MODALS USE: Modal+ have + past EXAMPLE

PERFECT participle
SHOULD/ Criticism or regret after an -We should have/ought to have
OUGHT TO event bought a flat years ago
HAVE
COULD HAVE Possibility to have done -We could have moved to New
something but in fact did York, but we stayed here.
not
MAY/ MIGHT A guess about a past action/ -The new road may not/ might
HAVE possibility taht something not have been a good idea.
was true

MUST HAVE Certainty that something -He has gone to live in Paris, so he
was true must have found a job there.

WOULD Willingness to do -I would have been here earlier

HAVE something but in fact but I got stuck in traffic.
could not
CAN’T HAVE Certainty that something -Joe can’t have/ couldn’t have
/ COULDN’T is impossible bought that house. He hasn’t got
any Money.
HAVE
NEEDN’T Unnecessary past action -You needn’t have walked to the
HAVE shop. There is a bus that stops
right there.