A DISSERTATION REPORT ON SERVICES IN VERTICAL OR HIGH RISE BUILDING DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE M.B.M. ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JNV UNIVERSITY, JODHPUR GUIDED BY: SUBMITTED BY: AR. HARENDRA BOHRA NIDHI LATHI DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, B. ARCH IV YEAR, 2016-17 J.NV.U, JODHPURDECLARATION |, the undersigned, hereby declare that the Dissertation Report entitled “SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING” is written and submitted by me in par- tial fulfillment of the academic requirements for the award of Bachelor of Architecture under the guidance of Ar. Harendra Bohra. This is my original work and interpretations drawn therein are based on material and matter collected by me. NIDHI LATHI B. Arch IV Year Department Of Architecture M. B. M. Engineering College Jodhpur Date:_ /_/__CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Dissertation report made by student MS. NIDHI LATHL is her bonafide work. The report presented is made by her under my guidance and supervision. ‘AR. HARENDRA BOHRA Dissertation Guide Head of Department Department of Architecture M. B. M. Engineering College JodhpurACKNOWLEDGEMENT Many people have contributed to this work. | would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. Thank you to my dissertation guide AR. HARENDRA BOHRA for your continual guidance and sound advice, for the related queries, who made me to think more critically and innovatively to complete this project. | am highly indebted for her guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for the support in completing the project. It was a great honor to work under her supervision | am grateful to AR. HARENDRA BOHRA, Head of Department for his guidance and support. | would like to express my gratitude towards my parents, friends and seniors for their constant love and encouragement. NIDHI LATHI B. Arch IV Year Department Of ArchitectureCONTENT 4.14 4.15 CHAPTER ONE WHAT IS HIGH RISE BUILDING WHY THERE IS NEED OF HIGHRISE BUILDING? RELEVANCE OF SERVICES IN HIGHRISE BUILDING POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF HIGHRISE BUILDING ABOUT SKYSCRAPER HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH RISE BUILDING AIMS OBJECTIVE SCOPE METHODOLOGY CHAPTER TWO INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING SERVICES IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING SERVICES NATURAL AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION NATURAL VENTILATION MECHANICAL VENTILATION ENERGY CONSERVATION IN VENTILATION SYSTEM. DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR NATURAL VENTILATION AIR CONDITIONING INTRODUCTION CENTRALLY PLANT SYSTEM. AIR HANDLING UNIT PLANNING OF PIPE SHAFTS PLANNING FOR SUPPLY AIR DUCTS AND RETURN AIR COOLING TOWER DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING VAPOUR COMPRESSION WATER CHILLER ABSORPTION SYSTEM SYSTEM DESIGN AIR MOVEMENT APPLICATION FACTOR UNITARY AIR CONDITIONER SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER PACKAGED AIR CONDITIONER5. STAIRCASE 5.1 TYPES OF STAIRS 5.2 WIDTH OF STAIRCASE 5.3 TREAD AND RISER 5.4 HEAD ROOM 5.6 FLIGHTS WITH WINDERS AND SPLAYED STEPS 5.7 DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF RISERS 6. LIFT 6.1 EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION 6.2 INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED BY ARCHITECT 6.3 ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS 6.4 OUTLINE DIMENSION 6.5 LIFT WELLS 6.6 LIFT WELL ENCLOSURES 6.7 LIFT PITS 6.8 MACHINE ROOMS AND OVERHEAD STRUCTURES. 6.9 PRELIMINARY DESIGN 6.10 FIRE PROTECTION 6.11 SUPPLY CABLES AND SWITCHES 7. ELECTRICAL 7.1 PLANNING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS 7.2 WIRING 7.3 FITTINGS AND ACCESSORIES 7.4 EARTHING 7.5 INSPECTION AND TESTING OF INSTALLATION 8. WATER SUPPLY 8.1 WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENT FOR BUILDING 8.2 WATER SOURCE AND QUALITY 8.3 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN MULTISTOREY BUILDING. 8.4 GENERAL REQUIREMENT FOR PIPE WORK 8.5 JOINTING OF PIPES 8.6 BACKFLOW PREVENTION 8.7 LAYING OF MAIN PIPE AND PIPE ON SITE 9. FIRE FIGHTING 9.1 EXIT REQUIREMENT 9.2 PROVISION OF LIFT9.3 BASEMENT 9.4 PROVISION OF HELIPAID 9.5 SERVICE DUCTS/REFUGE CHUTE 9.6 ELECTRICAL SERVICES 9.7 STAIRCASE AND CORRIDOR LIGHTS 9.8 AIR-CONDITIONING 9.9 BOILER ROOM 9.10 ALTERNATE SOURCE OF ELECTRIC SUPPLY 9.11 SAFETY MEASURES IN ELECTRIC SUB-STATION 9.12 FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS 9.13 STATIC WATER STORAGE TANK 9.14 AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS 9.15 FIXED CARBON DI-OXIDE / FOAM / DCO WATER SPRAY EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM 9.16 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM. 9.17 CONTROL ROOM 9.18 FIRE DRILLS AND FIRE ORDERS. 9.21 MATERIAL USED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING 9.22 LPG 9.23 HOUSE KEEPING 9.24 FIRE PREVENTION 9.25 OCCUPANCY RESTRICTIONS 10. CASESTUDY 10.1 WORLD TRADE CENTER, MUMBAI 10.2 SHALIN SKY, AHMEDABAD 11. CONCLUSION 12. REFERENCESHIGH-RISE BUILDING. SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING. CHAPTER ONE 1.1. WHAT IS A HIGH-RISE BUILDING? A building is an enclosed structure that has walls, floors, a roof, and usually windows. A tall building is a multi-story structure in which most occupants depend on elevators [lifts] to reach their destinations. The most prominent to all buildings are called high-rise buildings in most countries and tower blocks in Britain and some European countries. However, a high-rise building can be defined as follows: Any structure where the height can have a serious impact on evacuation. For most purposes, the cut-off point for high-rise buildings is around seven stories. Sometimes, seven stories or higher define a high-rise, and sometimes the definition is more than seven stories. Sometimes, the definition is stated in terms of linear height (feet or meters) rather than stories. Generally, a high-rise structure is considered to be one that extends higher than the maximum reach of available fire-fighting equipment. In absolute numbers, this has been set variously between 75 feet (23 meters) and 100 feet (30 meters), 5 or about seven to ten stories (depending on the slab-to- slab distance between floors). Emporis Standards defines a high-rise as “A multi-story structure between 35— 100 meters tall, or a building of unknown height from 12-39 floors.” According to the building code of Hyderabad, India, a high-rise building is one with four floors or more, or 15 to 18 meters or more in height. 