PLANNING 2 FINALS EMERGING THEORIES Part 1: PUDs EUDs TODs & TNDs ‘SPRAWL ‘Suburban sprawl brought about The industrial revolution Early urban design movements, The automobile petroleum interest Voracity of developers. Shortsightedness of civic officials Mortgage systems ‘The garage becomes the main feature of suburban homes ‘Suburban pattems Pedestrian - vehicle segregation Cities, town, districts ad neighborhoods connected Social segregation by a maze of freeways quewos Suburban sprawl creates: ‘An automobile dominated landscape Environmental degradation Disrupted districts, Economic losses A fractured social and cultural fabric ‘Suburban developments at the edge of freeways Low-density monotonous suburban developmentsPLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT (PUDs) descendant of the barbican development PUDs usually consists ofa variety of uses, anchored by commercial establishments and supported by office and residential space Planned unit developments have a comprehensive development plan, with more common than private space A development project that is owned and maintained by an association of property owners (or by the developer) PUDs are cluster zones; areas that are being intensively developed where ordinary zoning regulations can be suspended EMERGING URBAN DISTRICTS (EuDs) New urban growin centers Independent of CBDs, with mixed uses, and commonly anchored by office parks like BPs or financial institutions TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENTS (TODs) ‘A mixed-use community with an average 600-700- meter distance of a transit stops and commercial core area ‘TODs mix residential, retail, office, open space, and public uses in a walkable environment, making it ‘convenient for residents and employees to travel by transit, bicycle, foot or car URBAN TODS located directly on the trunk line transit network: at ight ral, heavy rail, or express bus stops. They should be developed with high ‘commercial intensities, job clusters, and moderate to, high residential densities Optimum density = 18 du/ ac NEIGHBORHOOD TODs (On local or feeder bus line within 10 minutes transit travel time (no more than 3 miles) from a trunk line transit stop. They should place an emphasis on moderate density residential, service, retal, entertainment, civic and recreational uses. Density = 12418 du/ac ‘The local street system should be recognizable and interconnected, converging to transit stops, core ‘commercial areas or open spacesoe me s=5 =: u Street must be pedestrian friendly ‘A heathy walking environment can succeed without transit, but a transit system cannot exist without pedestrians TODs should be located to maximize access to core commercial areas ‘TODs with major competing retail centers should be spaces a minimum of 1 mile apart and should be distributed to serve different neighborhoods. ‘TRANSIT SYSTEMS LIGHT RAIL/ RAPID TRANSIT ‘Tho most efficient and practical transit system ‘This can be above ground, underground, or along the surface, which is most economical EXPRESS BUS jehicles with A LeTRADITIONAL NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENTS (TNDs) ‘A complete neighborhood or town using traditional town planning principles TINDs may occur in infil settings and involve adaptive reuse of existing bul but often involves allnew construction on previously undeveloped land ‘To qualify as a TND, a project should include a range ‘of housing types, a network of well-connected streets and blocks, humane public spaces, and have amenities such as stores, schools and places of ‘worship within walking distance of residences EMERGING THEOR! Part 2: NEW URBANISM NEW URBANISM Formed by the CONGRESS lfor/NEW"URBANISM (CNU) Founders: Andres Ouany, Elizabeth plater-zyberk, peter Calthorpe, peter katz, Daniel Solomon, among ‘others The CHARTER of NEW URBANISM “The congress for the new urbanism views disinvestment in central cities, the spread of placeless sprawl, increasing separation by race and income, environmental deterioration, loss of agricultural lands and wilderness, and the erosion of society’s-built heritage as one interrelated ‘community-bullding cnallenge” We advocate the restructuring of public policy and development practices to support the following principles: Cities and towns should be shaped by physically defined and universally accessible public spaces and community institutions; Urban places should be framed by architecture and landscape design that celebrate local history, climate, ecology, and building practice. infill development which conserves environmental resources, economic investment, and the social fabric, while reclaiming marginal and abandoned areas, should be encouraged. cities and towns should bring into proximity a broad spectrum of public and private uses to support a regional economy that benefits people of all affordable housing should be distributed throughout the region to match job opportunities and to avoid ‘concentrations of poverty these three are the fundamental