENT
C. Decreases Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
D. No changes at all. 1. Tiny stream of particles of matter emitted by a source and spreads outward in straight lines
4. The speed increases as the ball rolled down the inclined plane because of __________________. called ______________.
A. Motion A. Rays
B. Gravity B. Photons
C. Friction C. Quanta
D. Air Resistance D. Quarks
5. I t is called this tendency of materials to resist change in their state of motion as 2. It is composed of of bundles of wave energy and later called _______________.
A. Motion A. Rays
B. Inertia B. Photons
C. Friction C. Quanta
D. Resistance D. Quarks
3. It is the bouncing of light.
A. Diffusion
B. Reflection
C. Refraction
D. Diffraction
4. A surface or object that is capable of absorbing all radiation falling on it.
A. Rays
B. Opaque
C. Radiation
D. Blackbody
5. It is produced when light strikes a smooth surface.
A. Rough Reflection
B. Diffuse Reflection
C. Regular Reflection
D. Diffraction Reflection 10
6. It is a theory that light consists of series of waves with their wave front at right angle to the Christian Huygens (Wave theory of light)
path of the rays. Theorized that light consists of a series of waves with their wave fronts at right angles to the
A. Wave Theory of Light path of the rays. Regarded the rays of light as lines direction of waves moving outward from the
B. Corpuscular Theory of Light light source. His idea could also explain bending and reflection of light in his book Teatise on
C. Quantum Theory of Light Light.
D. Blackbody Radiation
7. The bending of light due to a change in its speed James Clerk Maxwell (Maxwell’s Equation)
A. Diffusion He further established the wave theory using his equations. He predicted that the changing elec-
B. Reflection tric and magnetic fields could propagate through space as electromagnetic waves and that light
C. Refraction itself is an electromagnetic waves.
D. Diffraction
8. It is formed when light strikes a rough surface.
A. Rough Reflection Heinrich Hertz
B. Diffuse Reflection Discovered the existence of Electromagnetic waves through radio waves in 1880s then Electro-
C. Regular Reflection magnetic waves shared common properties with light such as reflection. In the early 19th centu-
D. Diffraction Reflection ry, the last two properties of light, interference and diffraction, were observed for the first time.
9. He proposed that light acts as sets of waves and sometimes as a stream (fast moving particles Since these two unusual occurrences could not be clarified and explained by the particle theory,
of energy) of particles. the wave theory became more acceptable.
A. Thomas Young
B. Isaac Newton Max Planck (Blackbody Radiation)
C. Louis de Brogile A blackbody is a surface or object that is capable of absorbing all radiation falling on it. He pro-
D. Christian Huygens posed that energy comes in discrete units called quanta (word quantum means the smallest pos-
10. He proposed that light consists of tiny stream particles. sible unit) in 1900.
A. Thomas Young
B. Isaac Newton Albert Einstein (Quantum Theory)
C. Louis de Brogile Theorized that light is composed of bundles of wave energy (particle like property just like the
D. Christian Huygens billiard ball) and later called photons in 1905.
Lesson 1. Light: Particle or a Wave?
The exact nature of visible light is a mystery that has puzzled man for centuries. Greek scientists Arthur Compton
from the ancient Pythagorean discipline postulated that every visible object emits a steady Made experiments showed that photons of X-rays decreased in energy when colliding with elec-
stream of particles, while Aristotle concluded that light travels in a manner similar to waves in trons. His idea suggested that radiation, including light, behaves like a particle.
the ocean. Even though these ideas have undergone numerous modifications and a significant
degree of evolution over the past 20 centuries, the essence of the dispute established by the Louis de Brogile (Wave Mechanics)
Greek philosophers remains to this day. Extended the possibility and proposed that matter can have wave properties. Light and even
matter has a dual nature. It sometimes acts as sets of waves and sometimes as a stream (fast
Sir Isaac Newton (Corpuscular theory of light) moving particles of energy) of particles.
Advocated the particle theory that light consists of tiny stream particles (corpuscles) of
matter emitted by a source and spreads outward in straight lines called rays. Reflection of Light
The bouncing of light is called reflection. The types of reflection produced are based on the sur-
Made a white light coming from the sun and pass through a glass prism and he was able to show face where the light strikes.
that white light was actually the sum of the different colors (separated) in the rainbow. He was
able to provide explanation on the reflection and bending of light as he presented in his book Regular Reflection is produced when light strikes a smooth surface. Light is reflected at the
Opticks. same angle
11
Diffuse Reflection is formed when light strikes a rough surface. Light is reflected in many dif- Another example of refraction is the formation of rainbow. As the light strikes the liquid particles
ferent directions due to irregular surface. present in the clouds, these particles act as prism where lights bends and separates, then differ-
Reflection can be observed through the different images formed using different mirrors. Mirrors ent colors will produce. White light separates into colors of red, orange, yellow, green, blue and
can be plane (flat surface), concave (curved inward), and convex (curved outward). violet. Red has the longest wavelength refracted the least. Violet has the shortest wavelength is
refracted the most. Different colors of the rainbow can be obtained using a glass that forms a
spectrum known as prism.