1.2. WHY THEIR IS NEED OF HIGHRISE BUILDING ? Rapid growth of population in urban communities, and therefore the constant pressure of the limited land area affected the evolution of building. Expensive land prices. Restriction of random expansion in major cities adjacent to agricultural land. The high cost of setting up infrastructure for new cities. Expression of progress and civilization. Increasing demand for residential and business space. Innovation in structural system. Scarcity of land.HIGH-RISE BUILDING. SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING. 1.3. RELEVANCE OF SERVICES IN HIGH RISE BUILDING Services plays very important role in any building it may be high rise or low rise. With the designing and planning of building things like light, ventilation, hvac systems, staircase, lift, water supply system, drainage system, fire fighting system, etc. will keep in mind. Only the shape of building doesn’t matter while designing any building. Designing of services in proper manner makes good circulation. It is a base of designing. Building services play a central role in contributing to the design of a building, not only in terms of overall strategies and standards to be achieved, but also in facade, the weights, sizes and location of major plant and equipment, the position of vertical service risers, routes for the distribution of horizontal services, drainage, energy sources, sustainability, and so on. This means that building services design must be integrated into the overall building design from a very early stage, particularly on complex building projects such as high rise building. Building is in directly relevance to services. Without services building is nothing. 1.4. POSITVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF HIGHRISE BUILDING Like other human-made artifacts, high rise buildings have both positive effects and advantages and negative effects and disadvantages obtained from their construction in urban environments. Negative effects of high rise building can be studied in different environmental, traffic, social, aesthetical etc. Inaddition, positive effects of tall buildings can be known as such things as reduced cost, visual aspects etc. 1.4.1 POSITIVE ASPECTS They save space and accommodate more residents as compared to shorter buildings. The higher floors are relatively more airy and receive more sunlight. Taller buildings are a better option for the idea of a green building since they are more lit, airy and provide more surface area to install solar panels. They are much more economical as buying a small land and constructing a tall building is more affordable than purchasing a widespread land. Reduced Cost- Save costs of construction and reduced cost of residential units. Use tall buildings decreases land price per capita, street cost per capita, and cost of underlying facilities. Compressed cities decrease volume of infrastructures of cities and reduce costs.HIGH-RISE BUILDING. SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING. + Perspective-Due to visual highlight, high rise buildings can help orientation of cities. Possible creation of cozy and relaxed atmosphere far from crowdedness; urban perspective. Prevention of Horizontal Extension-Decreased suburban development and decreased damage to environment.A suitable model for housing in cities facing limited physical horizontal extension. Social - Possible creation of suitable space for improving social facilities and urban services. 1.4.2. NEGATIVE ASPECTS The construction of very tall buildings requires highly skilled engineers and architects to design the building, thus increasing the total cost. Very tall buildings bear wind forces and seismic forces apart from dead and live loads. Buildings above 100 story height face the problem of oscillation, sometimes resulting in crashing of windowpanes (e.g. the case of 200 Clarendon(1].) The foundations of very tall buildings with smaller construction land are under tremendous load and failing of soil may lead to collapse of the building. Constant oscillations may give a nauseating feeling to the residents of the building. Environmental-Destroy nature and environment in case of incorrect location. Environmental pollutions due to vehicle congestion. Tall buildings block fresh air circulation and sunlight Traffic-Increased traffic volume due to increased plot ratio of tall buildings. Increased distance between place of occupants, because of erected tall residential. Social-Decreased health social relations among occupants of tall buildings due to their scale and nature. Social degeneration, social isolation and alienation in tall residential complexes. Cultural- Incompatibility of ideology and culture of occupants of tall buildings with their spaces. Priority of high rise buildings over low rise ones Safety- Vulnerability of tall buildings relative to low rise buildings against accidents such as earthquake. In cases where such accidents as fire occur, the fire will spread. Possibility of accidents including falling down the stairs and falls from height Health-Pressure from weight of tall building breaks soil layers and interferes sewage networks with groundwater supplies. Existence of car parking lots in a closed space in tall buildings makes pollution stable. Aesthetical-Erection of tall buildings near each other prevents natural perspectives such as sunrise and sunset, from being seen from low rise buildings.HIGH-RISE BUILDING. SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING. 1.5 SKYSCRAPERS Askyscraper is a very tall, continuously habitable building. Usually, a building is called a skyscraper if it clearly stands out above the surrounding built environment and significantly changes the city’s overall skyline. The structure is expected to be at least 20 stories tall (although the term “skyscraper” was applied to early, 10-storied structures). Apart from that, there is no universally accepted minimum height for a skyscraper. In the United States today, a loose convention draws the lower limit for a skyscraper at 150 meters. Elsewhere, a building that is 80 meters (about 262 feet) tall may be considered a skyscraper, based on its relative impact on the city’s skyline. In addition, habitability distinguishes skyscrapers from towers and masts. 