Soft Computing

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-020-05122-0 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().
,- volV)

METHODOLOGIES AND APPLICATION

Enhancing cloud security using crypto-deep neural network for privacy

preservation in trusted environment
P. Abirami1 • S. Vijay Bhanu1

 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract
The users in communication interact over cloud for data exchange. The participants are in various levels, and their
expectation varies on the nature of interactions. Though building a common platform for interactions over cloud envi-
ronment is difficult, there is scope for developing security solutions that can ensure confidentiality of data exchange. In the
proposed model distributed secure outsourcing scheme is enhanced using crypto-deep neural network. The proposed model
has cloud server, web server, data center and cloud agent. The model mainly targets in handling impersonation attack using
crypto-deep neural network cloud security (CDNNCS). The proposed framework is suitable for enhancing the level of trust
among cloud users in comparison to secure linear algebraic equation scheme. The performance has been presented in terms
of parameters namely Delay, Jitter, Throughput and Goodput. From the results it can be observed that with CDNNCS
packet loss has been reduced by 10% and the response time has been increased by 5% in comparison to existing approach.

Keywords Cloud
Security
Linear algebraic equation
Neural network

1 Introduction • Power expand min–max and minimization migrations

• Highest potential growth
Cloud can be considered as a virtual hosting environment
They differ in the energy models, cluster formation and
with the behavior of scalability and elasticity on the fly.
node communication mechanism. Fine tuning the optimal
Cloud is broadly categories into three as private, public and
parameters is the key focus for formulating the algorithm in
community category. In general, cloud offerings are
the paper. This research paper aims at proposing solution
infrastructure as a service, platform as a service and soft-
for enhancing security aspects in cloud environment, by
ware as a service.
using a crypto-deep neural network.
1.1 Energy aspects of cloud computing
2 Related works
Energy is related to the access aspects of cloud computing.
The access is related to the infrastructure and type of
Cloud security is a broad spectrum and presents many
operations by cloud users. Most popular algorithms are the
challenges. However, in this paper, the paper outlines
following:
addressing approaches, Quality of Service parameters,
• Maximum bin packing Deep learning approach and its related challenges in cloud
environment.
Communicated by V. Loia.
2.1 Cloud service addressing
& P. Abirami
abiramipadmanaban.research@gmail.com Kritikos and Plexousakis (2015) in their paper present a
S. Vijay Bhanu multiple cloud-based application tool that can do the better
svbhanu22@gmail.com cloud service composition on the basis of the user
1
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
requirements. This design approach could be able to do
Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India various types of cloud services at the same time. The