Refraction of Light
The bending of light due to a change in its speed is called refraction. The speed of light differs as
it passes through a medium. Density of the medium is considered. When light passes from a less ACTIVITY 1: MATCH ME
dense medium to a denser medium, light slows down and vice versa. Direction:
Every medium has its specific Column A Column B
index of refraction. It is the
1. Isaac Newton a. Photons of X-rays
measure of the amount by
which a material refracts light. 2. Louis de Brogile b. Wave Mechanics
Its best example is the mirage
3. Christian Huygens c. Corpuscular Theory
(refraction of light by the
earth’s atmosphere). When 4. Arthur Compton d. Quantum Theory
light passes from air at one 5. James Clark Maxwell e. EM Waves through radio waves
temperature to air at another
temperature, it bends. The 6. Albert Einstein f. Blackbody Radiation
greater the change in tempera- 7. Heinrich Hertz g. Maxwell’s Equation
ture, the greater the bending.
8. Max Planck h. Wave Theory

12
ACTIVITY 2: REASON OUT!
The relationship between energy and frequency is given by the equation E = hf, here h is 6.63
1. If you are going to catch a fish underwater using a spear, where will you aim it? Above x10 -24 joules-second called as Planck's constant. A direct relationship exists;
the image of the fish? Below the image of the fish? Or at the image of the fish? Why? electromagnetic radiation is more energetic with a higher frequency .

Why do we get easily sunburned in ultraviolet light but not in visible light? The sun is a source
2. Draw an example application of reflection in our daily lives. of the full spectrum of the ultraviolet radiation which is responsible for causing us sunburn.
This UV light has higher frequency than visible light, therefore it has higher energy.

Why is red light used in photographic darkrooms? Darkrooms used red lighting to allow careful
LESSON 2: ENERGY OF LIGHT control light to pass through, so that photographic paper which is light sensitive would not be-
come overexposed that will result to ruining the pictures during the developing process. Red
Newton thought that light was made of particles (corpuscles) that emanated from the light light in the visible region of the spectrum has the lowest frequency and lowest energy and
source. Light can be described as a quanta or packet of energy that behaves as if they were par- therefore it does not affect the photo developing process.
ticles. Light quanta are called photons. The photoelectric effect introduced evidence that light
showed particle properties. Photons are emitted when electrons of an atom are excited. How do we see colors? Visible light is a small part within the spectrum that human eyes are
sensitive to and can detect. It is of different frequencies and each frequency is a particular color.
When light is shown on an atom, its electrons absorb photon which causes them to gain energy Objects appear in different colors because they absorb some colors and reflect or transmit the
and jump to a higher level. Since an electron can only exist at certain energy levels, it can only others. White objects appear white because they reflect all colors. Black objects absorb all of
emit photons of certain frequencies. The emitted light can be perceived as a series of colored
lines called a line or atomic spectra. Each element produces a unique set of spectral line.

The electromagnetic spectrum depict all of the types of light, including those that we cannot see
in our own eyes. In fact, most of the light in the universe is invisible to humans.

The light we can see, made up of the individual colors of the rainbow, represents only a very
small portion of the
electromagnetic spec-
trum. It is called visi-
ble light. Other types
of light include radio
waves, microwaves,
infrared radiation, ul-
traviolet rays, X-rays
and gamma rays — all
of which are imper-
ceptible to human
eyes.

