LESSONPLAN

COURSENO.
:H/
SSAC-
243

COURSETI
TLE: Soi
l
,Wat
erandpl
antanal
ysi
s

COURSECREDI
TS–2(
1+1)

SEMESTER

(
FACULTYOFHORTI
CULTURE)

(
Appr
ovedbyCoor
dinat
ionCommi
tt
eeofSoi
lSci
enceandAgr
il
.Chemi
str
y)

DEPARTMENTOFSOI
LSCI
ENCEANDAGRI
CULTURALCHEMI
STRY

2016
 Cour
seTi
tl
e:Soi
l,Wat
erandpl
antanal
ysi
sB.Sc.(
Hor
ti
.)

Cour
seNo.:
H/SSAC-
243 Semester
:IV(
New) Cr
edi
t:2(
1+1)
Teachi
ngSchedul
e

a)Theor
y

Lect
ur Topi
c Wei
ght
age
eNo.

1&2 Import
ance and obj
ect
ive ofsoi
l
,wat
erand pl
ant 10
anal
ysi
s.

Pri
nci
plesofI
nst
rument
ati
onsi
nsoi
l
,wat
erandpl
ant
anal
ysi
s

3 Methods of soi
l
,wat er and pl
ant sampl
i
ng and 7.
5
pr
ocessi
ngforanaly
sis

4 Nut
ri
entmobi
l
ity
,di
ff
usi
onandmassf
low 7.
5

5 Renewal
ofgasesi
nsoi
landt
hei
rabundance 5

6 Pr
inciplesandMethodsofmeasur
ementofoxy
gen 7.
5
di
ffusionrat
eandr
edoxpot
ent
ial

7&8 Radi
otracertechnologyappli
cat
ioni
npl
antnut
ri
ent
s 10
st
udi
esandf erti
l
ityeval
uati
on

9 Soi
lmi
cro-
organi
smsandt
hei
rimpor
tance 5

10 Sal
i
neandal
kal
iappr
aisal
andmanagement 5

11 Aci
dsoi
lappr
aisal
andmanagement 5

12 Wat
erl
oggedsoi
lappr
aisal
andmanagement 5

13 Sandysoi
lappr
aisal
andmanagement 5

14 Chemi
caland mi
ner
alcomposi
ti
on ofhor
ti
cul
tur
al 7.
5
cr
ops

15 Leafanaly
sisstandards,i
ndext
issue,i
nter
pretati
onof 10
l
eafanalysisvalues,Qual
it
yofirr
igat
ionwat er.Rapi
d
ti
ssuetestforpl
ant
 16 Managementofpoorquali
tyi
rr
igati
onwateri
ncr
op 10
management
.Soi
lpol
lut
ionandwaterpol
l
uti
on

Tot
al 100

Lesson:1&2

I
mpor
tanceandobj
ect
iveofsoi
l,
wat
erandpl
antanal
ysi
s.
Pr
inci
plesofI
nst
rument
ati
onsi
nsoi
l,
wat
erandpl
antanal
ysi
s

Soiltesti
ngandpl antanal ysisar eusef ult ool sf ormaki ngr ecommendat i
onsf orthe
appli
cationoff ertili
zert ocr ops.Wher eassoi ltest inggi vesameasur eoftheav ail
abil
it
y
ofnut r
ientst ocr ops,pl antanal ysisi ndi catest heact ualr emov aloft henutri
entsf r
om
thesoil.
Impor tanceofsoi ltest i
ng:
1.Gr oupi ng soi li nt o cl asses r elativet ot he lev el
s ofnut r
ientsfor
suggest ing
fertili
zerpr actice.
2.Pr edi cti
ngt opr obabi l
ityofget tingpr ofi
tabler esponse.
3.Toev aluat ethesoi l product ivit
y
4.Det er mi ningt hespeci f
icsoi l condi tionsl i
keal kali,
sal i
nit
yandaci dit
y
whi chl imi tsthecr opy i
elds.
Impor tanceofpl antanal y sis:
1.Di agnosi ngofv isiblesy mpt oms.
2.I dent i
fyinghi ddenhunger .
3.Locat ingar easofi ncipientdef icienci es.
4.I ndi cat i
ngwhet hert heappl iednut rientshav eent eredt heplant
5.I ndi cat i
ngi nteract ionsorant agoni smsamongnut rientelements.
Obj ect iv esofsoi ltest ing
1. Evaluationoff ertili
tyst atusofsoi l
2. Estimat i
onoft heav ail
ablenut rientsst atusofsoi l
3. Evaluationoft hesui tabili
tyofsoi l forlay i
nggar den
4. De t
ermi nationofaci dity,salinityandal kal i
ni typr oblemsand
5. Recommendat ionoft her equi redamountoff ertil
izers,limeorgy psum basedon
soiltestv alue.
Obj ecti
v esofsoi lt esting
 1.Plantanal ysi
sassessesnutri
entuptakewhil
esoilt
esti
ngpredi
ctsnut
ri
ent
av ail
abili
ty.
2.Thet wot estsarecomplementarytoeachotherascropmanagementtool
s.
3.Plantanal ysi
swill
detectunseenhiddenhungerandconfi
rmv i
sual
deficiencysymptoms.
4.Toxi clevel
smayal sobedetected.
5.I
fitisdoneear ly
,plantanal
ysi
swi l
lall
owacor r
ecti
vefer
ti
li
zerappl
i
cati
oni
n
thesameseason.

Pr
inci
plesofI
nst
rument
ati
onsi
nsoi
l,
wat
erandpl
antanal
ysi
s
pHMETER

ThepH isameasur eofhydr ogen orhydroxylion acti

vit
yoft hesoil
watersystem andexpr essestheaci di
tyandal kal
init
yofsoi l. ThepH ofa
soluti
on has been def
ined as the negat
ive l
ogarithm oft he hydr
ogen ion
activi
tywhichinverydi l
utesoluti
onscanbeexpr essedasconcent rati
on,in
gram moleperlitr
e.

pH=-
l H+]
og10[

As t
he acti
viy ofH+ i
t on inthe solut
ion i
ncreases,t
he pH val ues
decr
ease i
ndicat
ing an i
ncr
ease i
n acidi
ty.The pH i
s measured on a 0-14
l
ogarit
hmicscaleproposedbySorensenin1909.

ELECTRI
CALCONDUCTI
VITYMETER

Theel ectricalconduct ivi

tyi sameasur eoft heabili
t yofasaltsoluti
on
tocar ryelectr i
ccur r
entbyt hemi grationofi onsundert heinfl
uenceofan
electri
cf ield.Li ke a met allic conduct or,soluti
ons also obey Ohm’sl aw.
Increase int emper ature promot es di ssoci
ati
on wi th a consequentrise i
n
conduct i
vity.Sal tionsl i
kemet als,allow theelectri
ccur r
entt opassthrough
them.Hence,t heel ectri
calconduct i
vityoft hesolutionriseswithincr
easing
contentofsol ublesal tsinthesol ution.

Consi
dertwovert
icalpl
ateseachofar eaA,separ
atedbyadi
stanceb,
i
mmersedinal i
qui
d.Ifapotenti
aldiff
erenceV isappl
iedacr
osstheplat
e,
t
hecurr
entIfl
owingthr
oughtheplateshasar el
ati
on:

V=IxR or R=V/
I

Wher
eRi
sther
esi
stancebet
weent
het
wopl
ates.Ther
esi
stanceRi
sgi
ven
by

R=(
b/A)xResi
sti
vit
yofl
iqui
d.
Resi
sti
vit
y=1/Conduct
ivi
ty(
C)

Ther
efor
e,

R=(
b/A)x(
1/C) or C=(
b/A)x(
I/V)

Thus f
ora gi
ven val
ue ofA,b,and V,conduct
ivi
tyC i
s cal
cul
ated by
measuri
ngt
hecurr
entIfl
owingbet
weenthet
woplates.

SPECTROPHOTOMETER

Whenabeam ofmonochr omat iclightfall

suponasubst ance, t
hefractionoft he
l
ightabsor bedisaf uncti
onoft heconcent rat
ionoft hesubst anceandt hepat hlength.
Spectr
ophot ometr yi st he determinat i
on oft he concentration ofa subst ance by
measur i
ngt herel ativ
eabsor ption,ort ransmi ssionoflightwi thr espectt oaknown
concentrati
on.Spect r
ophotomet ri
canal ysisisbasedont hemeasur ementofi nt
ensi t
y
ofradiantenergyaf t
eritpassest hroughasampl esolut i
on.A monochr omat i
clight
beam ofknowni ntensityispassedt hrought het estsoluti
onandt heintensityoft he
tr
ansmi tt
edbeam i sdet erminedwi t
ht hehel pofaphot oelect r
iccel l
.Itisbasedon
Beer’
sl aw whichst atesthatthei ntensityofamonochr omat icl i
ghtbeam decr eases
exponentiall
yast heconcent rati
onoft heabsor bingsubstancei ncreasesar it
hmet i
cally,
asexpressedbel ow:

l
ogI
0/I
t=kC

Where,I0andI tar
et heintensi
ti
esoft hei
nci
dentradiat
ionandtransmit
ted
r
adi
ati
on,
respect
ivel
y.Cdenotestheconcent
rat
ioni
nsol
uti
on,andkisaconstant
.

FLAMEPHOTOMETER

When a sol uti

on ofsal tis spr ay ed int
oaf lame,the sal tbr eaks intot he
componentat omsduet ohi ghtemper ature.Theener gyprovi
dedbyt heflameexci tes
theor bi
talel
ectronst ohigherener gylev els.Whent heseelectr
onsr eturntot heirgr
ound
state,theyemi tachar acteri
sti
cr adi ati
on.Eachexci tedindiv
idualat om emi tsone
quant um ofradiat
ionwheni tr
eturnst ot hegr oundstate.Theref
ore,t heincreaseint he
i
nt ensit
yofradi at
ionemi tt
edf r
om st eadyandnon- l
uminousf l
amewi l
lbepr oporti
onal
tot henumberofat omsoft heparticularel ementinthef amei
l .e.i
tsconcent rat
ion.This
concent r
ati
oni sdirectl
yr el
atedtot hecont entoftheelementinthet estsolution.