123

above-mentioned simultaneous approach is not seen in the
previous cloud service designs. The approach includes
quality, security, deployment, placement and the cost
requirements concurrently. The parameters used for the
approach are QoS, cost, utility function, availability.
Average solving time is the parameter used for the analysis
of the result. Performance wise and stability wise the
approach has to be improved. The above approach has not
yet been integrated with the cloud service solution to
provide it for multi cloud applications.
Dynamic data driven cloud systems (DDDCS) is a cloud
servicing approach proposed by Shekhar (2016). This
method deals with the challenges faced by the IOT appli-
cations in the cloud. Approach works as, by using the
appropriate cloud resources the method could adapt itself
to the varying requirements. This continuously enhances
the infrastructure of the cloud. This is applied and tested in
various IOT and smart city transportations. The major
parameters considered are networking latency, computa-
tional needs and timeliness. Distributed algorithms and
distributed cloud-based systems have to be used for the
approach.
A unified monitoring and management framework
developed by Zhao et al. (2016). In their approach this
method consists of 4 components which includes a moni-
toring application, a compiler, an executable engine and a
runtime. Totally this approach provides better management
services and integrated monitoring for cloud and services.
The read and write performances with some databases like
MYSQL and HBase are used for the assessment of the
approach and also the proposed model is compared with
other 3 more already existing models for the performance,
functioning and agility. The limitation of the method is
only the fundamental model is developed and still the other
services are yet to be covered.
Khasnabish et al. (2017) proposed a Tier-centric Busi-
ness and Cost Analysis (T-BICA), a tier-centric optimal
resource allocation algorithm, as a solution for rapid pur-
veying of the IT resources in the modern enterprise cloud
environment. This method and analytic lessens the cost by
65.19%, and performance increased by 74.18% with cloud
provisioning. Efficiency of utilization is also increased by
the above-mentioned approach. The method analyzes the
cpu usage and the storage consumption with the other
approaches as the parameters for comparison. The cost and
time are the other major parameters considered for the
analysis.
2.2 Deep learning
Xu et al. (2020) considers the issues like user’s privacy and
the correctness of the results from the server side. The
given approach helps in solving the above-mentioned two
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P. Abirami, S. V. Bhanu
approaches. VerifyNet is the approach given in the paper,
where it guarantees the privacy. Data set used is the real-
world data for the approach. The performance parameters
for the analysis of the proposed method is Classification
accuracy, verification accuracy, functionality, performance
of the analysis of client and server. The communication
overhead of the entire protocol is one of the disadvantages
found in the proposed method.
Kwabena et al. (2019) proposed MSCryptoNet as state-
of-the-art neural network to the MSCryptoNet models in
the privacy-conserving setting. Deals with the encryption
and minimization of communication and computational
costs. The performance evaluation is based on accuracy,
runtime and data transfer. The proposed method gives
better results in all the three approaches compared with the
existing ones.
Packets can be inspected with artificial neural network-
based approach for training the network of packet inspector
by Yoon (2019) provides the characterization of the IoT
attacks and for each attack formation of neural network
nodes. The method detects and prevents the attacking
packages. Time and error rate and the major two perfor-
mance comparison methods of this model. With the com-
parison of the other models this shows better results. The
Raspberry—Pi is used as the network service to serve only
the IoT devices.
A decentralized block-chain-based prediction as a ser-
vice method, proposed by Santhosh et al. (2019) in their
paper gives some counter measures to some attacks by
executing deep neural network models. The system per-
formance is produced with the response time and changes
while during the varying complexity are the trainable
parameters. In both decentralized and centralized servers
the experiments are done. Model extraction attacks are still
an ongoing issue for the above-mentioned method. It
cannot deal with multiple attacks at a single time.
In this approach, Hesamifard et al. (2019) proposed to
use convolutional neural network over the data that is
encrypted. This can help in dealing with the privacy-pre-
serving classification in a Machine Learning as a Service
(MLaaS). The performance of the system is evaluated at
each step. The MNIST optical character recognition is
applied and achieved a result with an accuracy of 99.25%.
The accuracy, running time, data transfer and predictions
are the major analysis parameters used in the approach.
The current system deals with the simple data and privacy
preserving training of the deep neural networks is not
mentioned.
2.3 Hierarchical agent-based method
A hierarchical agent-based method proposed by Farah-
nakian et al. (2014), where according to the resources
Enhancing cloud security using crypto-deep neural network for privacy preservation…
multiple agents work together to reduce the active physical
machines. The result shows that it can reduce energy
consumption, without any reduction in the quality. The
performance evaluation is done based on Average SLA
Violation Percentage and energy consumption. The method
is just only compared with the three benchmark algorithms
in cloudSim.
Han and Stroulia (2014) analyzed hierarchical clouds.
Spatiotemporal data is analyzed with HBase with aggre-
gation. An aggregation-based approach is presented for a
cloud environment.
Marrero-Almonte et al. (2015) proposed a conceptual-
ized approach with hierarchical model. In this approach,
they provide content integration and various business
models on the basis of cloud and ITS ecosystem are gen-
erated. This provides the benefit of scalability, reliability
and elasticity on the resources that are shared. Flexibility in
the cloud services are the other benefit for the method.
Al-Rayis and Kurdi (2013) in their paper provides a
bridging gap between 3 load balancing architectures hier-
archical, decentralized, centralized load balancers. Cloud
delivery models, service type, cloud deployment, applica-
tion type, model Simulation time, Number of servers, cli-
ents, load balancers are the parameters used in the
approach. Private and hybrid clouds are not yet considered
in the given approach.
A light-weight and the most scalable hierarchical-MVC
architecture for the Web application development in a
Cloud environment proposed by Ma et al. (2019) that
supports application structure and feature-based modular-
ization. Proposed methods provide maintainability and
scalability in both the front and back end components. The
maintenance components are not yet developed in this