13
ACTIVITY 3: Matching Perfectly! D. This UV light has higher frequency than visible light, therefore it has higher energy.
6. He proposed that light acts as sets of waves and sometimes as a stream (fast moving particles
Directions: Match the expressions in column A with those in column B by placing the letter that of energy) of particles.
corresponds to the best answer on the space provided. A. Thomas Young
A B B. Isaac Newton
________1. Using red light in photographic dark room a. high frequency, high energy C. Louis de Brogile
________2. Getting sunburned in ultraviolet light b. high frequency, low energy D. Christian Huygens
________3. Seeing white t-shirt as blue c. low frequency, high energy 7. Tiny stream of particles of matter emitted by a source and spreads outward in straight lines
D. low frequency, lower energy called ______________.
A. Rays
ACTIVITY 4: B. Photons
1. What happens to the frequency, when the wavelength increases? C. Quanta
D. Quarks
8. . He proposed that light consists of tiny stream particles.
2. What happens to the energy, when the frequency increases? A. Thomas Young
B. Isaac Newton
C. Louis de Brogile
POST-ASSESSMENT D. Christian Huygens
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. 9. A surface or object that is capable of absorbing all radiation falling on it.
1. It is emitted when electrons of an atom are excited. A. Rays
A. Wave B. Opaque
B. Energy C. Radiation
C. Photons D. Blackbody
D. Frequency 10. It is composed of of bundles of wave energy and later called _______________.
2. It is produced when light strikes a smooth surface. A. Rays
A. Refraction B. Photons
B. Reflection C. Quanta
C. Regular Reflection D. Quarks
D. Diffuse Reflection
3. Why is red light used in photographic darkrooms?
A. Darkrooms used red lighting to allow light to pass through
B. Darkrooms used red lighting to allow light to scatter
C. Darkrooms used red lighting to allow light to reflect back and fourth
D. Darkrooms used red lighting to allow careful control light to pass through,
4. It is formed when light strikes a rough surface.
A. Refraction
B. Reflection
C. Regular Reflection
D. Diffuse Reflection
5. Why do we get easily sunburned in ultraviolet light but not in visible light?
A. This UV light has higher frequency than visible light, therefore it has lower frequency.
B. This UV light has lower frequency than visible light, therefore it has higher energy.
C. This UV light has lower frequency than visible light, therefore it has lower energy.
14
 6. It occurs when 2 waves meet while travelling on the same medium.
MODULE 4 PHYSICAL SCIENCE FOURTH WEEK A. Scattering
B. Dispersion
C. Interference
Lesson Coverage: D. Diffraction
In this lesson, you will examine those questions when you take the following topics: 7. Why is that rain clouds appear darker?
Lesson 1. Properties of Light A. Water droplets become bigger and denser and it can absorb more light than scatter it.
Lesson 2. Various Light Phenomena B. Water droplets become bigger and denser and it can reflect more light than scatter it
C. Water droplets become lower and less denser and it can absorb more light than scatter it.
Cite experimental evidence showing that electrons can behave D. Water droplets become lower and less denser and it can reflect more light than scatter it.
Lesson 1 like waves 8. It is the most sensitive or dominant color that we can see of our eyes.
A. Blue
Differentiate dispersion, scattering, interference, and B. Violet
Lesson 2 diffraction C. Indigo
D. All of the above
9. He. proposed that electrons and other discrete bits of matter, must also have wave properties
such as wavelength and frequency.
PRE-ASSESSMENT
A. Max Plank
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
B. Albert Einstein
1. In what year, Max Plank was able to formulate and discover the so called Plank’s constant ?
C. Werner Heisenberg
A. 1900
D. Louis de Broglie
B. 1901
10. It is made of water droplets of varying sizes.
C. 1902
A. Rain
D. 1903
B. Cloud
2. He first showed that light, being considered as a form of EM wave.
C. Water droplets
A. Max Plank
D. Thunder storm
B. Arthur Compton
C. Albert Einstein
D. Clinton Davisson
3. He articulated that both the momentum and position of the electron can not be measured LESSON 1: WAVE PROPERTY OF AN ELECTRON
exactly at the same time. In 1900, Max Plank was able to formulate and discover the so called Plank’s constant which he in-
A. Max Plank cluded in his discovery of Plank’s radiation Law.
B. Albert Einstein
C. Werner Heisenberg In 1905 German physicist Albert Einstein first showed that light, being considered as a form of EM
D. Erwin Shrodinger wave, can be thought as a particle and localized in packets of discrete energy. This was shown in his
4. It is separation of white light into different colors as it passes through a prism. photoelectric effect experiment.
A. Scattering
B. Dispersion The observations of the Compton effect in 1922 by American physicist Arthur Holly Compton could
C. Interference be explained only if light had a wave-particle duality. Fascinated with the idea that light as a wave
D. Diffraction can have a particle like property, in 1924, French physicist Louis de Broglie proposed
5. It is the slight bending of light as it passes around the edge of an object. that electrons and other discrete bits of matter, which until then had been conceived only as mate-
A. Scattering rial particles, must also have wave properties such as wavelength and frequency.
B. Dispersion
C. Interference Later in 1927 the wave nature of electrons was experimentally established by American physi-
D. Diffraction cists Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer on their Davisson-Germer experiment.
15
. An understanding of the complementary relation between the wave aspects and the particle The greatest probability of finding an electron in an orbital is in the densest area, likewise, the
aspects of the same phenomenon was announced by Danish physicist Niels Bohr in 1928. lowest probability of finding an electron in in the orbital of least dense..