ATOMI
CABSORPTI
ONSPECTROSCOPY

Thesampleinthefor
m ofahomogeneousl i
qui
di saspirat
edint
oaf l
amewher e
f
reeatomsoftheelementtobeanaly
zed.Al i
ghtsour
ce( hol
lowcathodelamp)isused
t
oexcitethefr
eeatomsformedinthef lamebytheabsor pt
ionoftheelect
romagneti
c
r
adiat
ion.Thedecr
easeintheener
gy( absor
pti
on)isthenmeasur edwhichfol
lowsthe
Lambert
- sLaw,i
Beer .e.t
heabsor
bancei
spr
opor
ti
onalt
othenumberoff
reeat
omsi
n
thegr
oundstate.

Lesson-3

Met
hodsofsoi
l,
wat
erandpl
antsampl
ingandpr
ocessi
ngf
oranal
ysi
s
A)Col
lect
ionofSoi
lsampl
es

Pur
poseofCol
l
ect
ion: Soi
lsampl
esar
ecol
l
ect
edf
rom t
hef
iel
dtost
udyphy
sical
,
chemi
cal
andbi
ologi
cal
proper
ti
esoft
hesoi
l
.

Pr
ocedur
e:

1.Fi
rstdi
vi
def
iel
daccor
dingt
othesl
ope,col
our
,dept
h,t
ext
ure,managementand
cr
oppi
ng pat
ter
n.Af
terdemar
cat
ionoff
iel
dint
ouni
for
m por
ti
onseachofwhi
chmust
besampl
edsepar
atel
y.

2.Thendi
vi
deeachpor
ti
oni
ntot
wopar
ts.Dr
awt
hezi
gzagl
i
nehav
ingabout8t
o10
cor
ner
sonbot
hthesi
desofmi
ddl
eli
nesot
hati
twi
l
lcov
ert
hewhol
ear
ea.

3.Wher
ethecr
opshav
ebeenpl
ant
ed,
col
l
ectt
hesoi
lsampl
esbet
weent
hel
i
nes.

4.Donotsampl
eunusualar
ea.Av
oidar
ear
ecent
lyf
ert
il
ized,
oldbunds,
mar
shyspot
s,
neart
rees,
compostheapsorot
hernon-
repr
esent
ati
vel
ocat
ions.

5.Usepr
opersampl
i
ngt
ool
sli
keauger
,soi
ltube,hawed(
spade)
,orkaur
i(
Trowel
),cor
e
sampl
er.

6.Bef
oret
aki
ngt
hesampl
e,scr
apawaysur
facel
i
tteroranyst
oneet
c.Col
l
ectt
hesoi
l
sampl
esf
rom 10t
o20spot
sint
hef
iel
ddependi
ngupont
hear
ea.Ateachcor
neroft
he
zi
gzagl
i
net
aket
hesampl
esbyaugeratt
hedept
hof15t
o20cm orwi
tht
hehel
pof
t
rowe3landspadebydoggi
ngt
he“
V”shapedpi
tunt
opl
oughdept
h(9-
20cm)Thencut
outuni
for
mthi
ck2cm.sl
i
ceofsoi
lfr
om bot
tom t
otopoft
heexposedsoi
lsur
faceof
“
V”shapedpi
t.Col
l
ectt
hesampl
eont
hebl
adeori
nyourhandandpl
acei
tincl
ean
bucked.Col
l
ectal
lthesampl
esf
rom t
heuni
for
m ar
eai
ntot
hesamebucket
.

7.Pourt
hesoi
lfr
om t
hebucketonapi
eceofcl
eanpaperorcl
othandmi
xthor
oughl
y.
Di
scar
dbyquar
ter
ingexcesssoi
landcol
l
ectappr
oxi
mat
elyonekg.ofsoi
l
.Toquar
ter
t
hesampl
e,mi
xwel
l
,di
vi
dei
ntof
ourequalpar
tsandr
ejectopposi
tequar
ter
s.Mi
xthe
r
emai
ningt
wopor
ti
onsandr
epeatt
hepr
ocedur
easmanyt
imesasnecessar
ytoar
ri
ve
att
hedesi
redsi
zeofsampl
e.I
fthesampl
eiswetor,moi
stdr
yiti
nshadebef
ore
put
ti
ngi
ntoapl
ast
icbag.Fi
l
lthesampl
eint
oapl
ast
icbagandputt
hepl
ast
ict
agi
nto
acl
othbag.

8.Fi
l
loutt
hei
nfor
mat
ionsheetcompl
etel
yandpl
acei
nsi
det
hesampl
ebagandputone
out
sidet
hebagandsendt
hesampl
etol
abor
ator
yimmedi
atel
yforanal
ysi
s.

Sampl
einf
ormat
ionsheet

Sampl
eNo.

Dat
eofcol
l
ect
ionofsampl
e

1. Nameoft hecultivat
or
2. Addr ess:Vil
lage
3. Typeofsoi l
4. SurveyNo.
5. Proposedcr op/andv ar
iet
y
6. Historyofthef i
eldforthelast3y
ear
s:cr
op,ki
ndoff
ert
il
izerandquant
it
yappl
i
ed
7. Depthofsampl i
ng
8. Fi
eldcondi t
ion: Dry/Wet.
9. Extentofsampl edar eainha.
10. Numberofsampl estakentomakeacomposit
esampl
e.

B. St
udyofsoi
lsampl
ingt
ool
s

Soi
lSampli
ngTools:Cor
esampler,Postholeauger
,Tubeauger
,Scr
ew auger
,spade,
Pi
ckaxe,
Kauri
,Bucket
,Cl
othbag,
Scale,
etc.
Auger
s

Augeri
saninst
rumentusedf
ortaki
ngsoilsampl
einthefi
eld.Wheneversoi
lsamples
ar
etobecoll
ect
edbyeasyandquickmethodtheauger
sareused.Sel
ectthespotf
rom
wheret
hesampleist
obecoll
ect
edandthewor kwit
hauger
.

I
ngener
al,whenthesoi
liscomplet
elydr
yitisdiff
icul
ttoworkwithaugerbuti
fthesoi
l
i
smoist
,sampli
ngiseasy.Therearevar
ioustypesofaugersused,dependi
nguponthe
t
ypeoft
hesoil,
depthofsampli
ngandsuchot hercondi
ti
ons.

1. Scr
ewAuger

I
twor ksli
keascr ewinthefiel
d.Thesoi
ladher
esinthegr
ooves.Soi
latanydepthcan
bet akenupbymaki ngmar konthestem andworki
ngtheaugerupt
othatmar k.Iti
s
takenupstraightwayandt hesoi
liscol
l
ectedf
rom t
hegrooves.Thi
sisusefuleveni
f
thereisacropinthefi
eld.

1. Handl
e:Itiswoodenport
ion.
2. St
em:I ti
sofiron–lengt
h35cm.ordesir
edl
ength.
3. Groov
es:Itisofir
on–distancebet
weent
wogroovesi
s2.
5cm.

2. Dr.Leather’
sAuger
Itconsi
stsofast r
onghal
lowsteelcy
li
nderwi
thashar
pcut
ti
ngedge.Iti
suseful
fortaki
ngsurfacesampl
eonly
.Twent yfi
vecm.col
umnofsoi
li
scoll
ectedi
nthe
cyli
nder.

1. Handle:Iti
swoodenPort
ion.
2. St
em :I ti
sofir
on–lengt
h35cm ordesi
redl
engt
h.
3. Cyl
inder:Iti
sofir
on.

3. Amer icanSoi lSampler

Theflankpointedoutcut st
hesoilatt
hedesireddept
hunto20cm.Thenbyturningt he
handl
et hesoi lentersintothecavit
yandaccumul at
esther
e.Thenbyt ur
ningi tina
rev
erseway ,sliti
scl osedandtheaugeristakenout.Thesoi
lcol
lect
edint
hecav ityis
notall
owedt of al
ldown.Thi saugerisusef
ulinsandysoi
l.I
tworksbett
eri
nricef i
elds
andinwaterloggedf i
elds.
1. Handle:Itiswoodenport
ion
2. St
em :I ti
sofir
on–l engt
h35cm.ordesir
edlengt
h
3. Cyl
inderconsi
stsoft
hreepart
s:1.Sl
i
dingcov
ers,2)Fl
ank,3)Sl
i
t

4. Lay alpurAuger
Thepointoft heaugerentersintothesoi
l.Thesoi li
scoll
ect
edinthecyl
inder
.Itcan
workuntothedesireddepth.Thecut t
erpi
eceatt heendcutst
hesoilwhi
chiscoll
ect
ed
i
nt hecoll
ectedinthecy l
i
nder.Thent hesoili
sremov edf
rom thecyl
i
nder.Iti
suseful
fortaki
ngthesoilsamplesinir
rigat
edcondit
ions.

Thi
saugerconsi
stsoft
hreepar
ts:

1. Handl e:Itiswoodenport
ion.
2. St em :I tisofi
ron
3. Cy linder:Itisi
ronl
engt
h30cm.
I
nthecy
linder,therei
sasli
tofcavit
yofl
engt
h15cm andbr
eat
h1.
5cm.

4. PostholeAuger:
Achi
sel
shapedpoi
ntent
ersi
nthesoi
landt
hesoi
lent
ersi
nthecy
li
nder
.

Whil
et aki
ngitoutthetonguedoesnotal
lowthesoiltofal
ldown.Theaugerwor
ksat
anydesireddepth. I
tgivessamplesofsurf
ace,soilunto25cm. I
ncasethesoili
s
suf
fi
cientl
ydeep,thedeeperl
ayer
ssamplemayalsobecol l
ect
ed.

Thi
saugerconsi
stsoft
hreepar
ts:

1. Handl e:Itiswoodenporti
on.
2. St em :Iti
sofi r
on
3. Cy li
nder:Itisofir
onconsi
sti
ngofsi
depl
atesandt
ongue.Thedi
stancebet
ween
twosi
depl
atesis6cm.

C. Pr
epar
ati
onofsoi
lsampl
e

Whenair
-dr
y,breakthelumpswi thawoodenpestl
eandawoodenmor
tarsot
hatt
he
aggr
egat
eparti
clesarecrushedbutnoaccr
ual
gri
ndingt
akespl
ace.