1.5.1 Origin of the term The term “skyscraper” was a nautical term for a tall mast or sail on a sailing ship. In the late nineteenth century, the term was first applied to tall buildings, reflecting public amazement at the structures being constructed in Chicago and New York City. Later, architectural historians used a structural definition for the word skyscraper, based on engineering developments of the 1880s that had enabled construction of tall, multi-story buildings. This definition was based on the steel skeleton—-as differentiated from the construction of load-bearing masonry. Philadelphia's City Hall, completed in 1901, still holds claim as the world’s tallest load-bearing masonry structure, at 167 m (548 ft).HIGH-RISE BUILDING. SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING. 1.6 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHRISE BUILDING Adams Street, a witness of its times. It has twelve floors — there were originally ten, but two were subsequently added — and was built in roughly eighteen months. The architect W. L. B. Jenney used an uncommon new method for the construction of his building: the weight of the walls was borne by a framework of cast-iron columns and rolled I-sections which were bolted together via L-bars and the entire “skeleton” embedded in the masonry. The early Equitable Life Building in New York, which was completed in 1872, also contributed towards the development of high-rise buildings, for it was the first tall building to have an elevator. Although it only had six floors, the edge of the roof was no less than 130 feet (roughly 38 m) above the road surface. Due to its elevator, the upper floors were in greater demand than the lower floors. Following completion of the “Equitable” building, it was the thing done to reside on one of the “top” floors. Burnham and Roof’s Monadnock building, which was completed in Chicago in 1891, must also be mentioned as one of the last witnesses of a whole generation of solid masonry high-rise buildings. Sixteen floors of robust brick masonry rise skywards in stern, clear lines: an astonishing sight to eyes accustomed to the frills and fancies of the late 19th century. Standing on an oblong base measuring 59 m _ 20 m, the building is reminiscent] of a thin slice and not only recalls the industrial brick buildings of the late 19th century, but also anticipates the formal simplification of the later 1920s. The buildings rose higher and higher with the spread of pioneering construction methods — such as the steel skeleton or reliable deep foundation methods — as well as the invention and development of the elevator. The highly spectacular skylines of North American cities, particularly Chicago and New York, originated in the early years of the 20th century. Glancing over Manhattan's stony profile, the silhouettes dotting the first 12 km of the 22-km- long island bear vociferous testimony to this dynamic development. The legendary Empire State Building, built in 1931, 381 m, The Chrysler Building dated 1930, 320 m, The former Pan Am Building completed in 1963, 246 m, The Rockefeller Center (1931-1940), a complex of 19 buildings, The Citicorp Center built in 1978, 279 m, and The AT&T Building opened in 1984, a pioneering building by the post- modern architect Philip Johnson, with an overall height of 197 m. The World Trade Center, currently the tallest building in New York, 417 m highHIGH-RISE BUILDING. SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING. Itis only recently that attention has also turned to interesting high-rise buildings outside North America: Norman Foster’s Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, leoh Ming Pei’s Bank of China in Hong Kong and the twin tops of the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, currently the tallest building in the world at 452 m. High-rise buildings in Germany are a modern development and are concentrated particularly in Frankfurt am Main: today, Frankfurt is the only German city with a skyline dominated by skyscrapers. One of the tallest buildings in the city is the Messeturm built in 1991 with a height of 259 m, which is not much more than half the height of the Sears Tower in Chicago, currently the tallest office and business tower in North America with a total height of 443 m, It was the rapid growth in population that originally promoted the construction of high-rise buildings. New York once again provides a striking example: land became scarce well over a hundred years ago as more and more European immigrants streamed into the city. From roughly half a million in 1850, the city’s population grew to 1.4 million by 1899. More and more skyscrapers rose higher and higher on the solid ground in Manhattan, as buildings could only be erected with great difficulty on the boggy land to the right and left of the Hudson River and East River.HIGH-RISE BUILDING. SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING. In this way, New York demonstrated what was meant by “urban densification” despite the considerable doubts originally voiced by experts in conjunction with this development. The first area development code to come into force in New York was the so-called “zoning law” of 1916, according to which the height] of a building must not exceed two and- a-half times the width of the road running alongside the building. The building mass was further limited by the requirement that the floor space index must not exceed twelve times the area of the site. Among other things, the zoning law stipulated that only the first twelve floors of a building were allowed to occupy the full area of the site and that all subsequent floors must then recede in zoned terraces — a requirement of major aesthetic significance, for this terraced form still dominates the silhouette of American skyscrapers today. All doubts as to the profitability of high-rise buildings were set aside with com pletion of the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building and other skyscrap- ers in the 1930s, for they would never have been built if they could not have turned a profit. Although rentals proceeded slowly at first when the Empire State Building was completed in the heart of the recession in the 1930s and it was therefore known as the “Empty State Building” for many years, it subse- quently generated satisfactory revenues once all the premises had been let. Cities in Europe and Asia grew horizontally and it was only when production and services acquired greater economic significance throughout the world and the price of land rose higher and higher in economic centres after the Second World War that they also began to grow vertically. Modern Hong Kong is a strik+ ing case in point: it encompasses an area of 1,037 km2 (Victoria, Kowloon and the New Territories), of which only one-quarter has been developed, but with maximum density and impressive efficiency. Almost all the new buildings, office| towers and particularly residential towers in the New Territories have more than thirty floorsHIGH-RISE BUILDING. SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING. 1.7__AIM To study and analysis about the services used in vertical or High Rise building. 1.8 OBJECTIVE to study the different type of services commonly used according the government bylaws to study how services are used in vertical or high rise building Why services important in vertical building. To better understand of services taking an example of building from any city in India 1.9 SCOPE Services may include Vertical services like escalator, lift and staircase. Water, plumbing and drainage. Fire safety, detection and protection Electrical Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Information and communication technology network. Light (natural and artificial) Security and alarm systems or others. and the way they are planned for large number of people in high rise developments with respecting their needs and satisfying the government bylaws. 