organizing ‘elements of New Urbanism neighborhoods are urbanizing areas with a balanced mix of human activity districts are areas dominated by a single activity corridors are connectors and separators of neighborhoods and districts The form of new urbanism is realized by the deliberate assembly of streets, blocks and buildings Streets are not the dividing lines within a city, but are to be communal rooms and passages Blocks are the field on which unfolds both the building fabric and the public realm of the city Buildings are the smallest increment of growth in the city ‘The neighborhood has a discemible center andior a focal point Most of the dwellings are within a five-minute walk of the center, an average of roughly 600-700 meters (2,000 feet) Within neighborhoods a broad range of housing of, housing types and price levels can bring people of diverse ages, races, and incomes inro dally interaction, strengthening the personal and civic bonds essential to an authentic community ‘A mix of land uses should be provided for energy efficiency and practical convenienceInterconnected networks of streets should be designed to encourage walking, reduce the number and length of automobile trips, and conserve energy. Agrid pattern disperses traffic by providing a variety of pedestrian and vehicular routes to any destination. Schools should be sized and located to enable children to walk or bicycle to them, ‘A range of parks, from totlots and village greens to balifelds and community gardens, should be distributed within neighborhoods Streats and sidewalks should be covered with rows of trees and other landscaping elements that provide shade to pedestrian and vehicle overall pleasant ‘environment On-street parallel parking should be encouraged Sidewalks should be wide at least 3 meters and free from dangerous and obstruction except for landscaping elements and street furniture that invite pedestrian to sit Storefronts should be bult clase tothe sidewalk, with wide window openings and visible entrance that are inviting to the pedestrian Buildings in the neighborhood center are place close to the street creating a well-defined outdoor room Prominent sites at the termination of streets vistas or in the neighborhood center are reserved for civic buildings. Parking lots and garage doors should not front the street. Parking is relegated to underground to mutt- level structures or to the rear of the building accessed by alloys. ‘Where there are bays, lakes, and rivers build facing the water ‘The neighborhood is organized to be self-governing a formal association debates and decides matter of maintenance, security and physical change. (CASE STUDIES SEASIDE = Walton country, florida 80 acres © DPZ architects Fosters a strong sense of community with a variety ‘of dwelling units bult close to each other, complete neighborhood amenities, open spaces, terminating vistas, etc Terminating vistas give importance to public buildings Architectural guidelines include to the requirements for porches facing the road LAGUNA WEST + Sacarmento country, California © 1,045 acres ‘+ Peter Calthorpe and associates ‘Assystem of public spaces is the organizing structure of the community ‘The town center is located at the terminus of radial boulevards which originate in neighborhood parks KETLANDS + Gaithersburg, Maryland = 365 acres + DPZ Architects Contains building from the original Kentlands farm, many varieties of residences, a commercial and civic district, amiast open space, including protected natural areas and pocket parks, RIVIERA BEACH + Rievera Beach Florida = 1600 acres ‘© Mark schimmenti Redevelopment plan to protect historical downtown from unplanned, uncontrolled growth Redevelopment begins at the building level then al the street level JACKSON TAYLOR + San Jose, California + TSacres «Peter Calthorpe And Associates Redevelopment of an underutilized industrial site Design presents three different block types BLOCK 4 Mixed use commercial office-residential BLOCK 2 High density residential BLOCK 3 Lower density residential GREEN CITY + Metro manila +1000 acres (405 HA) ‘+ Peter Calthorpe and associates Design client: own and villas, Inc Design completed in 1997 DOs RIOS = Laguna = 140Ha + DPZarchitects Located between the foathills of taal and the area surrounding manila bay with 2 town centers within a 10 min walk CAMELLA DOS RIOS ‘An expansive 20 hectare Mediterranean inspired development. Close to industrial parks which house ‘multinational corporations. ‘The country club golf course as well as enchanted kingdom are just a stones throw awayURBAN REVITALIZATION REBUILDING ROME In 1885 Domenico Fontana was tasked to redevelop the urban center of Rome Street plan that would make the pedestrian movement of Christians between churches more cfficient Marking special sites and shrines with obelisks from the roman empire Obelisk of Rameses II at piazza de! popolo (originally located in Heliopolis, Egypt) ‘Obelisk at st. peters square (originally in Alexandria, Egypt) (One of the