Shif
tthesoi
lthroughasi ev
ewi thr oundhol
esof2mm ( 10mesh)dial
.Usewooden
pestl
eandmortarforfur
thercrushing.Repeatt
hescr
eeni
ngti
llt
heaggregat
eparti
cles
arefi
neenought opassthrought hesi ev
eandonl
ystoneandgrav
elsremain.Before
di
scar
dingt
hisr
esi
due,
wei
ghi
tandr
epor
tasgr
avel
andst
ones.

Forspeci
aldet
erminat
ionforwhi
chiti
snecessarytowei
ghoutsmall
amountofsoili
.e.
Organi
cmat t
er,CaCO3 andchemi
calanal
ysi
s,itisdesi
rabl
etogr
indarepresent
ati
ve
subsampleandsievei
tt hr
ough0.
5mm sieve(32mesh).

Formicr
onutr
ient
sli
kecopper,ir
on,manganeseandzinc,abrasssi
eveshoul
dbe
avoi
dedandal
uminum orpl
ast
icsi
evewi
thnylonnet
ti
ngshoul
dbeused.

Nit
rat
eammoni a,bact
eri
alcountandmoist
uredet
erminat
ionmustbecar
ri
edouton
soi
lsobtai
nedstrai
ghtfr
om thefi
eld.Ai
r-
dryi
ngofthesesampl
esisnotper
missi
ble
andnotdesi
red.

Theprocessedsampl
esar
eanal
yzedf
ort
ext
ure,car
boncont
ent
,pH,ECandav
ail
abl
e
nut
ri
ents.

Wat
erAnal
ysi
s
Col
lect
ionofi
rr
igat
ionwat
ersampl
es

Ir
ri
gationtocropsisanessenti
alinputat
tai
ninghi
ghyi
eldbutqual
i
tyofi
rr
igat
ion
wateraf
fectsproducti
on.Fordeci
dingthesuit
abil
i
tyofgi
venwatersampl
efori
rr
igat
ion
pur
poses,itneedstobeanalysedfor:
1.pH
2.Tot
alsol
ubl
esal
tsasEC(
dS/
m)
3.Cat
ions:
Cal
ci
um,
magnesi
um,
sodi
um andpot
assi
um
4.Ani
ons:
Car
bonat
es,
bicar
bonat
es,
chl
ori
desandsul
phat
es.

Col
lect
ionofi
rr
igat
ionwat
ersampl
e
Asf araspossi
bleglassorplasti
cbot t
lesshouldbeusedforcol
lect
ionofwater
sample.Avoidusi
ngmetalcontai
ners,bottl
esshouldthor
oughlycl
eanedandrinsedt
wo
tot
hreetimesbeforet
akingwatersampl es.

Careshouldbetakentoobt
ainrepresent
ativ
esampl e.Sampl
esfrom t
ube
well
saretobecollect
edafterthepumphasr unforhalffouroronehourandforopen
well
,sever
albucketsofwat erhavetobet hrownoutf irst
.Sampl esf
rom str
eams/
channel
sshoul
dbet akenf
rom runni
ngwater
.
 Coll
ect½ lit
erwat ersamplef orphysi
calandchemi calanal
ysi
s.Water
containersshouldbepr operl
ycappedandl abell
edforident
if
icat
ionandanalysedfori
ts
solubleconst it
uents.Changesr esult
ingf r
om chemi calandbiologicalact
ivi
ti
esmay
alt
ert heconst it
uentsoft hesampl e.Ther efor
e,ingeneral
,shortertheelapsedti
me
betweencol lecti
onandanal ysisofsample, themorer el
i
ablewil
lbet heanal
yti
caldat
a.
0
Storageofsampl eatlowt emper at
ure(4C)i sthebestwayt opreservemostsamples
toprev entanymi crobi
algrowth.
Pl
antAnal
ysi
s
Wetoxi
dat
ionpr
ocedur
eforPl
antanal
ysi
sforP,
K,Secondar
yandMi
cronut
ri
ent
s

Sampl
edi
gest
ion

Fort
her
eleaseofmi
ner
alel
ement
sfr
om pl
antt
issues,
dryashi
ngandwetoxi
dat
ionar
e
t
het
wowi
del
yadopt
edmet
hods.Dr
yashi
ngi
scar
ri
edoutusual
l
yatani
gni
ti
ont
emper
atur
eof
o600oCf
550t oll
owedbyi
tsext
ract
ioni
ndi
l
.HClorH2SO4 f
ordet
ermi
ningv
ari
ousel
ement
s.
Ashi
ngatt
emper
atur ng600oCl
eexceedi eadst
oconsi
der
abl
evol
ati
l
izat
ionl
ossofPandK.To
pr
eventt
hisl
ossofP,dr
yashi
ngi
scar
ri
edouti
npr
esenceofanal
kal
ili
keMg(
NO3)
2or
Mg(
OAc)
2inal
cohol
.Vol
ati
l
izat
ionl
ossofSandClal
sot
akespl
acedur
ingi
gni
ti
on,whi
chcan
bepr
event
edbyaddi
ngNa2CO3.apar
tofpandmi
cronut
ri
ent
sal
sogetoccl
uded,
causi
ngal
ot
ofer
ror
.Fort
heser
easonsandf
orbei
ngcompar
ati
vel
ymor
eti
met
aki
ng,dr
yashi
ngi
sonl
y
occasi
onal
l
yadopt
ed. Wetoxi
dat
ionempl
oysoxi
dizi
ngaci
dsl
i
keHNO3.
H2SO4-
HCl
O4 t
ri
-aci
d
mi
xtur
eorHNO3-
HCLO4 di
-aci
d.UseofHCl
O4 av
oidst
hev
olat
il
izat
ionl
ossofKandpr
ovi
desa
cl
earsol
uti
onwhi
l
eH2SO4 hel
pscompl
eti
ngoxi
dat
ion,HCl
O4 onheat
ingpr
oducesanhy
drous
HCl
O4whi
chdi
ssoci
atesi
ntonascentchl
ori
neandoxy
gen,
incr
easi
ngt
heoxi
dat
ionef
fi
ciencyat
hi
ght
emper
atur
e.Di
rectcont
actofHCl
O4 wi
thpl
antsampl
esmi
ghtl
eadt
oexpl
osi
onandf
ir
e,
hencet
hepr
e-di
gest
ionofsampl
esi
nHNO3i
spr
efer
red.Di
gest
ionwi
thHNO3-
HCl
O4i
nst
eadof
t
het
ri
-aci
dmi
xtur
eisal
soadopt
edspeci
all
ywhenSi
sal
sot
obedet
ermi
nedi
nthesamedi
gest
.
I
tispossi
blet
odi
rect
lyext
ractor
gani
cal
l
yboundandexchangeabl
eK(
andNa)f
rom t
hepl
ant
t
issueswi
thoutoxi
dat
ion,byusi
ng2NNH4OAc-
0.2NMg(
OAc)
2forext
ract
ionandf
il
tr
ati
on.
Thewetoxi
dat
ionmet
hodbei
ngeasi
er,
lesst
imeconsumi
ngandconv
eni
enti
sgi
venbel
ow:

Tr
i-
aci
ddi
gest
ion:

I
nst
rument
s:1)Wat
erbat
h2)hotpl
ate

Reagent
s:

1.Tr
i-
aci
dmi
xtur
e;Mi
xA.
R.gr
adeconc.HNO3,
H2SO4andHCl
O4i
n10:
1:4r
ati
oandcool
.
Pr
ocedur
e:

1)Tr
ansf
er0.
5to1.
0gofdr
iedandpr
ocessedpl
antsampl
etoa100or150mlconi
cal
f
lask.Add5ml
ofconc.NHO3.
2)Keepagl
assf
unnelont
hef
lask,
placei
tonawat handheatat100oCf
erbat orabout
30mi
nut
es.
3)Shi
ftt
hef
laskt
oahotpl
at 200oC.Measur
eandheatat180- etemper
atur
einaf
lask
cont
aini
nggl
ycer
olkeptont
hehotpl
ate.
4)cont
inueboi
l
ingunt
ilneart
odr
yness,butnotdr
yingcompl
etel
y.Coolandadd5ml
oft
het
ri
-aci
dmi
xtur
e.
200oCunt
5)Heatat180- ilt
hedensewhi
tef
umesar
eev
olv
ed.Cont
inuedi
gest
ionunt
il
t
hemi
xtur
eisl
argel
yvol
ati
l
ized.
6)I
fthecont
ent
sar
est
il
lbr
own,coolal
i
ttl
eandadd3-
4mloft
het
ri
-aci
dmi
xtur
eand
cont
inuet
hedi
gest
ionasdescr
ibedabov
e.Thi
sisr
areast
her
eisst
il
lsuf
fi
cient
HCl
O4hasv
olat
il
izedbyt
hisst
age.
7)r
emov
ethef
laskswhenonl
ymoi
st,cl
earandwhi
tecont
ent
sar
elef
t.Theent
ir
e
quant
it
yofHCl
O4hasv
olat
il
izedbyt
hisst
age.
8)Cool
andaddabout50ml
ofdi
sti
l
ledwat
er(
ordoubl
edi
sti
l
ledwat
eri
fmi
cronut
ri
ent
s
ar
etobeanal
ysed)
.
9)Fi
l
teri
nto100ml
flask,
giv
ingwashi
ngst
omaket
hev
olumet
o100ml
.
10)Uset
hef
il
tr
atef
oranal
ysi
s.
Di
-aci
ddi
gest
ion:

I
nst
rument: 1.Hotpl
ate

Reagent
s:

1)Conc.HNO3(
ARgr
ade)

2)60%HCLO4(
ARgr
ade)

3)Appr
ox.2NHCl
(ARgr
ade)

Pr
ocedur
e:
1)Wei
gh0.
5to1.
0gofdr
iedandpr
ocessedpl
antsampl
eina100or150mlconi
cal
f
lask.
2)add10mlofconc.HNO3,pl
aceaf
unnelont
hef
laskandkeepf
orabout6-
8hour
sor
ov
erni
ghtatacov
eredpl
ace/chamberf
orpr
e-di
gest
ion.
3)Af
terpr
e-di
gest
ionwhent
hesol
i
dsampl
eisnomor
evi
sibl
e,add10mlofconc.
HNO3and2-
3ml
ofHCl
O4.
4)Keeponahotpl
atei
naci
d-pr
oofdi
gest
ionchamberhav
ingf
umeexhaustsy
stem and
heatatabout100oCf
orf
ir
stonehourandt
henr
aiset
het
emper
atur
etoabout
200oC.
.
5)Cont
inuedi
gest
ionunt
ilt
hecont
ent
sbecomecol
our
lessandonl
ywhi
tedensef
umes
appear
.
6)Reducet
heaci
d cont
ent
sto about2-
3 mlbycont
inui
ng heat
ing att
hesame
t
emper
atur
e.Donotal
l
owt
odr
yup.
7)Remov
ethef
lasksf
rom hotpl
ate,
cool
andaddabout30ml
ofdi
sti
l
ledwat
er.
8)Fi
l
tert
hroughWhat
manNo.42f
il
terpaperi
ntoa100ml
vol
umet
ri
cfl
ask.
9)Gi
ve3-
4washi
ngsof10-
15ml
por
ti
onsofdi
sti
l
ledwat
erandmaket
hev
olumet
o100
ml
.