1.10 _METHODOLOGY The process starts by identifying aims and objectives and followed by the literature study and reviews. Literature gives a sought into the work and makes. easy to identify the different services in high rise building. The live study of building also helps to understand the services. Government bylaws and the use of the services can be studied.BUILDING seavices SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING CHAPTER TWO 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING SERVICES When construct a building architects must pay their attention and give the priority for following services. Ventilation Electrical HVAC Stairs Lifts Plumbing services Fire fighting Simply building can define as a structure and building services can be defined as the elements needed to allocate a building to function, and provide for the occupant’s requirements. Electricity, water and the telecommunication are commonly use in the domestic houses for domestic uses. But in the high rise buildings which are erect for commercial purposes consist with all of these services. There is highly required a technical knowledge to fix these services to the relevant areas in the building and have a good understand to use it properly. Building services can consider as the thing which complete the building and the thing which create a comfortable in side of the building. When consider all of these facts, building services is a necessary thing for a construction industry.BUILDING seavices SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING 2.2. IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING SERVICES Building services are indispensable for buildings. As an example certain types of building such as department store or indus- trial buildings are almost 100% dependent on electrical lighting, ventilating and air-conditioning . High rise buildings rely on vertical transportation and high speed pressure for water supply. A complex series of pipes, ducts, cables, and conduit run vertically through high-rise buildings in order to provide utility services to the upper floors. Vertical transportation is a phrase used to describe the various means of travelling between floors in a building. In buildings with more than four storeys, a lift (commonly known as an elevator) is desirable as there is a limit to how far people are willing to walk up stairs. The implementation of services demands a considerable amount of floor and ceiling so proper planning is necessary for their allocation.VENTILATION, SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING 3. VENTILATION Ventilation is a process of exchanging air. It includes both replacing air from outside or circulating air within space. It is important obtaining healthy and comfort condition. Ventilation helps us to prevent heat concentration ( heat produced by lighting, machine and human) and air humidity. Ventilation is also used to remove carbon dioxide, unpleasant smells, excessive moisture and contaminants such as airborne bacteria, smoke to replenish the indoor space with oxygen to maintain the percentage of oxygen at 21%. The disposal of gas plays a crucial role in fire prevention. Therefore, a building should ensure a good air circulation for comfort and safety purpose Ventilation is divided into natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation. 3.1 NATURAL VENTILATION Natural ventilation is an economic en means of providing air changes in a aaa building. It uses components integral with construction such as air bricks and louvres, or openable windows. The sources for natural ventilation are wind effect/pressure and stack effect/pressure. Stack effect is an application of convected aS. ae air currents. Cool air is encouraged to ‘Sack proeurein al bang enter a building at low level. Here it is warmed by the occupancy, lighting, machinery and/or purposely located heat emitters. A column of warm air rises within the building to discharge through vents at high level. Wind passing the walls of a building creates a slight vacuum. With provision of controlled openings this can be used to draw air from a room to effect air changes. In tall buildings, during the winter months, the cool more dense outside air will tend to displace the warmer lighter inside air through windows or louvres on the upper floors. This is known as stack effect. 3.2. MECHANICAL VENTILATION Mechanical Ventilation is used for application where natural ventilation is not appropriate. Without mechanical ventilation brings in fresh air, containants, heat, moisture, odors may be left in the building and caused health problem as well as fire. Mechanical ventilation circulates fresh air by using fans, ductwork rather than relaying on openings. uaVENTILATION, SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING The propose of having mechanical ventilation primarily goes to the importance of fresh outdoor air. Besides, mechanical ventilation is much more controllable compare to the natural ventilation. Relying on airflow via openings through walls, windows or roof, there's no control of the source and the amount of airflow. Air is brought in and pollutant is extracted out consistently and thus provides a comfort living condition. 3.2.1 TYPES OF MECHANICAL SYSTEM Mechanical ventilation can be found in various systems according to the function of the space. There are three type of system, which are, supply ventilation system, extract ventilation system and combined ventilation system. MESES eeaetes ‘Supply Ventilation 3.2.1.1 SUPPLY VENTILATION SYSTEM - A fan or a set of ductwork is used to distribute the fresh air from outside or it can be connect ero etn s with the returning air duct, allowing the eon a n® L | @ € heating and cooling system’s fan and duct to process the outside air before being distributed. The benefit of connecting to returning air duct is the outdoor air can be air-conditioned or dehumified before it is introduced into the room. At the same time refreshing the returning indoor air. Supply ventilation system | exhaust ventilation suitable for hot and mix climates. It is because & ema they pressurize the house, but may have the i potential to create moisture problem in cold climates. pw = Ntew Petes pane 1 Neeson (©) Neg a pene Fo teata| 3.2.1.2 EXHAUST VENTILATION SYSTEM work by depressurizing the building. By reducing the inside air pressure below the outdoor air pressure, they extract indoor air from a house Sas Gy eaenrmaace while make-up air infiltrates through leaks Nitin: ©) heer cae in the building shell and through intentional, passive vents. Exhaust ventilation systems. are most applicable in cold climates. Exhaust ventilation systems are relatively simple and inexpensive to install. Typically, an exhaust ventilation system is composed of a single fan connected to a centrally located, single exhaust point in the house. 