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    3 views294 pages

    Applied Hydrology Chow 1988

    Uploaded by

    mrdamorim

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    — me eee tater Eagecctng APPLIED ae Pk nd a ey Cg HYDROLOGY ate nd Ot: Bch ngincerng Pome ‘hops Morne Plin od is Com! ‘owas: Moa for Mtr Quy Mangement Somer Gradua Hoaiony SS Em pr cma Ven Te Chow ‘Gee Saldnas yp! dlny a reer of Pen ang {ky aod emia or Robes Bag ‘stro ict, Ute Serpe Nera Pt lg fe ars ‘Moca an iy nc Mousa Ein Coes an aig David R. Maidment ‘ere nace Pef of Cv ng at ty tn rae Ee: Dn, Dip Re The Om oats Dev, Hoe so Tesh Eton! apa tml e Pti Stem Larry W. Mays Spe mec ny em Pepe oOo Eng Scala Mchenry ot Soege etn of ot as ‘tog Ps 20 uae Stl Wnt: Bare Prine ge naes ‘APPLIED HYDROLOGY |NTERNATIONAL EDITION 98 den hy che i nk —S x n Seedy cee ome ih 188 y Mee Aire. ace pred ‘drt Un ates Cpr a oe opr of hs een ney Sat hanya ery mam tenga ey of Conro Caning in Paden Data i pag Mies oi Ma aye, erecone ing) Pele Sagepre ABOUT THE AUTHORS lnurcior and peste, then wet to Pemnyvania Ste Uaiersiy fa which 1 receved ht M.S. core n 198 andthe Univerty of lint whee be ‘ec ht Po. degen 1980. He alo seeved four honorary dcr Spies an many ther tmade and honors nling membership te Ns ‘Academy of Ealoeting” He was» prolific uh, wing hie fin ook st be Ae of 27 en te theory of secs (in Chins). He tthe Open Chel pera in 1989 end was ede fhe Handbook ppd Holo In 1964; bh books esl eonieed snd reference work He was Se in pool soles, especialy te Inrnatoal Water Ressuces Aon ‘of which he was a racial founder nd theft Pesient vid R Matdmen ie Asociate Profesor of iii Engaering ot te Univrtyof Tena at Ain voce eh bee on the fay ne 1981. ot to tt te he tight at Tots AM Univerty ad eared oat hyiogy Teseuch a the Inernaaa! nate ot Appi Stems Arlyn Vin, ‘Kei, anst he Minty of Works sad Bevlopmen in New sand He ‘nine his bachelor's depres trom the Uaiverty of Cantey, Chchteh [New Zealand, and his MS. and PhD depres from the Universy of ina ‘a Urtuw-Champsgn. Dr, Maidment serves as consaantin Byrlogy 12 {pvermest und Indy and san socinte ede of the Myopic! Senses Soumah. Tiny W. May is Pfeirof Civil Eapinsing and holder oon Ea ering Foundation Endowed Petescaip at he Unive of Tear Asin ‘ere he has ben on te fcuy ice 1976. Por Ot he was sat ‘esechssunand hen a VstngResach Alto Profesor tthe Unive: ‘Sy of tos Ursa Campign where he eens he Pa, He eve hs ae ee eee eee eee eee eee ee B.S. (1970) and M.S. (1971) dees fom the Unive of Miso at Rll, or alee which be served in the U.S. Army saoned wt he Laese Liver CONTENTS {Eoin Calvin. Dr. Maye bas Been very ciel esearch td tec fag atthe Univer of Tene ine ara of fyeoiogy, hy, nd eat ‘esate sys aaj nan ha served ar onan i eset {ovis goverment penis and nies ncloding the U.S Army Cape of Engicu, the Atorney Generals Office of Tena, te United Natt, NATO. {Se World Bank, andthe Goverment of Taiwan’ He larger ences ‘seven sats sat bcs ave is commites with the Aman S008) ‘Gi Eine an ober proesonlergunetons, fl tite ait a 35. Bean 36 Bropmepaice 4 Subsurface Water nnd Few z i sexene o asseuEEE 8 ass Scan Nar Hydrologic Measurement Fyilope Meaurenent Spence cman fac Hydrologic Analysis ‘Unit Hydrograph erent Hyp Sytem Mae ‘espe Bets fine Sema ‘Tela Hog {Us reograh Devon ‘Ut yoga Apion ‘Us pga by Mae Caen ‘SynateUnt Hyogarh ‘Unt Hypa fo Dies Rall Dine Lumped Flow Routing Longe Seem sie Ringe at ed tpg Re ening Disuibuted Flow Routing Sain Vere Buon Get of Ded Roig Model aa! Slain fe Kiem Wane SEES By! Pood Rong Mesaaing Re ‘era Pood Rog Hydrologic Statistics ‘Prabiae Desa of Hyde De ‘eset Pelt Foon ‘ang Pes Debce ‘Pry Datos fr foie Vales Freuney Ati Feros fas Pan are esi of ana Hydrologic Design Hydrologic Design yd aie Sate ‘Secon oe Dep Let Fit One Ana cerainy Bs # eaeees & mo ee eee | causes eR ENN ET PREFACE, 1S Design Flows o i . s Indexes ° ut nex = Sabet nee “ ‘opled Hydrology is» textbook for upper level wadeyaduate and raat dine inhaled sa eerene for practicag hyde. Sues water scents pits pveing brig phenomens. The hyrlgiesaem s ‘aunlaed ara gered coal ame, and he Reais Tresor Tore {er gect coat! vole quton from fd ec sed apy he {yal nw pveming mun momentum, ander) toe ow of wong ‘another an trace mcr, Tissorton scoped ech Cn hyrlops mesures. iyrlog says wee in he next sx chen (7 12), wich engin compton methyl fr pci ks ch 2 afl ‘Sea mdaing. ow rong and aly exnene evens. These capers Te erid i seocneaording oe we) heals Wea th sac nd tie truly and enor fe hyrlgie syaee bela. Specal iewon igen In Chg 9 and 1010 he soja of flow roving ty te Sauer med ae he ry of sande Spr ‘ops bas mate posite he gael apicatn ofthis med THyrlogis ig nud In the fia ce chagers (131 18) which {focus on he aks nen nero dg, te sett fGsin sons Ietedneprotale masinum pei, std he clunio of eign Nowe is varus probing ie Sign toon sewer, Noe Sn wo, so ow gpl og feet om ther vail ks 7 ow ipl Meigs fom ter in hie et Ft i rook i general overage of uae wats hylgy- Tet Shot teenies Sree es SS eer e ene Fe creo etal ene of wig he gle stm cnt vole eer ‘Stun nr ny sabe of pony oe vce et ‘tod ue nen toch ies of haope cm person br tor amt an lac wp. Taw le toe era yon $250 camps pols sesh tod 0 eto FoR Fev th endo chp fr hamewa tesa tesa ‘Seta detlpmen toes rion eat ae foe Pens ated abe cape oth by sng tie pees he oer {ey a pe inthe devlopent of te jet ene She probes ied aonb wing rene pop, by vl comp {deo yw sada erage seen propa “hs bak ed rte Sener we Une Tea at Ain: sn gop ni gone one i ie ou Nye ee Sciegndee ce nbpitog eg, eeepc ‘feos presen fom tongue boat heen age ae fsceting ome mats an deni chapo Atte pedal capes se bytspe pce deat tpariel “Theo sey ‘ny fren Coes tha col ephedra {Guns ec wns cha she wear byaogy nesses, Cty: nln. conpton arog se, ty logy bok hc Food prc ef aero by ' mth over my ean of aching, seh al prfelondsgenee dad aoped arty oat ew f Os alec, WE eee se ee igure, tomes ral We Wl ate ange tops aie ib saicenty sds at snow Lwteoe fo ‘Stones sale an be bi pene an eae hee Apps ‘en sh Noosa rough have ait pet ab eee tsi canepoding rom te op be yng ee ifoeation htc wwleage td fe daa il er Tae ak itd wb scotia of Ce tr, ‘ips wr s appoint conceniag Be develops of his book The oat ntand may pear aby Posten Ven Ts Cw a be Ue of {iho UsaneCunpsp eh rope eevee of mses ‘creo caper. Falowng i ei OHM es a ned Sy two compen We tan ted ope See the Unerty of ot Uta Champugn ad shed te byl oe eopcve whic Ven Te Chow ta men eon Sa Hcne, During he Jes ere ou to wesc, cose. ph