Lesson:
4

Nut
ri
entmobi
li
ty,
dif
fusi
onandmassf
low
Ani
mpor
tantsoi
lpr
oper
tyi
nvol
vedi
nthebehav
iouroft
hesoi
lwat
erf
lowsy
stemsi
s
t
heconduct
ivi
tyoft
hesoi
ltowat
er.Quant
it
ati
vel
ytheconduct
ivi
tyi
stheabi
l
ityoft
he
soi
ltot
ransmi
twat
er,
Hydr
aul
i
cconduct
ivi
ty(
k)i
sdef
inedbyDar
cy’
sequat
ion.
QxL
Q =K.
h./
LorK = ——————
AxtxH

Wher
e, Q =Vol
umeofwat
erpassi
ngi
nti
me‘
t’
A =cr
osssect
ionar
eaoft
hesoi
lsampl
e.
H/
L =Hy
draul
i
cgr
adi
ent
,‘
H’i
stheheadofwat
erand‘
L’i
s
 t
hel
engt
hofsampl
e.
Pr
inci
ple
Airdrysievedsoilispl acedinbr asscyli
nder(Per
meamet er
)andwat eri
sthen
appli
edt othesurfaceatknownhead.Wat eri
sal l
owedtodripfr
om thesoi
lbase.The
eff
luentismeasur edatr egularinter
vals.Testsar erununt
ilthevol
umeofwat erthat
haspassedt hroughthesoi lcorrespondst oapproxi
matel
y12cm.ofdept hofwateron
thesoilsurf
ace.

Lesson:5

Renewalofgasesi
nsoi
landt
hei
rabundance
 Lesson:6

Princi
plesandMet
hodsofmeasur
ementofoxy
gendi
ff
usi
onr
ateand
redoxpotent
ial
 Lesson:7&8

Radi
otracert
echnol
ogyappl
icat
ioni
npl
antnut
ri
ent
sst
udi
esandf
ert
il
it
y
eval
uat
ion

Soi
lfer
ti
li
tyev
aluat
ion:di
ff
erentappr
oachesf
orsoi
lfer
ti
li
tyev
aluat
ion

Soi
lfer
ti
li
ty- Thequal
i
tyofsoi
lthatenabl
esi
ttopr
ovi
deessent
ialchemi
calel
ement
sin
quant
it
iesandpr
opor
ti
onsf
ort
hegr
owt
hofspeci
fi
edpl
ant
s.
Soi
lfer
ti
li
tyev
aluat
ion-I
tist
heassessmentofnut
ri
entsuppl
yi
ngcapaci
tyofsoi
l
.

Di
ff
erentappr
oachesf
orsoi
lfer
ti
li
tyev
aluat
ion

I
)Chemi
calmet
hods
A)Soi
lanal
ysi
s 1)Fort
otal
nut
ri
ent
s

2)Forav
ail
abl
enut
ri
ent
s(i
.e.r
api
dsoi
ltest
ing)

B)Pl
antanal
ysi
s 1)Tot
alel
ement
alanal
ysi
s

a)Cr
opl
ogt
echni
queb)‘
A’v
aluet
echni
que

2)Ti
ssuet
est
ing

I
I)Bi
ologi
calmet
hods
A)Usi
nghi
gherpl
ant
s 1)NeubauerSeedl
i
ng

2)Potcul
tur
eexper
iment
s

3)Fi
eldexper
iment
s

4)Mi
tscher
li
chst
echni
que

5)Jenny
’spotcul
tur
etest

6)Sunf
lower&Let
tucet
echni
que.

B)Usi
ngmi
cro-
organi
sms 1)Azot
obact
or

2)Asper
sil
l
usNi
ger

3)Cunni
nghamel
l
apl
aquemet
hod.

I
II
) Vi
sualsy
mpt
om met
hod : di
agnosi
sofdef
ici
encysy
mpt
omsofnut
ri
ent
sbyv
isual
obser
vat
ionsi
nfi
elds.
 Lesson:9

Soi
lmi
cro-
organi
smsandt
hei
rimpor
tance
Ans Benefi
cialmicr
o-organi
smsi
nsoi
l
1.Bacteri
a
2.Actinomycetes
3.Fungi
4.Algae
 5.Protozoa
6.Nemat odes
7.Vi
ruses
Rol eincroppr oduction
1.Soi lmicroorganismsar ev eryimport
antasal lmosteverychemical
transf or
mationt aki
ngpl aceinsoili
nvolv
esact i
vecontri
but
ionfr
om soil
mi croorgani
sms.
2.I tplaysanact i
ver ol
einsoilfer
ti
li
tyasarestofthei
rinvol
vementi
nthe
cy cleofnutr
ientswhi charerequir
edforpl
antgrowth.
3.I ti salso responsibl
ef orthedecomposi t
ionoft heorgani
cmat ter
ent eri
nginther ecycli
ngofnutri
entsinsoi
l

Lesson:10

Sal
ineandal
kal
iappr
aisalandmanagement

Al
kal
i
nesoi
l
s - Al
kal
i
nesoi
l
shav
epH abov
e7.Soi
lal
kal
i
nit
ymaybeduet
ohi
ghbase
sat
urat
ion,par
ti
cul
arl
ywi
thsodi
um andt
othepr
esenceoff
reecar
bohy
drat
esofcal
cium and
sodi
um.I
nsoi
l
sofar
idandsemi
ari
dregi
ons,l
ackofext
ensi
vel
eachi
ngl
eav
est
hel
eav
esof
bar
efor
mingcat
ionsqui
tehi
gh.Suchsoi
l
scont
ainexcessi
veconcent
rat
ionofsol
ubl
esal
ts,or
exchangesodi
um orbot
h.Duet
owhi
cht
heyar
eregar
dedaspr
obl
em soi
l
sorsoi
laf
fect
edsoi
l
s.
Dependi
ngupont
henat
ureofsol
ubl
esal
tsuchsoi
l
sar
ecl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
hreegr
oups1.Sal
i
ne
soi
l
s2.Sal
i
ne-
alkal
isoi
l
s(sal
i
ne-
sodi
c)3.Al
kal
isoi
l
s(sodi
csoi
l
s)(
nonsal
i
neal
kal
i
)
Sal
i
nesoi
l
s Sal
i
nesoi
l
shav
eel
ect
ri
calconduct
ivi
tyofsat
urat
ionext
ractmor
ethan4dsm-1 at
250Candexchangeabl
esodi
um per
cent
agei
slesst
han15andt
hepHi
slesst
han8.
5.These
soi
l
scor
respondt
oHi
l
gar
d’s(
1906)whi
teal
kal
isoi
l
sandt
osol
onachak’
soft
heRussi
ansoi
l
s
sci
ent
ist
s.Thesol
ubl
esal
tsar
emai
nlyofNa+,
Ca++andCl
andSO42.
Sal
i
neal
kal
isoi
l
sSal
i
ne-
alkal
isoi
l
s,hav
etheel
ect
ri
calconduct
ivi
tyofsat
urat
ionext
ractgr
eat
er
han4dsm-1 at250Candt
t heexchangeabl
esodi
um per
cent
agegr
eat
ert
han15andt
hepHof
t
hesoi
labout8.
5,cont
ainneut
ral
sol
ubl
esal
tsandexch.Nai
ons.Thesal
tsar
eCl
;Sul
phat
esCa
++,Mg++,Na+,
K+¬¬.Ther
ecanbeal
lst
ageswi
thv
ary
ingdegr
eeofdomi
nanceofsal
tcont
ent
,
Hi
ghpH.
Al
kal
isoi
l
sAl
kal
isoi
l
shav
eel
ect
ri
calconduct
ivi
tyofsat
urat
ionpast
eext
ractl han4dsm-1
esst
at250Candexchangeabl
esodi
um per
cent
agemor
ethan15.ThepHr
angesbet
ween8.
5to10.
Thesesoi
l
scor
respondt
oHi
l
gar
dsBl
ackal
kal
isoi
l
sandi
nsomecasesSol
onet
z,oft
het
erm
usedbyRussi
anSci
ent
ist
s.Hi
ghSAR,
Presenceofl
argecomeofsodi
um car
bonat
e,t
ypesal
ts,
soi
l
smaybeal
kal
i
nebutnotnecessar
il
yal
kal
i
.
Formati
onofsal
inesoi
ls
1.Ari
dandsemiari
dcli
mate–l
owr
ainf
all
andhi
ght
emp.

2.Hi
ghwat
ert
abl
e

3.Thesalt
sori
ginateddi
rect
lyfr
om weat
heri
ngofrocks
4.Excessi
veappli
cati
onofwaterdur
ingi
rr
igat
ion

5.Seepagef
rom canalandlat
eralchannel
s
6.i
rri
gati
onwat
erwi t
hsaltcontent

7.Poordr
ainage

8.I
ngr
essofseawat
er

Ef
fectofsal
i
nesoi
l
sonpl
antgr
owt
h
1.Donotsuppor
tpl
antgr
owt
hbecauseofexcessi
vesal
tinsol
uti
onwhi
chduet
ohi
ghosmot
ic
pr
essur
epr
event
sabsor
pti
onofpl
antnut
ri
entandmoi
stur
e.
2.Wi
l
tingcoef
fi
cienti
shi
ghandamountofav
ail
abl
emoi
stur
eisl
ow.
3.I
nfl
uencesabsor
pti
onofcal
cium andmagnesi
um i
ons.