2VENTILATION, SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING 3.1.2.3, BALANCED VENTILATION SYSTEM, if properly designed and installed, neither ieee pressurize nor depressurize a house. Rather, they introduce and exhaust approximately equal quantities of fresh outside air and polluted inside air, respectively. A balanced ventilation system usually has two fans and two duct systems, It facilitates good distribution of fresh air by placing supply and exhaust vents in appropriate places. Balanced ventilation systems are appropriate for all climates; they are usually more expensive to install and operate than supply or exhaust systems. @ Powe arprenute 4, Rretiton (S) negate ae ps 3.2.2 DUCTING Generally circular, square or rectangular but may be oval. For efficient distribution of air, the uniformity of circular ducting is preferred for the following reasons: * less opportunity for turbulence * less resistance to friction inherent rigidity lower heat losses or gains * sound transfer generally less * Less potential for air leakage Where space is restricted under floors or in suspended ceilings, rectangular ducting of high aspect ratio may be required for practical reasons. Square or rectangular ducting direction changes are more easily formed than with circulal sections 3VENTILATION, SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING 3.2.2.1 DUCTING MATERIAL Galvanised sheet steel is the most common material used for ventilation and air conditioning ducting. Factory prefabricated sections are site jointed by bolted steel angle flanges with a rubber sealing gasket, the rigid angles can also function as suspended bracket fixings. Sleeve jointing with pop-rivets and tape sealant is also used with smaller profile sections. In addition to galvanised steel, aluminium may be used in smaller profiles or externally in non- corrosive atmospheres. Copper or stainless steel is used where the ducting forms a feature, e.g. a cooker hood. Polypropylene and uPVC piping is suitable in short lengths and small diameters, mainly for domestic applications such as extract fan extensions. Plastic materials have limitations where performance in fire is a consideration. 3.2.2.2 Flexible ducts They are useful for short connections from air distribution boxes to several diffusers within close proximity. They are also useful for correcting misalignments and for convenient connections to fan housings and terminals. Flexible connections to fans will help to reduce vibration and sound. Flexible ducting is produced in corrugations made up in a concertina format from thin sheet aluminium or from spirally wound steel reinforced fabric. Lengths should be limited to as short as possible, as the concertina effect will impede air flow and create noise Also, flexible ducting is more likely to suffer damage and leakage. Jointing is by taped sleeve and jubilee clip. 3.2.3. TYPES OF FAN Propeller fan- does not create much air pressure and has limited effect in ductwork. Ideal for use at air openings in windows and walls. Axial flow fan- can develop high pressure and is used for moving air through long sections of ductwork. The fan is integral with the run of ducting and does not require a base. “VENTILATION, SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING Bifurcated axial flow fan- used for moving hot gases, e.g. flue gases, and greasy air from commercial cooker hoods. Cross-flow or tangential fan-in fan convector units. Centrifugal fan- can produce high pressure and has the capacity for large volumes of air. Most suited to larger installations such as air conditioning systems. It may have one or two inlets. Various forms of impeller can be selected depending on the air condition. Variable impellers and pulley ratios from the detached drive motor make this the most versatile of fans. 3.2.4 SOUND ATTENTUATION IN DUCTWORK Fans and air turbulence can be a significant noise source in air distribution systems. System accessories and fittings such as ductwork material, grilles/ diffusers, mixing boxes, tee junctions and bends can compound the effect of dynamic air, Ducts of large surface area may need to be stiffened to prevent reverberation. Fans may be mounted on a concrete base, with either cork, rubber or fibre pad inserts. Strong springs are an alternative. Duct connections to a fan should have a flexible adaptor of reinforced PVC. 15VENTILATION, SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING cone Use of cork sib ane metal eylinder feof ncourtcly Use of acoustically absorbent sbrorbent haneyeor ting of miners woo! 3.2.5 AIR FILTER Cell or panel -flat or in a vee formation to increase the surface contact area. Available in dry or wet (viscous) composition in disposable format for simple| fitting within the ductwork. A rigid outer frame is necessary to prevent flanking leakage of dirty air. Dry filters can be vacuum cleaned to extend their life, but in time will be replaced. The viscous filter is coated with an odourless, nontoxic, non-flammable oil. These can be cleaned in hot soapy water and recoated with oil. Absolute- a type of dry cell filter produced from dense glass paper. The paper is folded into deep pleats to create a series of vee formations arranged parallel to the air flow to increase surface contact. Some manufacturers apply cardboard or thin aluminium interleaves to support the glass paper and to channel the air through the filter depth. Bag-a form of filtration material providing a large air contact area. When the fan is inactive the bag will hang limply unless wire reinforced. It will resume a horizontal profile during normal system operation. Fabric bags can be washed periodically and replaced. Roller- operated manually or by pressure sensitive switch. As the filter be- comes less efficient, resistance to air flow increases. The pressure effects a detector which engages a motor to bring down clean fabric from the top spool. Several perforated rollers can beused to vee format and increase the fabric contact area. 16VENTILATION, SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING Cateye tee Sapte os ‘sotormanan Viscous- these have a high dust retention capacity and are often specified for application to industrial situations. An improvement on the panel type has close spaced corrugated metal plates continuously sprayed with oil. A rotating variation has filter plates hung from chains. The lower plates in the cycle pass through a bath of oil which removes attached particles and resurfaces the