proposed architecture.
Data mining for K-means approach is a successful
approach developed by Nair and Madhuri (2011). Hierar-
chical virtual K-means is the algorithm they have used with
Euclidean Distance Formula for the distance measurement.
The results produced homogenous data spread over various
data centers and machines in the cloud.
To access the existing component libraries is very dif-
ficult and also it faces infrastructure supply and mainte-
nance challenges. Junwei et al. (2011) in their paper
proposed a cloud computing model that resolved the
above-mentioned issues. A hierarchical component model
is introduced for this. A component library retrieval
framework can improve the scalability and performance of
the system. The running time of various file sizes with the
corresponding document size is used for the analysis of the
results. This is not much of a cost efficient system.
Currie et al. (2014) in their paper proposed a cloud-
based approach with problem solving. The conflicts on
resource allocations are a common thing. So the monitoring
could give a healthy and proper service for the users.
Response time from the server to the number of requests is
used for the analysis of the methodology. Although proper
results are produced there are chances of getting abnormal
behavior over various places while using the algorithm is
spotted. The system complexity is also a bit high because
of the application running over several servers.
2.4 QoS and cloud security
Two key elements proposed by Hammami et al. (2012) are
ubiquitous services in service-oriented architecture and the
second one considers QoS management that has security
aspects on the basis of Event Driven Architecture. The
major components considered in the approach are avail-
ability, capacity, reliability and delay. The method is a
better approach for cloud user requirements and also can
face major security attacks (Karunakaran 2019).
Security is one of the major issues faced in the cloud. In
their paper Sarma et al. (2017) proposed the model for
handling the insecurities and also the performance is also
much better. KNN algorithm is the major one used in their
approach. The classifier QoS mentioned in the paper pro-
vides significant performance and cost improvements for
the overall mechanism.
Kahvazadeh et al. (2019) in their paper used decoupled
transversal security strategy (DCF) with a novel architec-
tural-oriented policy contending the QoS-Security trade-off
The major steps involved in their method are authentication
phase, key distribution and management, service request
assignment and execution. The major target is to analyze
the consequence of adding certainty QoS for a F2C system.
The parameters for the analysis include the number of
blocking per service request. The proposed method is not
capable of supporting CAU dynamic collaborative
scenarios.
Xu et al. (2018) proposed a Sos-driven approach for
cloud service and security. The CCS with hidden Markov
model that gathers certainty factors such as malicious
attacks and also the safety protection mechanism is taken
with a hierarchical model is proposed to build the flexible
connection between service execution and reliability. The
parameter values for the security mechanisms are intensity
of a reliable mechanism, existing probability of VM, state
transition probability and mean sojourn time. Service rate
and average completing rate are the analysis parameters.
The service-oriented computing method is not much sup-
ported by this approach.
To those who consider adopting cloud storage service
(CSS) for data access, cost, security, and production are the
problems faced by the users. Su and Dai (2017) proposed
QoS-aware Distributed Cloud Storage Service (QDCSS)
that targets to supply users using appropriate CSS in
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accordance with their quality of service (QoS). This
includes problem formulation, solution reduction, QDCSS-
optimization and QDCSS-Approximation. Data back top
and data sharing are not much supported in this approach.
Frey et al. (2014) proposed the scaling of cloud QoS
using fuzzy logic. In their method we can optimize a cloud
service with additional imprecise information, pattered
with fuzzy logic and can be used in a conduct, load and the
execution predictive prototype. Fuzzy rule set is an
important component mentioned in their paper. The results
show that the responding time and the SLA threshold are
better retained. The violations of the SLA are also very
less. But there is no space for mentioning the imprecise
information input.
Chen and Zhu (2017) in their approach contract theory
developed a framework that combines cyber-physical
coatings of the Internet of Controlled things. The device
plans a menu of contracts for a better compatible and
reliable service. This method is a capable cloud induced
framework that imparts a methodical approach to remove
over-sight of the physical systems. The major parameters in
the evaluation of this method are quality control with the
cloud quality. The paper is limited to only symmetric
information and intermittent cloud service providers and
also the security between the cyber-level and physical layer
is less. The broad category of cryptographic algorithms is
presented below in Fig. 1 (Wahid et al. 2018):
Na and Huh (2014) proposed a methodology that could
assess the reliability prospect of cloud computing in the
outlook of the users for both the service and security-level
agreement. This is attained with a compound focus on the
basis of benefits type, network environments and proba-
bilities of threats to attain a security-SLA analysis. The
various parameters for the evaluation are security storage,
security networking, access control, secure handling, audit,
authentication and consent. A user perspective-level
security-SLA evaluation is not attained in this approach.
From the study it can be concluded that there is scope for
improvement in the following findings:
(i) Improving security in node authentication process
(ii) Anonymous certificate generation and verification
against impersonation attacks
(iii) Applying crypto-deep neural network to maintain
the data secrecy
(iv) Deep learning with hyperparameter tuning will
improve the trust of users in the network.
2.5 Motivation
Cloud computing is related to access of data and information
in a open access environment (Raj and Smys 2019). There is
large scope for users trying to access the data in open envi-
ronment. This becomes largely difficulty in current situa-
tions of access to services in a remote manner. As the number
of users increases, the nodes have constraint in terms of
resources and security. Providing a framework with algo-
rithms considering the security aspects using deep learning is
the main focus of the work. The work can be applied for
health care in the following directions (IBM 2020):
(a) The patient data as it is stored and accessed in open
environment
(b) Access to health care data at various levels like
guest, admin, third-party users
(c) Access to medical records that is stored over time in
distributed data servers.
2.6 Methodology
The proposed contribution suggests a framework interac-
tion that has the following components:

Fig. 1 Cryptographic
algorithms hierarchy

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Enhancing cloud security using crypto-deep neural network for privacy preservation…
Fig. 2 Overall architecture for cloud users
• Cloud Server: The centralized server to provide the
available cloud resource to the user device
• Web Server: The primary interface to access the cloud
server
• Data Center: The repository composed of networked
storage and computers to perform the computing
• Cloud Agent: The agent portal to provide the subscrip-
tion and the registration process for the users
• impersonation attack: The attackers in which an adver-
sary successfully assumes the identity of one of the
legitimate parties in a system
The overall architecture diagram is presented in Fig. 2.
During interaction, the users have a challenge in
securing the information. This can be found by imperson-
ation attack. The attack is largely persistent and is found
using the proposed algorithm [crypto-deep neural network
cloud security (CDNNCS)] as presented below:
The resource and the credential information of the cloud data
center and the user are protected by applying the LAE
outsourcing model
From the available information about the user and the server, the
secured data projection process is initiated as follows
The input 2 9 2 matrix is formulated with the data scheduling
requirement, trust metric based on the credential and the
corresponding additive value with the expected variance and the
pCap values
For the input matrix, orthogonal projection matrix is computed as
follows
Initially, the identity matrix is formed for the corresponding
2 9 2 matrix
I=10
01
The input matrix is considered as matrix A and the Transpose of
A is computed and denoted as AT
Using the matrix multiplication, product of the A and AT is
estimated in both form as A_AT = A*AT and AT_A = AT*A
By taking the ratio between these two with the subtraction value
with the identity matrix is computed as follows
I_AAT_ATA = I - A_AT/AT_A
This matrix is considered as projected matrix and it is denoted as
Pi
The transpose of the Pi is computed and represented as PiT
The product of the PiT and Pi calculated and marked as PiT_Pi
For this value matrix, the inverse matrix is applied as follows
PiT_Pi = a b
cd
inverse = 1./(determinant) * d - b
-ca
determinant = (bd - ca)
The Pi matrix is multiplied with inverse matrix and the output is
also multiplied with the PiT matrix
The final output matrix indicates the orthogonal projection matrix
with the next iterative projection
The validation is performed based on the value of the projection
matrix
The second phase uses distributed neural network for
ensuring security during transactions.
During the system initialization process, cloud server generates
the system parameters from the bilinear parameters
It selects two random number as master key from the bilinear
mapping and also selects the cryptographic hash function
During the registration process, devices store the Cloud server
information and the corresponding webserver
In this phase, the users directly perform the registration process
by providing its identity-based information to the CS
CS receives and validates the registration information and
generates the key for each individual users
CS generates the original identity and dummy identity by using
the random numbers and modules function with the large prime
number
It computes the mapping information (Ti) by using the power and
inverse function which takes random number as input and
generates the authorization key
The security model for generating the key is derived using the
crypto-deep neural network
It contains the multiple level of latent variable as hidden units
The probability of the nodes are distributed using the Bernoulli
distributiont
The training model is applied with the collaborative deep learning
algorithm with the combined form of forward propagation and
backward propagation
The weight value for the input neuron is updated using the
method of gradient descent
The gradient descent is the first order iterative optimization
function with the approximate gradients
The derivative of the ReLU function is used as the activation
function
In the hidden layers, the weight update is performed by applying
the gradient descent function in the reconstruction step
With the forward and backward propagation, the output layer is
obtained with the required anonymous certificate information
This anonymous information is propagated to the user device as
secret parameter
The user generates the anonymous certificate from the secret
parameter using the hash function, certificate parameters,
random dummy identity of the user
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 P. Abirami, S. V. Bhanu