ACTIVITY 1: QUIZ IT! ACTIVITY 2: NAME IT!

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. He was the one who formulate and discover the so called Plank’s constant.
1. What are some experimental evidence supports that electron has a wavelike prop-
A. Lester Germer erty
B. Max Plank
C. Clinton Davisson
D. Arthur Compton
2. Who was the first person to show that light as a form of EM wave? LESSON 2: PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
A. Max Plank
Dispersion
B. Neils Bohr
C. Albert Einstein As light enters into a prism, or an object
D. Arthur Compton that may act as a prism, it separates
3. In what year, the wave nature of electrons was experimentally established? into different band of colors. This sepa-
A. 1917 ration of white light into different col-
B. 1927 ors as it passes through a prism is
C. 1947 called dispersion. The separated band
D. 1967 of colors, red, orange, yellow, green,
4. He proposed that light as a wave can have a particle like property, blue, indigo and violet, ranges from 400
A. Max Plank nanometer to 700 nano meter wave-
B. Lester Germer length. Dispersion occurs due to the
C. Louis de Broglie slight difference in the refractive index
D. Arthur Compton of each color.
5. He proposed that wave has properties such as wavelength and frequency.
A. Max Plank A rainbow is formed after a
B. Lester Germer rainshowerwhen droplets of
C. Louis de Broglie falling water acts as a prism
D. Arthur Compton that separates the rays of the
sun hitting the water droplets
Electron being considered as a wave created questions that gain the interest of other fellow sci- into band of different colors.
entist. Among the question that lingered on the minds of other scientists was that “if electron
traveled as a wave, then where could be the precise position of the electron within the wave?”
Scattering of light is respon-
The answer to this question was given by German physicist Werner Heisenberg in 1927, in his sible for this blue-colored sky
famous Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. He articulated that both the momentum and position and beautiful horizon. Tiny
of the electron can not be measured exactly at the same time. dust particles, and atoms of
oxygen and nitrogen in the at-
Another scientist in the name of Erwin Shrodinger derived set of equations also called wave mosphere which are far apart
functions for electrons as a result of de Broglie’s hypothesis and Heisenberg’s uncertainty princi- from each other acts as scatter-
ple. He formulated the equations that would specify that the electrons confined in their orbits ers. They scatter sunlight in all
would set up standing waves and the probability of finding the electrons in the orbitals could be directions .
described as the electron density clouds.
16
Of the band of colors of light, violet has the shortest wavelength of 400 nanometer. It is scattered However, if the two are closer in size or equal, the amount of bending is considerable, and easily
the most, followed by indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red which is scattered the least. But seen with the naked eye.
our eyes is not sensitive to indigo and violet, and blue is most predominant to our sight , so we
see the blue sky.

In the late afternoon where the sun is in the horizon, the loner wavelength red light reaches our
eyes more than the blue light which are scattered the most.