obelisk of augustus was installed in front of basilica di santa maria Maggiore by fontana in 1587. ‘The macuteo oblelisk was moved in front of the panthenon by pope clement XI in 1714 ‘The obelisk of thotmes IV was installed in 1588 at piazza di san Giovanni laterano tthe top of the hil at piazza di espagna is the trinita dei monti church. The obelisk in fron of it was stalled in 1789 by pope pius VI ‘The obelisk of Domitian was transferred to piazza navona in 1649 and inserted into the fountain designed by Bernini REBUILDING PARIS Haussmann's renovation of Paris was a vast public ‘works program between 1853 and 1870. Ie included: demolition of crowded and unhealthy neighborhoods Building of wide avenues, parks, and squares Annexation of suburbs Construction of new sewers, fountains, and aqueducts Creating linear connections AVENUE DEI'OPERA ‘The avenue replaced a district which was a high place of prostitution and gambling RUE REAUMURIn the 20th century "Urban Renewal” became a strategy for improving the degrading condition of old urban centers (e.g,, harbor areas, industrial districts) URBAN RENEWAL INVOLVE! ‘Slum Upgrading - Relocation of People Demolition of old structures and building of new ones, Relocation of economic activities Eminent Domain REBUILDING PITTSBURGH In the 20th century “Urban Renewal" became a strategy for improving the degrading condition of old Urban centers (e.g,, harbor areas, industria districts) Pittsburgh was driven by the steel industry, and was ‘an industrial city until the 1950s. Pittsburgh improved the river environment, and city development followed BOSTON BIG DIG. Urban Renewal Project in Boston, Massachusetts prioritized Public Space over motor vehicles. ‘The project cost 24 Billion Dollars and took more than 10 years to complete RECOVERING NATURE ‘CHEONGGYECHEON, SEOUL, KOREA In the 1960s, migrants occupied the banks of the CHEONGGYECHEON stream By 1958, the city started to cover the stream, Paving of Cheonggyecheon started in the 1960s In 1976, a 56 kilometer and 16.0-meter-wide elevated highway was completed In July 2003, Seoul Mayor Lee Myung Bak started the removal of the elevated highway and the revival of the 8.5 kilometer stream, ‘Cheonggyecheon was opened to the public in Sept. 2005, bringing together the north and south sides of the stream, ‘The project achieved heritage restoration, ‘community development, improvement of water ‘quality and overall improvement of the environment, reduced vehicular traffic, and improved the urban economy. Mayor Lee Myung Ba became the President of South Korea (2008-2013), ‘THROUGH LANDSCAPING MFO PARK, OERLIKON DISTRICT, ZURICH, SWITZERLAND By Burckhardt + Partner and + Raderschall + Landschaftsarchitektur AG ‘1st Prize in Design Competition for a Park Inaugurated in 2002 Design was similarly scaled as the building it replaced and those around it 100 meters long, 25meters wide, 17 meters high ENCOURAGING PEDESTRIANIZATION STROGET, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK Creating a pleasant and safe walking environment Diversity of Activities In the 1960s, motor vehicles were increasing and ‘creating traffic congestion in Copenhagen's main shopping district ‘The city decided to close Stroget to automobiles in 1962,—Liscdstebheseiedcabd De au Re Cravinglan Bentley's 7 Levels of Responsive Environments Introduction Planning should be a product of progressive social and politcal attitudes The built environment should be able to provide users with a democratic setting, enhancing the degree of choices that are available to them (Once this is achieved the places are RESPONSIVE Places must be accessible to people to offer them choice Physical and visual permeability depends on how the network of public space divides the environment into blocks Places must be accessible to people to offer them ‘The challenge is to improve the interface between public and private permeability A deciine in public permeability is caused by current design trends Scale of development Hierarchical layout Segregation of pedestrian and vehicular circulation Security Variety offers users a choice of experiences Variety of experience implies places with varied forms, uses, and meanings Developers are more concemed with economic performance and easier management ‘Thus, the end-product is the modem zoned city where choice depends on mobility Variety of uses depends on three main factors: range of activities, possibilty of supply ‘extent to which design encourages positive interactions Variety also depends on feasibilty ‘economic, political, and functional Degree of choice depends on how legible its: Elements that give perceptual structure to the place should now be brought into the design process Legibilty is important at two levels: physical form activity patterns Legibiliy of form and use is reduced in the modern environment SEGREGATION also reduces legibility Legibllity is strengthened by IMAGEABILITY as defined by Kevin Lynch 5 elements of the city PATHS EDGES DISTRICTS