The anonymous certificate is transmitted to the CS by using the 3.2 Discussion

WebServer as intermediate device from the user devices
From the anonymous certificate, the CS extracts the public key The proposed algorithm [crypto-deep neural network cloud
information and dummy identity of the users security (CDNNCS)] is compared with secure linear alge-
The CS validates that the extracted information should be equal braic equation (SLAE) and the results are presented below
to the public parameters of the user during the registration in the graphs.
process
From Fig. 3 it can be observed that number of transac-
Upon successful validation, the user is considered as the
authenticated user to access the service
tions increases with time. It can also be observed that the
In order to authenticate and preserve the integrity of the message
during the data transmission, the short time anonymous
signature is generated
If the certificate validation is failed then the device is reported as
malicious device and the same is eliminated from the data
transmission and in the service access

The approach has a learning component that ensures

security with authentication. The simulation and analysis is
presented in the following section.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Simulation environment

The proposed algorithm using deep neural network is

simulated using NS2. The simulation parameters is pre-
sented in Table 1.

Fig. 3 Time versus transactions

Table 1 Simulation parameters for cloud security model
Parameter Value

No of nodes 50
Mac type IEEE802.11
Queue type Priority queue
Coverage area 250 m
Topology area 1000 9 1000
Antenna type OmniDirectional
Packet size 2000
Connection type UDP
Application type Web data using CBR
Packet generation interval 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3
Data rate 3 mbps
Simulation time 100–200 s
No of transactions generated 100 with average request of 3
in unit time handled per second
No of cloud server 1
No of web server 5
No of data center 5
No of cloud agents 10

Fig. 4 Time versus PDR

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Enhancing cloud security using crypto-deep neural network for privacy preservation…
Fig. 5 Time versus NRO
Fig. 6 Time versus delay
proposed algorithm (CDNNCS) allows for more transac-
tions compared to SLAE algorithm.
From Fig. 4 it can be observed that packet delivery ratio
increases with time. It can also be observed that the pro-
posed algorithm (CDNNCS) has less computational over-
head compared to SLAE algorithm.
Fig. 7 Time versus Througput
From Fig. 5 it can be observed that NRO decreases with
time. It can also be observed that the proposed algorithm
(CDNNCS) hence provides reliable communication with
less packet loss compared to SLAE algorithm.
From Fig. 6 it can be observed that delay decreases with
time. It can also be observed that the proposed algorithm
(CDNNCS) has 10% less delay compared to SLAE
algorithm.
From Fig. 7 it can be observed that throughput increases
with time. It can also be observed that the proposed algo-
rithm (CDNNCS) provides faster response time for users
compared to SLAE algorithm.
From Fig. 8 it can be observed that Goodput increases
with time. It can also be observed that the proposed algo-
rithm (CDNNCS) follows a ramp like pattern for users
compared to SLAE algorithm. It can be observed that the
packet loss is reduced to a optimal minimum using the
proposed CDNNCS algorithm.
From Fig. 9 it can be observed that jitter decreases with
time. It can also be observed that the proposed algorithm
(CDNNCS) provides error free communication compared
to SLAE algorithm. The Algorithm proposed is better
because of the following reasons as seen from graphs
above:
• Increase in packet-level communication
• Reduction in delay for delivering packets to destination
• Optimal data utilization
The algorithm performance is presented as a summary in
Table 2.
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 P. Abirami, S. V. Bhanu