plates with clean oil. Electrostatic unit- this has an ionising area which gives suspended dust particles a positive electrostatic charge. These are conveyed in the air stream through metal plates which are alternately charged positive and earthed negative. Positively charged particles are repelled by the positive plates and attracted to the negative plates. The negative plates can also be coated with a thin layer of oil or gel for greater retention of dust. The unit can have supplementary, preliminary and final filters giving an overall efficiency of about 99%. Activated carbon-A disposable filter composed of carbon particles resembling pieces of coconut shell and arranged to provide a large surface contact area. A glass fibre matting is often used to contain the carbon shells. Activated carbon filters are disposable and must be easily accessible for inspection and replacement. vVENTILATION, SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING TYPICAL APPLICATION urcated anal fiow fan Rousing Extract aout ‘Spitters or vanes . ‘Activated carbon ‘ease fire in 45 3.2.6 FAN LAWS Fan performance depends very much on characteristics such as type and configuration of components. Given a standard set of criteria against which a fan's performance is measured, i.e. 20 degree Celsius dry bulb temperature, 101.325 kPa (1013 mb) atmospheric pressure, 50% relative humidity and 1.2 kg/m3 air density, any variation in performance can be predicted according to the following fan laws: * Discharge (volumetric air flow) varies directly with the fan speed. Q2 = Q1(N2/N1) * Fan pressure is proportional to the fan speed squared. P2 = P1(N2/N1)2 + Fan power is proportional to the fan speed cubed. W2 = W1(N2/N1)3 where: Q = air volume in m*/s N = fan speed in rpm (revolution per minute) pressure in pascals (Pa) W = power in watts or kilowatts. Total fon pressure * Air volume Fon etficiency = Z 18VENTILATION, SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING 3.2.7 LOW VELOCITY AIR FLOW IN DUCT Simple ducted air systems, typical of those serving internal WCs and bathrooms, operate at relatively low air velocity with little frictional resistance or pressure drop. In these situations the relationship between air flow and duct diameter can be expressed as Q = 63 x 107 x a5 x h=L Q=air flow rate in m*/see d= duet diameter in mm. h= pressure drop in mm water gauge L= length of duct in metres To determine duct diameter from design input data, the formula is represented: d=305 x Ya?x Leh 3.3 ENERGY CONSERVATION IN VENTILATION SYSTEM * Maximum possible use should be made of wind induced natural ventilation. * Adequate number of circulating fans should be installed to serve all interior working areas during summer months in the hot dry and warm humid regions to provide necessary air movement at times when ventilation due to] wind action alone does not afford sufficient relief. The capacity of a ceiling fan to meet the requirement of a room with the longer dimension D metres should be about 55 D m?/min. The height of fan blades above the floor should be (3H + W)/4, where H is the height of the room, and W is the height of work plane. The minimum distance between fan blades and the ceiling should be about 0.3 metre. Electronic regulators should be used instead of resistance type regulators for controlling the speed of fans. When actual ventilated zone does not cover the entire room area, then optimum size of ceiling fan should be chosen based on the actual usable area of room, rather than the total floor area of the room. Thus smaller size of fan can be employed and energy saving could be achieved. Power consumption by larger fans is obviously higher, but their power consumption per square metre of floor area is less and service value higher. Evidently, improper use of fans irrespective of the rooms dimensions is likely to result in higher power consumption. 19VENTILATION, SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING 3.4 Design Guidelines for Natural Ventilation By wind action * Abuilding may be oriented at any convenient angle between 0° and 30° without loosing any beneficial aspect of the breeze. If the prevailing wind is from East or West, building may be oriented at 45° to the incident wind so. as to diminish the solar heat without much reduction in air motion indoors. Inlet openings in the buildings should be well distributed and should be located on the windward side at a low level, and outlet openings should be located on the leeward side. Maximum air movement at a particular plane is achieved by keeping the sill height if the opening at 85 percent of the critical height (such as head level) for the following recommended levels of occupancy: 1) For sitting on chair 0.75 m, 2) For sitting on bed 0.60 m, and 3) For sitting on floor 0.40 m. In rooms of normal size having identical windows on opposite walls the average indoor air speed increases rapidly by increasing the width of window up to two-third of the wall widtly beyond that the increase is in much smaller proportion than the increase of the window width. The air motion in the working zone is maximum when window height is 1.1 m Greatest flow per unit area of openings is obtained by using inlet and outlet openings of nearby equal areas at the same level. The maximum average indoor wind speed does not exceed 40 percent of outdoor velocity. The building should be oriented perpendicular to the incident wind Where direction of the wind is quite variable the openings may be arranged so that as far as possible there is approximately equal area on all sides. Thus no matter what the wind direction be, there’would be some openings directly exposed to wind pressure and others to air suction and effective air movement through the building would be assured. Windows of living rooms should open directly to an open space. In places where building sites are restricted, open space may have to be created in the buildings by providing adequate courtyards. In the case of rooms with only one wall exposed to outside, provision of two} windows on that wall is preferred to that of a single window.A horizontal slot between the wall and horizontal louver prevents upward deflection of air in the interior of rooms. Provision of inverted L type (r) louver increases ‘the room air motion provided that the vertical projection does not obstruct the incident wind. 20VENTILATION, SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING Provision of horizontal sashes inclined at an angle of 45° in appropriate direction helps to promote the indoor air motion. Provision of horizontal sashes inclined at an angle of 45° in appropriate direction helps to promote the indoor air motion. VERANDAH open on three sides is to be preferred since it causes an increase| in the room air motion for most of the orientations of the building with respect to