Recl
amati
onofsal
i
nesoi
ls
Removalofexcesssal
ttoadesi
redl
eveli
nther
oot
ingzonei
sthebasi
cpr
inci
pal
s
r
ecl
amat
ionofsal
i
nesoi
l
s.Leachi
ngwi
thwat
erofgoodqual
i
tyanddr
ainagear
ethet
wo
essent
ialcomponent
s.I
nter
mit
tentpondi
ng i
s mor
e ef
fi
cientt
han cont
inuous pondi
ng i
n
l
eachi
ngsal
tswat
ert
abl
emustbesuf
fi
cient
lyl
ow.

Managementpr
act
ices
WaterManagementandcr
oppi
ngsy
stem ar
ever
yimpor
tant
.

1.Sol
uti
onofsl
att
oler
antcr
opsandcr
opv
ari
eti
es.
2.Adopt
ionofbestsui
tedcul
tur
alandf
ert
il
izerpr
act
ices.

Sal
ttol
erantcr
ops
Hi
ghsal
ttol
erant:Bar
ley
,Sesabani
a,r
ice,
sugar
cane,
oat
s,ber
seem,
lucem

Medi
um sal
ttol
erant:Cast
or,
cot
ton,
sor
ghum,
pear
lmi
l
let
,mai
ze,
must
ard,
wheat

Lowsal
ttol
erant:Pul
ses,
pea,
sunhemp,
gram,
li
nseed,
sesamum
 Scal
eofconduct
ivi
tyf
orsal
ttol
eranceofpl
ant
s0-
2dsm noef
fectofcr
ops(
2-4dsm)
sensi
ti
vecr
opr
est
ri
cted4-
8dsm manycr
opsr
est
ri
cted.8-
16dsm mostcr
opsr
est
ri
cted16-
12
dsm f
ewcr
opst
oler
ant
.

For
mat
ionofsal
ine-
alkal
isoi
ls

1.Thesal
tsar
eaccumul
atedi
nsomesur
facesoi
l
sofar
idandsemi
ari
dregi
ons.
2.These soi
l
s ar
efor
med due t
o combi
ned pr
ocess ofsal
i
nizat
ion (
Process of
accumul
ati
on of neut
ral sol
ubl
e sal
ts) and al
kal
i
zat
ion (
Process wher
eby
exchangeabl
esodi
um cont
enti
sincr
eased)
.
3.Leachi
ngofsodi
csoi
lwi
l
lrai
sepH,
unl
esscal
cium andmagnesi
um sal
tsar
ehi
ghi
n
soi
lpHi
ncr
easesoccur
sduet
oremov
alofneut
ralsol
ubl
esal
tsandexchangeabl
e
sodi
um hy
drol
ysesandshar
plyi
ncr
easeOHi
onsconcent
rat
ion,
pHr
isesabov
e8.
5.
Ef
fect
sofpl
antgr
owt
h

Pl
ant
ssuf
ferduet
ohi
ghsal
i
nit
yaswel
lasduet
ohi
ghal
kal
i
nit
y.Hi
ghal
kal
i
nit
yresul
ted
i
ndi
sper
sionofcl
ay.

Recl
amat
ionofsal
ineal
kal
isoi
ls:

Sodi
um f
rom exchangecompl
exshoul
dber
emov
ed,
thenwashi
ngofsal
tswi
thgood
qual
i
tywat
er.

For
mat
ionofal
kal
iorsodi
csoi
ls(
Nonesal
ineal
kal
i)

Thr
eedi
sti
nctst
agesi
ntheev
aluat
ionofal
kal
isoi
l
sar
e:

1.Sal
i
nizat
ion2.Sal
i
neal
kal
isoi
l3.Al
kal
i
nisat
ionoft
heexchangecompl
ex.Sal
taccumul
ati
on
i
sthef
ir
stst
age.Maj
orcat
ioni
ssodi
um.Thepr
ocessi
nthef
ormat
ionofsodi
csoi
li
sther
esul
t
ofexchangeofcat
ionsi
nsoi
lsol
uti
onwi
tht
hosepr
esentont
heexchangecompl
exoft
hesoi
l
.
Thecondi
ti
onswhi
chr
esul
tini
ncr
easeofSARofsoi
lsol
uti
onl
eadt
othef
ormat
ionofsodi
c
soi
l
.Sodi
csoi
l
soccurgener
all
yinr
elat
ivel
ylowl
yi
ngwi
thi
nsuf
fi
cientnat
ural
drai
nage.The
di
spl
ayedcal
cium f
rom t
heexchangecompl
expr
eci
pit
atesatahi
ghpH.Thepr
ocessr
epeat
ed
ov
erl
ongper
iodr
esul
tsi
nthef
ormat
ionofsodi
csoi
l
s.

Recl
amat
ionofsodi
corAl
kal
isoi
ls

Thepr
obl
em ofsodi
csoi
li
sthehi
ghESP.Repl
acementofex
changeabl
esodi
um by
cal
ci
um andl
eachi
ngoutofsodi
um sal
tsf
rom r
ootz
onear
eimpor
tant
.Useofamendment
s
andadequat
edr
ainageandl
eachi
ngar
ebasi
crequi
rement
sforr
ecl
amat
ionofsodi
csoi
l
s.
Scr
appi
ngandgr
owi
ngsal
tst
oler
antcr
opsar
enotsui
tabl
eforr
ecl
amat
ionofal
kal
isoi
l
s.

Amendment
susedf
orr
ecl
amat
ionofsodi
csoi
l

1.Sol
ubl
ecal
cium sal
ts:
Gypsum andcal
cium chl
ori
de–React
ionwi
thequat
ion.
2.Aci
dsoraci
dicf
ormer
s:Sul
phur
,Sul
phur
icaci
d,i
ronsul
phat
es,i
ronpy
rit
eswi
th
equat
ions.
Gy
psum r
equi
rement:

Theamountofgy
psum r
equi
redt
obeaddedt
oasodi
csoi
ltol
owert
heESPt
odesi
red
v
aluei
sknownasgy
psum r
equi
rement(
Mil
l
iequi
val
entofCa/
100gofsoi
l
).

Managementpr
act
ices:

1.Pr
operchoi
ceofcr
opv
iz.sal
ttol
erantcr
ops
2.Gr
eenmanur
ingandor
gnai
cmanur
es.
3.Pr
opercr
opr
otat
ion
4.Opt
imum useofgoodqual
i
tyi
rr
igat
ionwat
er
Ef
fectofal
kal
isoi
lonpl
antgr
owt
h

1)Lossofdesi
rabl
esoi
lst
ruct
ure
2)Ef
fectofphy
sical
proper
ti
esv
iz.Reduceddr
ainage,
aer
ati
onandmi
crobi
alact
ivi
ty.
3)Reducedsol
ubi
l
ityandav
ail
abi
l
ityofmacr
oandmi
cronut
ri
ent
s.
 Lesson:11

Aci
dsoi
lappr
aisalandmanagement
ACI
DSOI
LS:Aci
dsoi
l
sandt
hei
rfor
mat
ionandamel
i
orat
ion,
li
mer
equi
rement
.
Chemi
str
yofsubmer
gedsoi
l
.

ACI
DSOI
L(Def
ini
ti
on)

Soi
laci
dit
ycausedbyi
oni
zabl
ehy
drogeni
onsorpr
otons.Soi
l
swi
thl
owpHcont
ain
eH+andAl
++
r
elat
ivel
yhi
ghamount
sofexchangeabl kaol
i
nit
icandl
i
met
ypecl
aymi
ner
alsar
e
domi
nant
.Inv
iewofcompl
i
cat
edr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenpHandbasesat
urat
ion,
exchangeabl
e
H+andAl
3+
soi
l
slowi
npHandr
espondi
ngt
oappl
i
cat
ionofl
i
memaybeconsi
der
edasaci
dic
soi
l
s.

FORMATI
ONOFACI
DSOI
L

Thel
eachi
ngofbasesi
sthepr
erequi
sit
efort
hef
ormat
ionofaci
dsoi
l
swhi
choccuri
n
r
egi
onswi
thhi
ghr
ainf
all
.Themeant
emper
atur
e,t
ypeofv
eget
ati
on,
par
entmat
eri
al,
hy
drol
ogi
cal
condi
ti
onsal
sogov
ernt
heext
entofaci
dsoi
l
sandt
hedegr
eeofaci
dit
y.

Aci
dsoi
l
sar
efor
medduet
ooneormor
eoft
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easons

1.Leachi
ngofbasesduet
oheav
yrai
ns

2.Or
igi
nofsoi
lfr
om aci
dpar
entmat
eri
al

3.Cont
inuosuseofaci
dfor
mingf
ert
il
izer

4.Mi
crobi
ologi
cal
act
ion

5.Remov
alofbasesbycr
ops

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofaci
dsoi
lont
hebasi
sofpH

pHr
ange Cl
ass

4.
0–4.
5 Ver
yst
rongl
yaci
dic
 5.
0–5.
5 St
rongl
yaci
dic

5.
5–6.
0 Moder
atel
yaci
dic

6.
0–6.
5 Sl
i
ght
lyaci
dic

EFFECTOFSOI
LACI
DITYONPLANTS

A)Di
recti
nfl
uencesar
e:

1)Toxi
cef
fect
sofHi
onsonr
oott
issues
2)I
nfl
uenceofsoi
laci
dit
yont
heper
meabi
l
ityoft
hepl
antmembr
anef
orcat
ions
3)Di
stur
bancesi
nthebal
ancebet
weenbasi
candaci
dicconst
it
uent
sthr
ought
her
oot
s
Soi
laci
dit
yexer
tsdi
recthar
mful
eff
ectonpl
antpar
ti
cul
arl
ybyaf
fect
ingt
hechange
si
ncet
heenzy
mesar
esensi
ti
vet
opHchanges.