Table 2 Cloud computing-based challenges

Cloud Infrastructure as a service (IAAS)—running an
services private data with the capability of scaling and fault
tolerance. This provides rapid solution for any
individuals or corporate to adopt Cloud
environment for their purpose
Platform as a service (PAAS)—the cloud service
provide take care of OS, middleware, scaling and
fault tolerance etc. This helps a lot startups &
Entrepreneur to develop their business and
researches
Software as a service (SAAS)—the complete
solution is offered with cloud provider, if the
solution is suitable for business can be adopted
immediately
Cloud Subscriptions, resource groups, virtual machines,
concepts connectivity (VNET to VNET, VPN (between
resource groups, subscriptions and on-premises),
monitoring, scaling, storage, identity access
management (IAM), access controls etc., fault
tolerance, governance and compliance
Security for Key security concern and considering on Cloud
cloud environment are
Fig. 8 Time versus Goodput Secure deployment
Segregation of environment on internal aspects and
securing from external attacks
Storage management
Identity and access management [includes of
multifactor authentication (MFA)]
Continuous monitoring if performance and security
Vulnerability management solutions (anti-virus,
IDS/IPS, SIEM, vulnerability scanning etc.)
Encryption and key management
Data privacy
Governance, risk and compliance monitoring

4 Conclusion and future work

The paper has proposed a Crypto-Deep Neural Network

Cloud Security (CDNNCS) for enhancing the security in
the network. The node-level traffic has been presented and
the communication is enhanced using proposed model. The
learning component serves as the key factor for improving
the security of the network. It can be observed from the
Fig. 9 Time versus Jitter
graphs that the proposed CDNNCS algorithm improves the
communication level with optimal traffic and security. The
In overall from Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 it can be
trust is improved in the cloud environment using the pro-
observed that the proposed Deep learning
posed crypto-deep neural network cloud security. The work
Approach (CDNNCS) improves the security of the
can be extended in future considering the dynamic
network model in cloud environment (Table 3).
behavior of the node communication in cloud environment
using other Deep learning architectures. Considering the
access-level nature of users, it is also suggested to consider

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Enhancing cloud security using crypto-deep neural network for privacy preservation…

Table 3 Summary of
Time Delay Dropping ratio Goodput Jitter
performance of algorithms
SLAE CDNNCS SLAE CDNNCS SLAE CDNNCS SLAE CDNNCS

100 0.28163 0.131568 10.8235 5.52941 56,812.1 121,611 0.111875 0.105721

125 0.283623 0.13422 12 5.45455 56,412.9 119,207 0.113404 0.105718
150 0.479047 0.305045 13.037 6 33,399.7 52,451.3 0.114791 0.106328
175 0.624944 0.405311 13.25 6.0625 25,602.3 39,475.9 0.115111 0.106419
200 0.717043 0.42905 12.1044 5.55247 22,313.9 37,291.7 0.1141 0.105896

the behavioral aspects of the users as a multivariate prob-
lem in cloud environment.
Acknowledgement This research is not supported under any funding.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of
interest.
Research involving human participants and/or animal This article
does not contain any studies with human participants or animals
performed by any of the authors.
Informed consent All referred study is highlighted in the Literature
Review.
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