the outdoor wind. Air motion in a building is not affected by constructing another building of equal or smaller height on the leeward side; but it is slightly reduced if the leeward building is taller than the windward block. Air motion in a shielded building is less than that in an unobstructed building. To minimix shielding effect, the distances between two rows should be 8 H for semi-detached house and 10 H for long rows houses. However, for smaller spacing the shielding effect is also diminished by raising the height of the shielded building. Hedges and shrubs defect the air away from the inlet openings and cause a reduction in indoor air motion. These elements should not be planted at a distance of about 8 m from the building because the induced air motion is reduced to minimum in that case. However, air motion in the leeward part of the building can be enhanced by planting a low hedge at a distance of 2 m from the building. In case of industrial buildings the window height should be about 1,6 m and width about two-third of wall width. These should be located at a height of 1,1 m above the floor. In addition to this, openings around 0.9 m high should be provided over two-third length of the glazed area in the roof lights. aAIR CONDITIONING SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING 4. AIR CONDITIONING 4.1 INTRODUCTION Air conditioning is achieved by developing the principles of moving air in ducted ventilation systems to include a number of physical and scientific processes which enhance the air quality. Some basic terminology used in air conditioning system are: Dewpoint Temperature — The temperature at which condensation of moisture begins when the air is cooled at same pressure. Dry-Bulb Temperature — The temperature of the air, read ona thermometer, taken in such a way as to avoid errors due to radiation. Enthalpy — A thermal property indicating the quantity of heat in the air above an arbitrary datum, in kilo Joules per kg of dry air (or in Btu per pound of dry air). Global Warming Potential (GWP) — The potential of a refrigerant to contribute to global warming. Hydronic Systems — The water systems that convey heat to or from a conditioned space or process with hot or chilled water. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) — Air quality that refers to the nature of conditioned air that circulates throughout the spacelarea where one works or lives, that is, the air one breathes when indoors. Relative Humidity — Ratio of the partial pressure of actual water vapour in the air as compared to the partial pressure of maximum amount of water that may be contained at its dry bulb temperature. Water Conditioning — The treatment of water circulating in a hydronic system, to make it suitable for air conditioning system due to its effect on the economics of air conditioning plant. Wet-Bulb Temperature — The temperature registered by a thermometer whose bulb is covered by a wetted wick and exposed to a current of rapidly moving air of velocity not less than 4.5 m/s. 4.2. CENTRALLY PLANT SYSTEM This system is used where the air condition can be the same throughout the various parts of a building. It is also known as an all air system and may be categorised as low velocity for use in buildings with large open spaces, e.g. supermarkets, theatres, factories, assembly halls, etc.AIR CONDITIONING SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING 4.2.1. Planning of Equipment Room for Central Air Conditioning Plant In selecting the location for plant room, the aspects of efficiency, ec~nomy and good practice should be considered an&wherever possible it shall be made contiguous with the building. This room shall be located as centrally as possible with respect to the area to be air conditioned and shalll be free from obstructing columns. In the case of large installations (500 TR and above), it is advisable to have a separate isolated equipment room where possible. The clear headroom below soffit of beam should be minimum 4.5 m for centrifugal plants, and minimum 3.6 m for reciprocating and screw type plants. The floors of the equipment rooms should belight coloured and finished smooth. All floor and ceiling supports shall be isolated from the structure to prevent transmission of vibrations. Equipment rooms shall have provision for mechanical ventilation. In hot climate, evaporative air-cooling may also be considered. Plant machinery in the plant room shall be placed on plairdreinforced cement concrete foundation anti provided with anti-vibratory supports. Equipment room should preferably be located adjacent to external wall to facilitate equipment movement and ventilation. acoustic treatment should be provided in plant room space to prevent noise transmission to adjacent occupied areas. Air conditioning plant room should preferably be located close to main electrical panel of the building in order to avoid large cable lengths. In case air conditioning plant room is located in basement, equipment movement route shall be planned to facilitate future replacement and maintenance. Service ramps or hatch in ground floor slab should be provided in such cases. Floor drain channels or dedicated drainpipes in slope shall be provided within plant room space for effective disposal of waste water. Thermal energy storage- In case of central plants, designed with thermal energy storage its location shall be decided in consultation with the air conditioning engineer. The system may be located in plant room, on rooftop, in open space near plant room or buried in open space near plant room.AIR CONDITIONING SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING ‘Air conditioned ‘space Recirculating ductand tan ase: a | ie 4 air duct = Ar processing unt Seer (s0@ noxt page) aS : Ai mic Flexible PUPP camber conection a a 10 feces uct, 4.3 AIR HANDLING UNIT Fresh air enters through a louvred inlet and mixes with the recirculated air. Maximum 75% recirculated to minimum 25% fresh air. The air is filtered to remove any suspended dust and dirt particles. In winter the air is pre-heated before passing through a humidifier. A spray wash humidifier may be used to cool the air up to dew point temperature. Ifa steam humidifier is used the air will gain slightly in temperature. In summer the air can be cooled by a chilled water coil or a direct expansion coil. The latter is the evaporator coil in a refrigeration cycle. Condensation of the air will begin, until at saturation level the air dehumidifies and reduces in temperature. Spray washing will also dehumidify the air. Air washers have zig-zag eliminator plates which remove drops of water and any dirt that may have escaped the filter. The final heater or reheater is used to adjust the supply air temperature and relative humidity before delivery through a system of insulated ductwork. 