Red being scattered the least is transmitted and passed through more of the atmosphere than
any other color. Thus, it is the red color together with some orange that reaches our eyes in the
late afternoon and we see the beautiful red-orange sunset.

Clouds are made of water droplets of varying sizes. Smaller droplets scatter blue, green , and yel-
low and even red color. A combination of these color results in white clouds. Rain clouds appear
dark because the water droplets become bigger and denser and it can absorb more light than
scatter it. It almost all colors are absorb, the resulting color is dark or even black.

ACTIVITY 3: EXPERIMENT TIME!

Materials: Liquid soap, water, basin ACTIVITY 4: COMPARE ME
Procedure: Put some water in a basin and pour a good amount of liquid soap. Stir and make Direction: Differentiate dispersion, scattering, interference and diffusion of light. Also, present an
soap suds. Blow on soap suds. Observe. example in each properties of light.

After doing the experiment, write what you observe in the soap bubbles. Do they produce DISPERSION SCATTERING INTERFERENCE DIFFUSION
colors or not?

Interference of light
The beautiful spectrum of colors reflected
on the soap bubbles are produced by the
interference of light. It occurs when 2
waves meet while travelling on the same
medium. It may be constructive interfer-
ence producing bright fringes or destruc-
tive interference producing dark bands. In
the case of soap bubbles, the incident ray of
white light constructively interfere in the
different regions of the bubbles producing
the rainbow-colored appearance. Interfer-
ence of light clearly demonstrates the wave
nature of light .