B)I
ndi
recti
nfl
uencesar
e:

a)Av
ail
abi
l
ityofv
ari
ousnut
ri
ent
s,e.
g.phosphor
us,
copperandzi
nc
b)Hi
ghsol
ubi
l
ityandav
ail
abi
l
ityofel
ement
sli
keAl
,Fe,Mni
ntoxi
camountduet
ohi
ghsoi
l
aci
dit
y.
c) Benef
ici
alact
ivi
ti
esofsoi
lmi
croor
gani
smsadv
ersel
yaf
fect
ed.
d)Pr
eval
enceofpl
antdi
sease
e) Duet
osoi
laci
dit
y,nut
ri
ent
ssuchascal
cium andpot
assi
um maybedef
ici
ent
.
Managementofaci
dsoi
l

Aci
dsoi
lscanbemanagedi
ntwoway
s

1.Bygr
owi
ng,
cropssui
tabl
eforpar
ti
cul
arsoi
lpH
2.By amel
i
orat
ing t
he soi
l
sthr
ough t
he appl
i
cat
ion ofamendment
s,whi
ch wi
l
l
count
eractsoi
lsol
i
ds
Amel
ior
ati
on(
Recl
amat
ion)ofaci
dsoi
l

Theappl
i
cat
ionofsubst
ancescont
aini
ngcal
cium andmagnesi
um suchasl
i
me,
l
i
mest
one,
dol
omi
te,
etc.i
sthecommonpr
act
icef
ort
hei
mpr
ovementofaci
dsoi
l
s.

CaO+H2O Ca(
OH)
2

Ca(
OH)
2¬+2CO2¬ Ca(
HCO3)
2

CaCO3+H2O+CO2 Ca(
HCO3)
2
CaMg(
CO3)
2+2H2O+2CO2 Ca(
HCO3)+Mg(
HCO3)
2

Sol
ubl
ebi
car
bonat
est
hatr
eastwi
tht
hesoi
lcol
l
oids

H2–Cl
ay+Ca(
HCO3)
2 Ca–Cl
ay+2H2CO3

H+[
Col
l
oid]+H2O+Ca(
OH)
2 Ca+++[
Cal
l
oid]+2H+

Li
mer
equi
rementofaci
dsoi
ls:

Theamountofl
i
mer
equi
redt
obeaddedt
oaci
dicsoi
ltor
aiset
hepHt
oadesi
redv
alue.

Li
mingmat
eri
alsar
e:

1.Cal
cicl
i
mest
one(
CaCO3)
2.Dol
omi
tel
i
mest
one(
CaMg(
CO3)
2)

3.Qui
ckl
i
me(
CaO)
4.Hy
drat
ed(
Staked)l
i
me(
Ca(
OH)
2)

5.Chal
k(CaCO3)
6.Basi
cSl
ag
7.Fl
yash
Rol
eofl
imei
naci
dsoi
l

1.Tosuppl
ycal
cium somet
imesmagnesi
um asapl
antnut
ri
ent
2.Tor
educet
het
oxi
cit
yofal
umi
num manganeseandi
ron
3.To i
ncr
easet
hepH ofaci
dsoi
l
sandt
her
ebymakeot
herpl
antnut
ri
ent
smor
e
av
ail
abl
e.
Nut
ri
entmanagementi
naci
dsoi
ls.

Aci
dsoi
ls:Soi
laci
dit
yal
ter
ski
nd,numberandact
ivi
ti
esofmi
cro-
organi
smsandsubsequent
av
ail
abi
l
ityofmi
ner
ali
zedN.Al
sosoi
laci
dit
yinhi
bit
sbi
ologi
calN-
fi
xat
ion.Sohi
gherdoesofN
spl
i
tappl
i
cat
ionsandf
oli
arspr
aysar
eusef
ul.Phosphor
uscont
entofaci
dsoi
l
sisl
owandP–
f
ixat
ioncapaci
tyi
smor
e.Ther
efor
emor
ephosphat
equant
it
iest
hroughr
ockphosphat
eand
ot
heraci
dp-
sol
ubl
efer
ti
li
zer
sar
egoodf
oraci
dsoi
l
s.Aci
dsoi
l
scont
ainv
eryl
owquant
it
iesof
t
otal&av
ail
abl
eK.Ther
efor
ekappl
i
cat
ioni
snecessar
yinaci
dsoi
l
sforal
lcr
ops.I
ron,
Cu,
Mn
&Znar
esol
ubl
einl
ow pH ofaci
dsoi
l
shencet
hei
rdef
ici
encyi
suncommoni
nther
esoi
l
s.
Mol
ybdenum def
ici
encyi
sof
tenassoci
atedwi
thaci
dsoi
l
sbecausei
tbecomesl
esssol
ubl
eas
pHf
all
s.Addi
ti
onofMo–sal
tsandl
i
ningi
ncr
easest
heupt
akeofMoi
naci
dsoi
l
s.
 Lesson:
12

Wat
erl
oggedsoi
lappr
aisalandmanagement
 Lesson:13

Sandysoi
lappr
aisalandmanagement
 Lesson:14

Chemi
calandmi
ner
alcomposi
ti
onofhor
ti
cul
tur
alcr
ops
 Lesson:15

Leafanal
ysisst
andar
ds,i
ndext
issue,int
erpr
etati
onofleafanal
ysi
s
val
ues,qual
it
yofir
ri
gati
onwater.Rapidt
issuetestf
orplant
 Lesson:16

Managementofpoorqual
it
yir
ri
gat
ionwat
eri
ncr
opmanagement
.
Soi
lpol
lut
ionandwat
erpol
l
uti
on
The qual
i
ty of i
rr
igat
ion wat
er i
s det
ermi
ned by t
he concent
rat
ion and
composi
ti
onofdi
ssol
vedconst
it
uteswat
er
Thef
oll
owi
ngchar
act
eri
sti
csusual
l
ydet
ermi
net
hequal
i
tyofani
rr
igat
ionwat
er.
1)Tot
alconcent
rat
ionofsol
ubl
esal
ts.
2)Rel
ati
vepr
opor
ti
onofsodi
um compar
edt
oot
hercat
ions
3)Concent
rat
ionofbor
onorot
herel
ement
sthatmaybet
oxi
c.
4)The bi
car
bonat
es concent
rat
ion as r
elat
ed t
othe concent
rat
ion ofcal
cium +
magnesi
um.

1.Sal
i
nit
ycl
assesofi
rr
igat
ionwat
erbasedonsal
ini
tyhazar
d.

Wat
ercl
ass Electr
ical Solubl
e salt Suit
abil
ity
conduct i
vi
ty(dSm- concentr
ati
o
1
) n
C1(
lowsal
i
nit
y) 0.1-0.
250 Less t han Safewi t
hlikel
i
hoodofanysali
nit
y
0.16 problem
0.
25-
0.75 0.16-
0.5 will
needmoder at
eleachi
ng
C2(
Medium sal
ini
ty)
C3(
HighSal
init
y) 0.
75-
2.25 0.
5-1.
5 Cannotbe used on soi
ls wit
h
rest
ri
cteddrai
nage
C4(
Very hi
gh 2.
25-
5.00 1.
5-3.
00 Unsuit
able under or
dinar
y
sal
i
nit
y) condit
ions.

2.I
rr
igat
i
onwat
erc
las
sesbas
edonSAR(
Sodi
umAds
orpt
i
onRat
i
o)
Wat
ercl
ass SAR Sui
tabi
li
ty

S1(
Lowsodi
um) 0–10 Canbeusedonal lsoil
swi
thl
i
ttl
edanger
ofexchangeabl
esodium
S2(
Medi
um sodi
um) 10-18 Produce appreciabl
e hazard in fi
ne
text
ured soi
ls,can be used i
n coar
se
text
uredsoil
s.
S3(
Highsodi
um) 18–26 Producehar
mfull
evel
sofexchangeabl
e
sodium
S4(
Veryhighsodi
um) Mor ethan26 Unsuitabl
efori
rr
igati
on
3.I
rr
igat
ionwatercl
assesbasedonresi
dualsodi
um carbonate(
RSC)

Wat
ercl
ass RSC(
m.e.
/l
) Sui
tabi
li
ty

LowRSC Lesst
han1.
25 Saf
efori
rr
igat
ion

Medi
um RSC 1.
25–2.
50 Mar
ginal
l
ysaf
e

Hi
ghRSC Mor
ethan2.
50 Unsui
tabl
efori
rr
igat
ion

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofi
rr
igat
ionwat
er:

Thei
rr
igati
onwat
ercanbecl
assi
fi
edf
rom t
hev
iewpoi
ntofsal
i
nit
yandsodi
um
hazar
dsasf
ollows:

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofi
rr
igat
ionwat
er

Wat
ercl
ass Sal
ini
ty Hazar
d El ect
ri
cal Sodi
um Hazar
d Combinati
on of
Conduct
ivi
tydsm-1
Sal
init
y and
SAR
Sodium Hazar
d

1.Low 0.
1-0.
25(
C1) 0-
10(
S1) C1-
S1,
C1-
S2

C1-
S3,
C1-
S4

2.Medi
um 0.
25-0.
75(
C2) 10-
18(
S2) C2-
S1,
C2-
S2

C2-
S3,
C2-
S4

3.Hi
gh 0.
75-2.
25(
C3) 18-
26(
S3) C3-
S1,
C3-
S2

C3-
S3,
C3-
S4

4.Ver
yhi
gh Mor
ethan2.
25(
C4) Mor
ethan26(
S4) C4-
S1,
C4-
S2

C4-
S3,
C4-
S4
Sui
tabi
li
tyofwat
erf
ori
rr
igat
ionwi
thdi
ff
erentv
aluesofSAR

SAR Sui
tabi
l
ityf
ori
rr
igat
ion
0-
10 Sui
tabl
eforal
lty
pesofcropsandal
lty
pesofsoi
l
sexceptf
ort
hose
cr
opswhicharehighl
ysensi
ti
vet
osodium
10-
18 Sui
tabl
eforcoarsetext
uredororgani
csolwi
thgoodper
meabi
l
ity
.
Rel
ati
vel
yunsuit
ableinf
inetext
uredsoi
l.
18-
26 Harmf
ulforal
mostalltypesofsoi
l
s.Requi
regooddr
ainage,hi
gh
l
eachi
ngandgypsum addit
ion
>26 Unsui
tabl
efori
rr
igat
ion

