MASS TRANSFER EXPERIMENT 02 ADITYA CHAWLA | 19CH10006 VERIFICATION OF RAYLEIGH’S EQUATION FOR BATCH DISTILLATION Objective: 1, To perform batch distillation of a binary liquid mixture 2, To verify Reyleigh’s equation for batch distillation Theory: Differential or simple distillation is another name for batch distillation. A batch of liquid is charged into a kettle with a heating apparatus in this distillation. The charge is gently boiled, with the fumes condensing and being collected as distillate. If the distillation is carried out at an endlessly slow rate, the vapor emitted from the liquid will be in equilibrium with the liquid. However, if the heating is carried out quickly, the latter state will never be reached For a binary liquid mixture, Rayleigh derived the following equation: Where, F = moles of feed composition X, = mole fraction of more volatile component in feed mole fraction of more volatile component in residue W = moles of residual liquid of composition X, y'= mole fraction of more volatile component in liquid and vapor phases By performing a material balance, we get: FOX,=W-X,+D-¥,,,, The values of in Gj) and ¥, ,,, Will be estimated using the data obtained from the experiment. The integral on RHS of the Rayleigh Equation can be estimated using the vapor-liquid equilibrium data of the volatile species. Experimental details: The set-up consists of a round-bottomed flask, a condenser, distillate receiver, and other accessories like a thermometer, heating mantle, etc.Abinary liquid mixture in particular proportions is gently heated in the round-bottomed flask. The distillation process is finished when one-third of the liquid in the flask has been distilled over. The distillate and residue components are identified. The volumes of the distillate and residue are also measured for the material balance equation. The experimental value of x, for the final distillate is used to calculate W and x,,, Experimental Data: Toluene concentration (%volume) Refractive index 0 1.352 20 1.3692 40 1.394 60 1.4323 80 1.4537 100 1.481 Sample Calculation: Refractive Index of distillate = 1.379 Refractive index of residue = 1.45 Feed = 100 ml of Toluene and 100 ml of Acetone = 0,867 g/em* Protuene Prrcctone = 0-791 gem? The calibration data is used to generate the following curve:Refractive index vs. Toluene concentration (%evolume) (© Fonacve dex — 135+ 2:26.000+ 13360402 +4526 069+ SSIE-ORC4 + 2996: 1005 145 . * 2 0 : 7 : ° 138) Tetueneconcentaton (volume) Equation: y = 1.35 + 2,12E-03x + -1.33E-04x"2 + 4,52E-06x"3 + -5,61E-08x"4 + 2.33E-10x"5 Toluene concentrations obtained: % Toluene in distillat % Toluene in residue 30.4977% 74.AB5A% Assuming no loss in the forms of vapors, Toluene = 222.» 66,67x0.867 = 17.62859 = 0.19 mol Acetone = 8048? + 66,67 x0,791 = 36,6527 g = 0.63mol = 0.77 Yy aug ~ Ua9+0.68 Feed Composition Toluene = 0.921 mol Acetone = 1.36 mol= 0.60 aR D = (0.921 + 1.36) — (0.19 + 0.63) = 1,461 mol 1x, — DY, 4,,)/W = 0.50 In (FM) = 0.445 Equilibrium Data: 0.066 | 0.176 | 0,232 | 0.294 | 0.357 | 0.404 | 0.473 | 0.521 | 0.663 | 0.720 | 0.774 | 0.848 | 1.0 0.472 | 0.690 | 0.743 | 0.785 | 0.818 | 0.838 | 0.864 | 0.879 | 0.918 | 0.933 | 0.945 | 0.963 | 1.0 2.463 | 1.946 | 1.957 | 2.037 | 2.169 | 2.304 | 2.558 | 2.793 | 3.922 | 4.695 | 5.848 | 8.696 | - Plot: x and 1/(y*-x) ewe 3.48 + -20.5x + 89.7x"2 + -155x"3 + 101x%4 10 00 02 04 06 08Equation: y = 3.48 -20.8x + 89.7x"2 -155x"3 + 101x™4 x and 1/(y*-x) © My) 3.48 +-20.5x + 89.7012 + -155x'9 + 10144 10 ° 00 02 04 06 08 ‘As a result, the integral from the preceding function from x,, = 0.5 to x, = 0.6 is 0.28077. Discussion: Batch distillation was performed on the prescribed Toluene-Acetone Mixture, and the appropriate refractive indices were reported. By solving the integrand with a best-fit curve and then computing the area subtended by it, the Rayleigh Equation is confirmed using Equilibrium and Calibration data, Error Analysis of the Rayleigh Equation: Theoretical Value (RHS — gained from Equilibrium data) = 0.28077. Experimental Value (LHS — derived from Calibration data) = 0.445, As a result, the error is 40%, Conclusion: We were unable to verify the validity of the Rayleigh Equation using the provided data/procedure, resulting in a 40% error between the LHS and RHS. But that doesn't change the fact that the Rayleigh equation is still useful for batch distillation predictions. Sources of error: 1. To maintain the temperature sensor dipped in the solution throughout the experiment, use adequate mixture feed. As a result, some of the errors were caused. 2. continuous heat flux should be provided for the distillation of the binary mixture of acetone and toluene.Precautions: ‘We must assure that no Toluene vapors are released into the atmosphere. They considerably alter the findings by weakening Distillate concentrations, and they are also flammable, posing a risk if released.