Diffraction is the slight bending of light as it passes around the edge of an object.
The amount of bending depends on the relative size of the wavelength of light to the size of the
opening. If the opening is much larger than the light's wavelength, the bending will be almost
unnoticeable.
17
POST-ASSESSMENT 9. It is separation of white light into different colors as it passes through a prism.
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. A. Scattering
1. It occurs when 2 waves meet while travelling on the same medium. B. Dispersion
A. Scattering C. Interference
B. Dispersion D. Diffraction
C. Interference 10. It is the slight bending of light as it passes around the edge of an object.
D. Diffraction A. Scattering
2. Why is that rain clouds appear darker? B. Dispersion
A. Water droplets become bigger and denser and it can absorb more light than scatter it. C. Interference
B. Water droplets become bigger and denser and it can reflect more light than scatter it D. Diffraction
C. Water droplets become lower and less denser and it can absorb more light than scatter it.
D. Water droplets become lower and less denser and it can reflect more light than scatter it.
3. It is the most sensitive or dominant color that we can see of our eyes.
A. Blue
B. Violet
C. Indigo
D. All of the above
4. He. proposed that electrons and other discrete bits of matter, must also have wave properties
such as wavelength and frequency.
A. Max Plank
B. Albert Einstein
C. Werner Heisenberg
D. Louis de Broglie
5. It is made of water droplets of varying sizes.
A. Rain
B. Cloud
C. Water droplets
D. Thunder storm
6. In what year, Max Plank was able to formulate and discover the so called Plank’s constant ?
A. 1900
B. 1901
C. 1902
D. 1903
7. He first showed that light, being considered as a form of EM wave.
A. Max Plank
B. Arthur Compton
C. Albert Einstein
D. Clinton Davisson
8. He articulated that both the momentum and position of the electron can not be measured ex-
actly at the same time.
A. Max Plank
B. Albert Einstein
C. Werner Heisenberg
D. Erwin Shrodinger 18
 SECOND QUARTER EXAM IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE 8. Based on Galileo’s experiment, as the inclined plane becomes steeper, the acceleration of ball
_____________________.
General Direction: This is 40 items test, read each directions written in every type of test. A. The same
B. Increases
Multiple Choice Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. C. Decreases
[Link] was the first person to propose that Earth is spherical? D. No changes at all.
A. Aristotle 9. Combination of uniform motion in the horizontal direction and uniformly accelerated motion in
B. Anaxagoras the vertical direction.
C. Pythagoras A. Natural Motion
D. Eratosthenes B. Violent Motion
2. Who argued that if the Moon and the Sun were both spherical, then perhaps, the Earth was also C. Horizontal Motion
spherical. D. Projectile Motion
A. Aristotle 10. It is an object’s change in position with respect to time.
B. Anaxagoras A. Motion
C. Pythagoras B. Natural Motion
D. Eratosthenes C. Violent Motion
3. Who gave the most accurate size of the spherical Earth? D. Horizontal Motion
A. Aristotle 11. It is the bouncing of light.
B. Anaxagoras A. Diffusion
C. Pythagoras B. Reflection
D. Eratosthenes C. Refraction
4. It occurs when the Moon is in between the Sun and the Earth. D. Diffraction
A. Solar Eclipse 12. Tiny stream of particles of matter emitted by a source and spreads outward in straight lines
B. Lunar Eclipse called ______________.
C. Partial Eclipse A. Rays
D. Total Lunar Eclipse B. Photons
5. It occurs when the Earth casts its shadow on the moon when the Earth is between the Sun and C. Quanta
the Moon. D. Quarks
A. Solar Eclipse 13. A surface or object that is capable of absorbing all radiation falling on it.
B. Lunar Eclipse A. Rays
C. Partial Eclipse B. Opaque
[Link] Lunar Eclipse C. Radiation
6. It is a primitive version of a sundial clock. D. Blackbody
A. Nomon 14. It is emitted when electrons of an atom are excited.
B. Gnomon A. Wave
B. Energy
C. Gnomoon
C. Photons
D. Gnoomoon
D. Frequency
7. It describes that the actual path followed by the planets was elliptical, not circular, with the Sun
15. . It is separation of white light into different colors as it passes through a prism.
at one focus of the ellipse.
A. Scattering
A. Law of Motion
B. Dispersion
B. Law of Equal Areas
C. Interference
C. Law of Harmonies
D. Diffraction
D. Law of Ellipses
19
16. It is the slight bending of light as it passes around the edge of an object. C. Regular Reflection
A. Scattering D. Diffraction Reflection
B. Dispersion 25. It is responsible for this blue-colored sky and beautiful horizon.
C. Interference A. Scattering
D. Diffraction B. Interference
[Link] articulated that both the momentum and position of the electron can not be measured ex- C. Diffraction
actly at the same time. D. Refraction
A. Max Plank 26. It occurs when two waves meet while travelling on the same medium.
B. Albert Einstein A. Scattering
C. Werner Heisenberg B. Interference
D. Erwin Shrodinger C. Diffraction
18. He first showed that light, being considered as a form of EM wave. D. Refraction
A. Max Plank 27. Made experiments showed that photons of X-rays decreased in energy when colliding with elec-
B. Arthur Compton trons.
C. Albert Einstein A. Arthur Compton
D. Clinton Davisson B. Albert Einstein
19. It is made of water droplets of varying sizes. C. James Maxwell
A. Rain D. Christian Huygens
B. Cloud 28. He proposed that wave has properties such as wavelength and frequency.
C. Water droplets A. Max Plank
D. Thunder storm B. Lester Germer
20. Why is that rain clouds appear darker? C. Louis de Broglie
A. Water droplets become bigger and denser and it can absorb more light than scatter it. D. Arthur Compton
B. Water droplets become bigger and denser and it can reflect more light than scatter it 29. Why do we get easily sunburned in ultraviolet light but not in visible light?
C. Water droplets become lower and less denser and it can absorb more light than scatter it. A. Because UV light has less energy than visible light
D. Water droplets become lower and less denser and it can reflect more light than scatter it B. Because UV light has more energy than visible light
21. It occurs when 2 waves meet while travelling on the same medium. C. Because UV light has the same energy to visible light
A. Scattering D. Because UV light has the longest wavelength than visible light.
B. Dispersion 30. Why is red light used in photographic darkrooms?
C. Interference A. Because red light enhances the quality of the photo.
D. Diffraction B. Because red light gives extra color to the photo
22. In what year, Max Plank was able to formulate and discover the so called Plank’s constant ? C. Because red light does not ruin the pictures during the developing process.
A. 1900 D. Because red light does not have any effect in developing process of photo,
B. 1901
C. 1902 ESSAY TEST (10 points)
D. 1903 1. In a 1-2 paragraph essay, how would you imagine the world without light?
23. He proposed that light consists of tiny stream particles.
A. Thomas Young
B. Isaac Newton
C. Louis de Brogile
D. Christian Huygens
24. It is produced when light strikes a smooth surface.
A. Rough Reflection
B. Diffuse Reflection
20