Sui
tabi
li
tyofwat
erwi
thdi
ff
erentconst
it
uent
s,f
ori
rr
igat
ion

Cl
ass % E.
C.
TDS Sul
phat Chl
ori
de Bor
on
of sodi
u mS/c Sui
tabi
l
ityf
ori
rr
igat
ion
ppm eppm ppm ppm
water m m
I 700 0-
192 0-
142 0-
60 0-
0.5 0-
750 Excel
l
entto good f
or
i
rri
gat
ion
I
I 700- 192- 142-
355 60-
75 0.
5- 750- Good t o i nj
uri
ous
2000 480 2.
0 2250 suit
able wit
h
permeable soil and
moderate l
eaching,
harmful to sensi
tiv
e
crops
I
II 2000 >480 >355 >75 >2.
0 >2250 Unf
itf
ori
rr
igat
ion

Cr
it
eri
aforsui
tabi
li
tyofi
rr
igat
ionwat
erandcomput
ati
onofSARANDRSC
I
rr
igat
ionwat
er,i
rr
espect
iveofi
tssour
ce,al
way
scont
ainssomesol
ubl
esal
ts.The
sui
tabi
l
ityofwat
ersf
oraspeci
fi
cpur
posedependsupont
het
ypesandamount
sof
di
ssol
vedsal
ts.Someoft
hedi
ssol
vedsal
tsorot
herconst
it
uent
smaybeusef
ulf
or
cr
opsbutt
hequal
i
tyorsui
tabi
l
ityofwat
ersf
ori
rr
igat
ionpur
posesi
sassessedi
nter
ms
oft
he pr
esence ofundesi
rabl
e const
it
uent
s and onl
yinal
i
mit
ed si
tuat
ions,t
he
i
rr
igat
ionwat
ersi
sjudgedasasour
ceofpl
antnut
ri
ent
s.Someoft
hedi
ssol
vedi
ons
suchasNO3ar
eusef
ulf
orcr
ops.
Thel
i
mit
sofpur
it
yest
abl
i
shedf
ordr
inki
ngwat
er,wat
ert
obeusedf
ori
ndust
ri
al
pur
posesandf
oragr
icul
tur
ear
edi
ff
erent
.Itmay
,ther
efor
e,bepossi
blet
hatawat
er
whi
chi
snotgoodf
ordr
inki
ngandi
ndust
ri
aluse,maybequi
tesui
tabl
efori
rr
igat
ion.
Thi
spubl
i
cat
iondeal
swi
thi
rr
igat
ionwat
ersonl
y.Themosti
mpor
tantchar
act
eri
sti
cthat
det
ermi
net
hequal
i
tyofi
rr
igat
ionwat
ersar
e:

1.pH

2.Tot
alconcent
rat
ionofsol
ubl
esal
tsj
udgedt
hroughel
ect
ri
cal
conduct
ivi
ty(
EC)
.

3.Rel
ati
vepr
opor
ti
onofsodi
um t
oot
hercat
ionssuchasCaandMgr
efer
redasSodi
um
Adsor
pti
onRat
io(
SAR)
.

4.Concent
rat
ionofbor
onorot
herel
ement
sthatmaybet
oxi
ctopl
ant
s

5.Concent
rat
ionofcar
bonat
esandbi
-car
bonat
easr
elat
edt
otheconcent
rat
ionof
cal
cium pl
usmagnesi
um r
efer
redasResi
dual
Sodi
um Car
bonat
e(RSC)
.

6.Cont
entofani
onssuchaschl
ori
de,
sul
phat
eandni
tr
ate.

Theanal
yti
caldat
aont
heabov
epar
amet
ersar
eusedt
odescr
ibet
hequal
i
tyof
i
rr
igat
ionwat
ert
aki
ngst
andar
dsf
ixedf
oreachaspectasani
ndex.Somewat
ers
comi
ngf
rom i
ndust
ri
esasef
fl
uent
sanddomest
icwast
ewat
erassewagemaycont
ain
somespeci
fi
cpl
antnut
ri
ent
sal
so.Thesewat
ersmaybeusef
ulf
ori
rr
igat
ionoff
iel
d
cr
opsi
fassessedf
ort
oxi
c/pol
l
utantmet
als,andor
gani
candmi
crobi
alconst
it
uent
s
wi
thr
egar
dtot
hei
rsui
tabi
l
ityorot
her
wise.Det
ermi
nat
ionofor
gani
cconst
it
uent
sis
gener
all
ycar
ri
edoutundert
wocat
egor
ies:i
)or
gani
csubst
anceswhi
chquant
if
yan
aggr
egat
eamountofor
gani
ccar
bon,andi
i
)indi
vi
dualorspeci
fi
cor
gani
csubst
ances
suchasbenzene,DDT,met
hane,phenol
,endosul
fan,et
c.I
mpor
tantdet
ermi
nat
ionsar
e
t
hechemi
caloxy
gendemand(
COD)whi
chgi
vest
het
otalor
gani
csubst
ancesandt
he
bi
o-chemi
caloxy
gendemand(
BOD)whi
chgi
vest
heamountoft
otalbi
odegr
adabl
e
or
gani
csubst
ancesi
nthewat
ersampl
e.Tokeept
hescopeoft
hispubl
i
cat
iont
ail
ored
t
o Ser
vicel
abor
ator
ies,onl
ypar
amet
ersofpr
act
icalut
il
it
ytoj
udget
hequal
i
tyof
commonl
yusedi
rr
igat
ionwat
ersar
edescr
ibed.Thus,
theaspect
sper
tai
ningt
otheuse
ofef
fl
uent
s and sewage wat
ers hav
e notbeen cov
ered.Si
mil
arl
y,t
he aspectof
assessi
ngwat
erasacar
ri
erofpl
antnut
ri
ent
sal
sohasnotbeencov
ered.

Soi
lpol
lut
ion:soi
lpol
l
uti
on 
aspar
tofl
anddegr
adat
ioni
scausedbyt
hepr
esenceof
Xenobi
oti
c(human-made)chemi
cal
sorot
heral
ter
ati
oni
nthenat
ural
soi
l
 env
ironment
.
I
tist
ypi
cal
l
ycausedbyi
ndust
ri
alact
ivi
ty,
agr
icul
tur
alchemi
cal
sori
mpr
operdi
sposalof
wast
e.

Sour
cesofPol
lut
ion

A)Soi
l–

(
a)Thr
ought
heai
rgasesandquant
ami
nant
semi
tt
edf
rom exhaust
s
(
b)Thr
oughdr
ainagesy
stem.
(
c)Thr
oughdumpedsol
i
dmat
eri
alsl
i
ker
efusesf
rom mi
nes,
ani
mal
slur
ri
esor
sewagesl
udgeet
c.
B)Wat
er-Wat
erhasuni
quepr
oper
tyofdi
ssol
vi
ngi
ndust
ri
alby
-pr
oduct
s,pest
ici
des,
chemi
cal
fer
ti
li
zer
set
c.Suchwast
ewat
erpol
l
utet
hesoi
l
.

Ki
ndsofSoi
lPol
lut
ion
1.Pest
ici
des.
2.I
nor
gani
cquant
ami
nant
smost
lyheav
ymet
als.
3.Or
gani
cwast
es–muni
cipal
andi
ndust
ri
alwast
es.
4.Fer
ti
li
zer
sandot
hersal
ts
5.Radi
onucl
i
des.
Aci
dRai
n–
Chemi
cal
react
ionsi
nvol
vedi
naci
drai
n.
Soi
lPol
lut
ant
s:i
.Agr
icul
tur
alpest
ici
desi
i
.Or
gani
cwast
e i
i
i.Heav
ymet
als
i
v.Fer
ti
li
zer
s v
.Redi
onucl
uot
ides v
i.Aci
drai
ns

Pr
event
ivecont
rolmeasur
es:Reduci
ngchemi
calf
ert
il
izerandpest
ici
deuse,Appl
yi
ng
bi
o-f
ert
il
izer
s andmanur
escanr
educechemi
calf
ert
il
izerandpest
ici
deuse.Bi
ologi
cal
met
hodsofpestcont
rol
canal
sor
educet
heuseof
 pest
ici
des 
andt
her
ebymi
nimi
zesoi
l
pol
l
uti
on.

Wat
erpol
lut
ion:def
ini
ti
on,
sour
cesandt
hei
rremedi
ati
on

Wat
eri
suni
ver
saldi
ssol
verandcl
eaner
,mustper
iodi
cal
l
ybecl
eanedi
tsel
fbef
orei
t
becomesr
eusabl
e.Agoodqual
i
tywat
erbecomewast
ewat
ert
hrought
he di
ssol
uti
on
ofdi
ff
erentdet
ergent
schemi
cal
sli
kepest
ici
deset
candot
heri
ndust
ri
alef
fl
uent
s and
whent
hiswast
ewat
eri
susedf
ort
hei
rr
igat
ionpur
poseandot
her
sthani
tbecomesa
ser
iouspr
obl
em r
esul
ti
ngi
nwat
erpol
l
uti
on.
Wat
erpol
lut
ion:I
mpai
rmentofwat
erqual
i
tyf
rom i
tsnor
malwat
erqual
i
tyi
sev
aluat
ed
byi
tsaest
het
ic,phy
sical
,chemi
calandbi
ologi
calpr
oper
ti
eswhi
chgeti
nfl
uencedby
Agr
icul
tur
al,
indust
ri
alandant
hropogeni
cuse.

Sour
cesofWat
erPol
lut
ion
Some oft
he 
impor
tantsour
ces ofwat
erpol
lut
ion ar
e:(
i)
 Domest
ic 
eff
luent
s and
sewage,(
ii
) 
Indust
ri
alef
fl
uent
s,(
ii
i)
 Agr
icul
tur
al 
eff
luent
s,(
iv)Radi
oact
ivewast
es,(
v)
Ther
mal
pol
l
uti
on,
and(
vi)
 Oi
l
 pol
l
uti
on.