NODES. = LANDMARKS + Environments which can be used for many different purposes ‘+The spatial and constructional arrangement of individual buildings and outdoor spaces should allow for flexibility At the building level, several factors support long term robustness: + building depth + building height ‘+ hard and soft spaces «size and shape «Focuses on details, ‘+ Visual appropriateness is important because it strongly affects the interpretations people put on places + Avocabulary of visual cues must be found to communicate levels of choice and make the environment comprehensible Interpretations can reinforce responsiveness by ‘+ supporting the place's legibility ‘+ supporting the place's variety ‘© supporting the place's robustness+The variety of sense experiences that users can enjoy. Designing forall sensory choices. ‘© There are two ways for users to choose from different sense experiences ‘© focusing their attention on different sources of sense experience + moving away from one source to another ‘The sense of motion’ ‘+ this involves kinetic experiences whose choices can be gained only through ‘movement The sense of smell + this involves the choice of olfactory experience, which can only be achieved by ‘moving from one source to another both voluntary and involuntary ‘+The sense of sight: ‘+ most dominant in terms of information input and is the one easiest to control ‘©The basis of visual richness depends on the presence of visual contrasts ‘+ allows people to achieve an environment that bears the stamp of their own tastes and values ‘+ makes a person's pattern of activities more clear ‘Users personalize in two ways: ‘+ to improve practical facilities and to change the image of a place ‘The poltical issue is control vs. individual choice Personalization is affected by three key factors: + tenure building type + technology Synthesis Permeability ‘will affect where we can and can not go + designing the overall layout of routes and development blocks Variety + affects the range of available uses ‘+ locating uses on the site Legibility + affects how easily we will understand what ‘opportunities the design offers ‘+ designing the massing of the buildings and the enclosure of public space Robustness affects the degree to which we can use a given place for different purposes designing the spatial and constructional arrangement of individual buildings and ‘outdoor spaces visual appropriateness ‘+ affects whether the detailed appearance of the place makes us aware of our choices ‘+ designing the external image richness ‘+ refers to our choice of sensory experiences ‘+ developing the design for sensory choice personalization ‘affects the extent to which we can put our ‘own personality on a place ‘+ making the design encourage people to put their own mark on the places where they live ‘and workPLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES Planning in the Philippines Part 1: SPANISH and AMERICAN INFLUENCES MAYNILAD ‘The earliest community unit in the pre-colonial times was the barangay, consisting of 30 to 100 families, One of the first major settlements was Maynilad, a bamboo fortress ruled by Rajah Sulayman Maynilad was strategically located between two bodies of water: the Pasig River and Manila Bay. ‘SPANISH COLONIAL ERA Laws of the Indies In 1573, King Philip II proclaimed the Laws of the Indies that established uniform standards and planning procedures for colonial settlements, ‘These laws provided guidelines for site selection, layout and dimensioning of streets and squares, the location of civic and religious buildings, open space, ‘oltivation and pasturing lands, and even the main procedural phases of planning and construction, ‘The final product- ie. the town-served as the instrument of colonization and the staging groune for ‘exploiting mineral and land resources. ‘The Plaza Complex ‘The plaza is surrounded by important religious, political, economic, educational and socio-cultural buildings Today, while many Philippine Plazas have retained their socio-cultural and political purpose, their physical plans have been altere Intramuros 4.2.59, KM area; 3.4 KM perimeter ‘Comer of Calle Solana and Calle Victoria 1940 1990s Casa manita NON-CONFORMING USERS‘early 1600s ~ Manila became the first primate city in Southeast Asia 1790s - opening of the Manila- Acapulco galleon trade 18505-1900 - Chinese dominated central commercial business districts in all settlements; decentralized residential pattems for Spaniards Quiapo - the ilustrado territory; the enclave of the Tich and powerful; the manifestation of folk religiosity, Tomid6 - coastal town adjacent to the main city Biinonid® - the trading port developed by the Chinese and Arabs 'Stal/Griz - the main commercial district with swits ‘of shops, movie houses, restaurants, et. ‘San Nicolas - a commercial town built by the Spanish with streets of "specialized” categories (Le. ceramics, soap, etc.) ‘Sampalo¢ - centered on two churches (Our Lady of Loreto and Saint Anthony of Padua). ‘San Miguel - where rest-houses were built for the Spanish government Malate - the early “summer resort’ of wealthy and cultured Filipinos. ‘Then became the first fishing and salt-making town, Enmita - earty tourist belt (ed- light district) Pa€9 - frst town built around a train station Pandaean - Town built by the Americans for Oil depots. “The first “Industrial Town” AMERICAN PERIOD ‘The American Agenda ‘guide urban growth and physical development Put more emphasis on other values such as education, health and sanitation, public works, housing, transportation and communication, and aesthetic improvements, ‘The results of this policy was seen in the establishment of provincial capitols, post offices, customs houses and civic buildings, as well as University campuses. 1890s - port cities became regional urban centers; bridges were built along postal routes facilitating transport in Luzon. Daniel Burnham Designer of Chicago, San Francisco and parts of Washington D.C. Commissioned to design Manila and the "summer capital” of Baguio Burnham's design for Manil Designed with grand avenues & a strong central Civie core, including a civic mall for national buildings Included 9 parks, 2 playfields, resort and recreation centers, hotels, grand residences, hospitals and colleges Fronted Manila Bay, reclaimed to construct Dewey Boulevard Daniel Burnham's report, 1905: "Possessing the bay of Naples, the winding river of Paris, and the canals of Venice, Manila has before it, an opportunity unique in the history of modern times, the opportunity to create a unified city equal to the greatest of the Western Worl... with the unparalleled and priceless addition of a tropical setting” Part 2: the SUBURBS. + Open Economy + Lack of Public Planning = Rural Migration ‘© Suburbanization + Leapsfrog / Hare and «Tortoise Phenomena Quezon City as the new capitol city In 1939, Commonwealth Act No. 457, authorized the transfer of the capitol to an area of 1572 hectares ‘A master plan of Quezon City was completed in 1941 by Architects Juan Arellano, Harry T. Frost, Louis Croft, and Eng, AD. Willams "| DREAM OF A CAPITAL CITY THAT POLITICALLY, SHALL BE THE SEAT OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, AESTHETICALLY ‘THE SHOWPLACE OF THE NATION" -Manuel L Quezon, 1940 University of the Philippines, Di ‘Transferred from Manila in the 1960s anConstitution Hill In 1946, a search committee was formed to find a new site ‘A 158 ha area in the Novaliches watershed was selected and called Constitution Hill ‘The thrae seats of government were to form a triangle at the center of the Complex It included @ 20 hectare civic Space referred to as the Plaza of the Republic Philippine Homesite and Housing Corporation (PHHC) Precursor of the National Housing Authority Built homes for the masses (kamuning and "the projects", i.e. proj 4,6, 8) Philamlife Homes icon of middle class suburbanization Master Plan designed by Architect and Planner, Carlos P. Arguelles, based on suburban developments in California Buss (bagong lipunan sites and services) Walk-up developments for government sector Present day Quezon City Metro Manila's Dormitory Community ‘The Future of Quezon City TRIANGLE PARK: Quezon City Central Business District caps Manila CBD ‘This traditional CBD is a center of business and commerce, has a population nucleus, and seats the national government, Makati CBD A business, financial, commercial, convention, and recreational center of the Metropolitan Region covering an area of 979 hectares, Ortigas CBD ‘Another business, financial, convention, shopping, and recreational node. Developed by the Orligas conglomerate in the 1950s, its present configuration fully developed only inthe late 80s, The area covers 600 hectares Cubao CBD Developed in the 1960s by the Araneta Family, Cubao was intended as an alternative business center in the Eastern side of the metropolis. With small individual shops and throngs of vendors ‘and hawkers, this 37 hectare property reflected a bazaar economy. ‘The recent years have seen the reemergence of the Araneta Center to portray a more modernized retail and recreational center which appeals to the middle class. Also to be included is a strong residential center. Emerging CBDs Fort Bonifacio Global City 500 has of prime land intended to be the first inteligent and ecological city in the country Boulevard 2000, Pasay built under the auspices of Philippine Estates ‘Authority, this 1 167 ha reclaimed lands intended to revive Manila as a city of commerce and tourism. Filinvest Corporate City joint venture of government and private sector. ‘Accessible to industrial estates and technological parks Emerging Urban Districts New Urban Growth Centers found within 900 hectares of prime developed land in the Metropolis. UP Techno-hub Eton Cyberpod Centris Eastwood CityNewport City McKinley hills Rockwell Center Rockwell BPO Complex Robinson's Cyberpark Edsa Central Century City Metropolitan Business Park Aseana IT Business Park Asia World City Madrigal Business Park