4.3.1. Planning Equipment Room for Air Handling Units and Package Units * This shall be located as centrally as possible to the conditioned area and contiguous to the corridors or other spaces for carrying air ducts. In the case of large and multistoried buildings, independent air handling unit should be provided for each floor. Air handling unit rooms should preferably be located vertically one above the other, Provision should be made for the entry of fresh air. The fresh air intake shall have louvers having rain protection profile, with volume control damper and bird screen In all cases air intakes shall be so located as to avoid contamination from exhaust outlets or to the sources in concentrations greater than normal in the locality in which the building is located.AIR CONDITIONING SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING Exterior openings for outdoor air intakes and exhaust outlets shall preferably be shielded from weather and insects, No air from any dwelling unit shall be circulated directly or indirectly to any other dwelling unit, public corridor or public stairway. All air handling rooms should preferably have floor drains and water supply. The trap in floor drain shall provide a water seal between the air conditioned space and the drain line. Supply/return air duct shall not be taken through emergency fire staircase. However, exception can be considered if fire isolation of ducts at wall crossings is carried out. Waterproofing of air handling unit rooms shall be carried out to prevent damage to floor below. The floor should be light coloured, smooth finished with terrazzo tiles or the equivalent. Suitable floor loading should also be provided after consulting with the air conditioning engineer. structural design should avoid beam obstruction to the passage of supply and return air ducts. Adequate ceiling space should be made available outside the air handling unit room to permit installation of supply and return air ducts and fire dampers at air handling unit room wall crossings. Access door to air handling unit room shall be single/double leaf type, airtight, opening outwards and should have a sill to prevent flooding of adjacent occupied areas. The door shall be fire resistant and fire/smoke dampers shall be provided in supply/ return air duct at air handling unit room wall crossings and the annular space between the duct and the wall should be fire-sealed using appropriate fire resistance rated material. For buildings with large structural glazing areas, care should be taken for providing fresh air intakes in air handling unit rooms. 4.4 PLANNING OF PIPE SHAFTS The shafts carrying chilled water pipes should be located adjacent to air handling unit room or within the room. Shaft carrying condensing water pipes to cooling towers located on terrace should be vertically aligned. All shafts shall be provided with fire barrier at floor crossings. Access to shaft shall be provided at every floor.tAIR CONDITIONING SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING 4.5 PLANNING FOR SUPPLY AIR DUCTS AND RETURN AIR * duct supports may be fixed with internally threaded anchor fastners and threaded rods without damaging the slabs or structural members. If false ceiling is provided, the supports forthe duct and the false ceiling, shall be independent. Where a duct penetrates the masonry wall it shall either be suitably covere| on the outside to isolate it from masonry, or an air gap shall be left around to prevent vibration transmission. 4.6 COOLING TOWER Range of a cooling tower is defined as temperature difference between the entering and leaving water. Approach of the cooling tower is the difference between leaving water temperature and the entering air wet bulb temperature. puget 4.6.1 TYPES OF COOLING TOWER ee 1. Natural draft cooling tower 2. Mechanical draft cooling tower 4.6.1.1. Natural draft cooling tower: This type of tower is larger than mechanical draft tower as it relies on natural convection to obtain the air circulation. A natural draft Manda OEE tower needs to be tall to obtain the maximum CoOL Ine TOMER chimney effect or rely on the natural wind NATURAL DRAFT COOLING TOWER currents. this cooling tower classified in two: 1. Natural draft cooling towers spray type 2. Natural draft cooling towers splash deck type 4.6.1.2 Mechanical draft cooling tower: The fans on mechanical draft towers may be on the inlet air side (forced draft) or exit air side (induced draft). Typically, these have centrifugal or propeller type fans, depending on pressure drop in tower, permissible sound levels andenergy usage requirement. On the basis of direction of air and water flow, mechanical draft cooling towers can be counter flow or cross flow type. Acc. to location of fan it may further divided as: 1. forced draft cooling tower 2. induced draft cooling towerAIR CONDITIONING SERVICES IN VERTICAL BUILDING 4.6.2 Factors to be considered for cooling tower selection . Design wet-bulb temperature and approach of cooling tower. . Height limitation and aesthetic requirement. Location of cooling tower considering possibility of easy drain back from the system. Placement with regard to adjacent walls and windows, other buildings and effects of any water carried over by the air stream. .. Noise levels, particularly during silent hours and vibration control. Material of construction for the tower. Direction and flow of wind. . Quality of water used for make-up. Maintenance and service space. 10.Ambient air quality. * The recommended floor area requirement for various types of cooling tower is as given below: Natural draft cooling 0.15 to 0.20 m2/t tower of refrigeration Induced draft cooling 0.10 to 0.13 m2/t tower of refrigeration Fibre-reinforced 0.07 to 0.08 m2/t plastic of refrigeration * Structural provision for the cooling tower shalll be taken into account while designing the building, Vibration isolation shall bean important consideration in structural design. certain amount of water is lost from circulating water in the cooling tower: . Evaporation loss — In a cooling tower, the water is cooled by evaporating a part of the circulating water into the air stream. The amount of circulating water so evaporated is called ‘evaporation loss’. Usually it is about 1 percent of the rate of water circulation. Drift loss — A small part of circulating water is lost from the cooling tower as liquid droplets entrained in the exhaust air stream. Usually the drift loss is 0.1 percent to 0.2 percent of rate of water circulation. Blow-down or bleed-off— To avoid concentration of impurities contained in the water beyond a certain limit, a small percentage of water in the cooling water system is often purposely drained off or discarded. Such a treatment is called ‘blow-down’ or ‘bleedoff”. The amount of blow-down is usually 0.8 percent to 1 percent of the total water circulation.