CausesofWat
erPol
lut
ion
1.I
ndust
ri
alwast
e:
2.Sewageandwast
ewat
er:
3.Mi
ningact
ivi
ti
es:
4.Mar
inedumpi
ng:
5.Acci
dent
alOi
ll
eakage
6.Bur
ningoff
ossi
lfuel
s:
7.Chemi
cal
fer
ti
li
zer
sandpest
ici
des:

Remedi
almeasur
est
ocont
rol
wat
erpol
lut
ion
 1.Muni
cipalwast
ewat
ert
reat
ment
.2.Onsi
tesani
tat
ionandsaf
elymanaged
sani
tat
ion.3.I
ndust
ri
alwast
ewat
ert
reat
ment
.4.Agr
icul
tur
alwast
emanagement
t
reat
ment
.5Er
osi
onandsedi
mentcont
rolf
rom const
ruct
ionsi
te.6.Cont
rolofur
ban
r
unof
f.
 Lesson:14

Radi
otr
acert
echnol
ogyappl
icat
ioni
npl
antnut
ri
entst
udi
es

Lesson:15

Rapi
dti
ssuet
estf
orsoi
landpl
ant

Pr
inci
ple:
Pl
antt
issueaccumul
atesni
tr
atePhosphat
eandpot
assi
um i
ninor
gani
cfor
m asi
on
whi
chcanbedet
ect
edbychemi
cal
test
s.
I
nthesechemi
calt
est
sthenut
ri
ent
sar
eext
ract
edf
rom l
eafpar
tswi
tht
hehel
pof
sui
tabl
echemi
calr
eagent
sandt
heconcent
rat
ionofpar
ti
cul
arnut
ri
enti
sjudgedbyt
he
di
ff
erencei
nint
ensi
tyofcol
ourt
her
esul
tsar
ecl
assi
fi
edasl
ow,
medi
um adhi
gh.
(
I)Testf
orni
tr
ate
A)Di
pheny
lami
net
est
:

Reagent
s:1%di
pheny
lami
nei
nconcent
rat
edH2SO4

Pr
ocedur
e:

a)ForMai
ze(
Thi
ckst
alkpl
ant
s)

Ni
tr
atet
esti
smadeatt
hebaseofl
eafmi
dri
bwi
thoutdest
roy
ingent
ir
epl
ant
.

i
)Cutat
hinv
ert
ical
sect
ionatt
hepl
antnode.

i
i
)Addadr
opofcol
our
lessdi
pheny
lami
ner
eagent
s.

i
i
i)I
nabout30secondsbl
uecol
ourdev
elopsi
fpl
antsapcont
ainsni
tr
ateni
tr
ogen.

b)Testf
orWheat
,Baj
ara(
Thi
nst
alkpl
ant
s)

i
)Upr
ootpl
antr
andoml
y

i
i
)Cutt
hest
em nearl
owernodeatsl
ant
ingangl
e
i
i
i)Add2-
3dr
opsofdi
pheny
lami
nei
ndi
cat
or.Bl
uecol
ouri
ndi
cat
est
hepr
esenceof
ni
tr
ate.

Ther
esul
ti
ngcol
ourf
orni
tr
atet
esti
sreadyasf
oll
ows.

1.Nocol
our
:Pl
antsev
erel
ydef
ici
enti
nni
tr
ogen

I
nfer
ence:
Urgentneedst
oappl
yni
tr
ogenf
ert
il
izer

2.Sl
i
ght
lybl
ue:
plantdef
ici
enti
nni
tr
ogen

I
nfer
ence:needst
oappl
yni
tr
ogenf
ert
il
izer

3.Medi
um bl
ue:
planti
sonl
ysl
i
ght
lydef
ici
enti
nni
tr
ogen

I
nfer
ence:needst
oappl
yni
tr
ogenf
ert
il
izer
.Itmaygi
vesl
i
ghti
ncr
easei
nyi
eldbut
i
ncr
eases t
hepr
otei
ncont
enti
ncer
eal
s.

4.Dar
kbl
ue:
planti
sadequat
elysuppl
i
edwi
thni
tr
ogen

I
nfer
ence:
noneedst
oappl
yni
tr
ogenf
ert
il
izer

B)Br
ay’
smodi
fi
edt
estf
orni
tr
ate

Reagent1:
Mix100gbar
ium sul
phat
e1gpowder
edzi
ncand10gmanganesesul
phat
e.
Mi
xtur
eist
hor
oughl
ygr
ound.

Reagent2:
10%Acet
icaci
dmadeni
tr
atef
reebyaddi
ti
onofl
i
ttl
epowder
edzi
nc.

Reagent 3: I
n 50 ml r
eagent 2,add appr
oxi
mat
ely 0.
25 g mi
xtur
e of 1:
1
al
phanaphy
lami
neand sul
phur
icaci
d.

Forcompar
isonni
tr
atesol
uti
oni
n10%acet
icaci
dar
epr
epar
ed.

(
Standar
dsol
uti
on20ppm ni
tr
ogen)

Pr
ocedur
e:

i
)Take¼t
easpoonf
uloff
inel
ycutpl
antt
issuemat
eri
ali
nat
estt
ube.
i
i
)Add¼t
easpoonf
ulofr
eagent1and10ml
ofr
eagent2

i
i
i)Shakei
tforonemi
nut
eandsi
xdr
opofr
eagent3.

i
v)Shakeandal
l
ow t
oset
tl
eforobser
vingcol
ourdev
elopmentagai
nstt
hecol
our
dev
elopment wi
thst
andar
dsol
uti
onofni
tr
ate.

Not
e:Theset
est
sar
eusef
ulf
rom t
heear
lygr
owt
hper
iodt
othegr
andgr
owt
hper
iod.

(
II
)Testf
orphosphat
e:

Reagent1:Di
ssol
ve8gofammoni
um mol
ybdat
ein200mlofdi
sti
l
ledwat
er.Tot
his
add sl
owl
ywi
thconst
antst
ir
ri
ngmi
xtur
eof126mlconc.HCland74ml
di
sti
l
ledwat
er.

Reagent1i
sdi
l
utedf
ourt
imesbef
oreuse.

Reagent2:Dr
yst
annousoxal
ateorst
annouschl
ori
de

Pr
ocedur
e:

Si
ncet
hei
nor
gani
cphosphat
esar
epr
esenti
ncel
lsap,
thet
esti
scar
ri
edoutwi
tht
he
l
eaft
issues.

Pr
ocedur
e:

i
)Cutl
eafbl
adei
ntof
inepi
ecesaf
terr
emov
ingt
hickmi
dri
b.

i
i
)Takeonet
easpoonf
uloff
inel
ycutt
issuei
nfl
atbot
tom v
ialwhi
chhas10 ml
gr
aduat
ion.

i
i
i)Fi
l
lthev
ial
upt
o10ml
mar
kwi
thphosphat
ereagent1.

i
v)Shaket
hecont
entv
igor
ousl
yforonemi
nut
e.

v
)Af
tershaki
ng add smal
lamountofst
annous oxal
ate orst
annous chl
ori
de
(
Appr
oxi
mat
elyasi
zeofpi
nhead)

v
i)Mi
xthecont
entandobser
vedt
hecol
our
.
Thecol
ourr
esul
ti
ngf
rom t
hephosphat
etesti
sreadasf
oll
ows.

1.Col
our
lessory
ell
ow:
planthi
ghl
ydef
ici
enti
nP

I
nfer
ence :
needt
oappl
yphosphat
efer
ti
li
zer

2.Gr
eenorbl
uishgr
een:
planti
sdef
ici
enti
nphosphor
us

I
nfer
ence :
needt
oappl
yphosphat
efer
ti
li
zer

3.Li
ghtbl
ue :
sli
ghti
ncr
easeswi
thphosphat
icf
ert
il
izer

4.Medi
um bl
ue :
planti
sadequat
elysuppl
i
edwi
thP

I
nfer
ence :
noneedt
oappl
yphosphat
efer
ti
li
zer

5.Dar
kbl
ue :
planti
sabundant
lysuppl
i
edwi
thP

I
nfer
ence :
noneedt
oappl
yphosphat
efer
ti
li
zer

(
II
I)Testf
orpot
assi
um:

Reagent1.:Di
ssol
ve5gofsodi
um obal
tni
tr
it
eand30gsodi
um ni
tr
it
ein50t
o70ml
di
sti
l
ledwat
er,
add5mlgl
aci
alacet
icaci
dandmake100mlv
olumeandal
l
ow i
tto
st
andf
orsev
eralday
s.Add5mloft
hissol
uti
ont
oasol
uti
onof15%sodi
um ni
tr
ateand
adj
ustt
opp5.
0wi
thacet
icaci
d.

Reagent2.:95%et
hyl
alcohol

Pr
ocedur
e:

Pot
assi
um i
snotknownt
obeadef
ini
teadef
ini
tepar
tofpl
antt
issue.Buti
tex
ist
sin
sol
uti
onf
ormi
ncel
lsap.

i
)Cutl
eaft
issuei
ntof
inepi
eces.

i
i
)Pl
ace¼t
easpoonoff
inel
ycutl
eaft
issuei
ngl
assv
ial
.

i
i
i)Add10ml
pot
ashr
eagent1at210c,
shakev
igor
ousl
yforami
nut
e.
i
v)Add2ml
reagent2at210candmi
x.

v
)Af
ter2-
3mi
nut
esobser
vet
heamountofpr
eci
pit
atef
ormed.

Not
e:I
ncaseofmai
zet
het
emper
atur
econt
rol
isnotnecessar
y.

Thedegr
eeoft
urbi
dit
yfor
medofpot
assi
um t
esti
sani
ndi
cat
ionofKcont
ent
.

1.Onl
yat
raceoft
urbi
dit
y:Def
ici
entKsuppl
y

2.Medi
um t
urbi
dit
y :
Doubt
ful
Ksuppl
y

3.Ver
yhi
ght
urbi
dit
y :
Adequat
eKsuppl
y

Whenpl
antt
issuei
ndi
cat
esadef
ici
entKsuppl
y,t
her
eisneedt
osuppl
ypot
assi
um.

Lesson:16

Managementofpoorqual
it
yir
ri
gat
ionwat
eri
ncr
opmanagement

Lesson:17

Soi
lpol
lut
ion

Lesson:18

Wat
erpol
lut
ion