inviatiy. tht we fat ta alma othe began aaa Ss ate ‘Sng ott wou cminen tnd compe” Aue et a ehng {Se hyony cows he Univer fees Aine pal coke {he concept the it hey ae penal Bee We ice e hae eased ‘Se omept mich sama Yen Chow's engin wet ooo bes es cranks fo Becky Bri, Jn Hama, Sutin, ian 5 cero (Gr pepe oe nacip: eso wat ‘suet Pete by rvewe f he mans ling Cont Conte ‘Eom: nei ae a ek Sa Oey, re, Seka Uary of Mec a Ben he Yen ae Ges Ise Usene Chana, snd ou compuesto men Oe Uavey ot Tap ht "tek Connon slog hepa of aniag, We wish 0 god jn Dovid & Moline ‘se ‘Awsin, Toxe December 1967 APPLIED HYDROLOGY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Wer i the most abundant asa on ea, he principal consent ofa Ting thing. neda major ferce cons sapng te sae ofthe ear dbo factor ia t-condtoning he eat for human exene sd in oe? ing he poses of cvlizato, Hyerology, which teas ll phases of he art's toe, beset of pet import or ole and tienen, Pata Sigs of ly a nh Sve on tines powcr pncrate, oa cons vga, cto wd een ont sity con plltonsbtement, eration! wo we, ad fh th wife precio. Te fle of spied hylogy io ep aayee the Problems invlved in these ws and Yo provide gaan fo th planning ad unogenent of mater utes. "Tne nyarsieces eal With the waters of he eat: ie bon and clon, th physical and chil properties, an thee inraction wih the ‘cooment icing Iason wi vag ings an pacar, bn ‘eing, Hyrlogy may comicered to encompacr al the Syren oF Stncd moe siya the tly ofthe yagi yc at he ent cltion of water between the ith nh among. Hyd knowlege ‘SSppid whee and ene water nse tthe an re of he Scan tr fe te nin af otc eng ad the aie sons. ‘Changes ine dato, ciclo, or enero th chs was can hve farreachng flees thie aps. for mance, were a manson of ‘Scher Chngts may be nisl by human vie. Pepe lhe Sl Irate eop eae la le oem, hl ais ip ‘tit rivr an aes many eh comaractive ce dere age 11 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE Witeron earth extn space called the ‘Sinsinting the hyelope eee "The hyddape cee cent os of ology. The ple hat 20 exiting end ni mary sens ac conte Arshows hema nig... water vor fom the cca ad eld sae ‘come pat of he amospere! wae apr wanted an ied te so ‘phere unlit condoses sd precip on te lan roca eine ‘Some overlond fow oer tbe ond ‘tc, infra he poo fw tough ea as bere fad s Bly oy rei aan ‘ea tying: i ty fin dt | i = = _blosopberAnexagors of Cazomense 500-428 nc) formed primitive version ‘fhe tydloge eee. He Selved tatthe au ied wae fom he ee he senor, tom wich el sn nd aie was tn Clee in underground reservois, which fd the dee fas. At inpevere of "ory wis mae by anther Greek posoper, Topestan 372-267 he), wo Cares dettted the hyaolgie pele nthe toner he en and ‘lastion o he foraton af recpaton by condensin sed ier. Alte ‘ving the weeks ef Theopvsa,the Ronan sete eices Meo ‘rvs, who lived about te tame of Cit, conceived the hear tha fe ‘ow geneily accepted: he extend Taeophstr crane, cnting tat eundwate was rely eived fom ain and sooth ft ft i [ound sarc, Thi may be cmidred » freer othe mose ven of bie heelope sete Tndepenon inking ocured in aciatAsin elilawtons (UNESCO, 1974), The Chines reorders of, et now, an Wd os A ‘ang oracle tones at ety 51200 ne Tey probly used in ngs seed 4000 and eased steam paging aot 30 9 Ti: te ft uaave measurements of rafal ue ack to the late pa ft ose ey 8 Tecnu ye may ae we Ce 0. ie nde by 400. ad In Pea by the eth eay bt ee ‘eas ha it impact on Wesers tosh Dating the Renasuce, a gran change csumed fom prety piteoph- ‘eal concepts of hydrology toward ected scene, eon or We (452°1515 ae the fest sera sas of veocty dahon a esos, ‘ing 4 weights rod eld aoa y a fied anil adr Te el ed ‘etka at «pm in th seam, and Lecntfo wld well aloag i Ra ‘hing progress when oiometer (hg 13-1) ad Join he ite between the srace and ot velcites by the angle of te ro, By mening "he To a diferent pints i the steams crows ston, Leona aoe ee ‘ey sn anne Oy pn) be of pt a ah [Seng fom xy a 0 9. ip, WX, The oe Ecce ef 38 0 nade Sasa Soe Pern ees ‘ices: MT: p. cae ona een ee ‘cSt tana te ne aw th. ee oe Se ee a ‘oven i mae oe a ar pce ae Se ‘sven nd pen et yc cnea ase sew ewe ese | TEL mmc setter hemace Sep rerio sys nv on Fee (9. sy pea ree tg cae Smetana aac, eshte es Cth: ed eo tion in swift which is nearest to the surface; and this occurs because the iad geome rettnovese states neat Sige cere ne yacece Shee Rone eto tea tinea te Daman rt see ne ins br ncaa nants seers hela tts taywene Soon arate Eateries Serco hy 15nd senna Be ge ya seartinan titeg yore Boies nr Ret Ei ated Woah eae races He recognized that fli» souce for rao and curly conc tat the ender fhe espn was fu by tapi, hapa Hyuaulie measuemens and caperients Mouse dng the eiphecath emu. New hydrate princes were doveed such a te Bera eg tin ané Chezy's formula. and beter iarumets were developed. long the tipig bake an gape andthe cence. Holey fvenced man "apy cig the since ery. Dalton enti’ a pie fr evap ‘ion (182) the theory of ena ow was dered by he Hagen eae ‘uation (189), andthe aol method for deeming peak eed flows was ‘oped by Mulvaney (80). Darcy developed i i porn media fw (ike. Rip reseed hs grr orden tage aeons 188), ‘mt Mane eps pc aw ever, quntave nylofy war sll ature tthe Belen of ‘he enh cenary- Empires! sppoaces were spayed to ele peta turoopea! prolens. Gully fpurolgate epcedeopicen wt ana ‘als of eerved ita. Greet and Arpt (1911) developed pleated ‘lo fat, Hazen (1914 itoduced suey snl ocd pels Sind ware stage requires. Rika (1931) ceed te governing eg frente fw, Sherman dvs the unit hyopagh thd nsf ‘flecive rainfall divest nna (193), Honan developed iftaton ty {198 tnd a desi of dings stn foo (1948), Game proposed he ue vale law for hjreopc sade (94), ad a (981) Serene {tat hylopie ebservatans ay exhib sequices flow or Mh tle at eos over any yea Like many Slncs,hyology was recogni ony recey a separ scilin. Abou 1965, te Unted Stes Ci Service Casson cop Indogst as» jo casifcaon. Tae“ ‘evs of pion inthe Commision it of occa was Seid flows tet) of be ierettolp ned react tten wae adi teen iB tylpe oe Tse pnt bane efoto ofits, a eet fhe cnn of acres, cco, ed ‘tty o mae che Eas sme on Ea nti ade ‘and ot san. Sach wo eu he pion ne pcp ete {nm te tppemcnd oy flesh mentee. pag eee nat Pia, sl nd her nea ‘The adent ofthe computer eon ydelogy and made yogi an 3m josie ona apr cle. Comps ees Stang yale process {3c now spied wing compte smeltons and wet uae of served a {fe educed to say ists for eter ndending of hg peor. andor estishing Nyro design levels. Mare teeny, developers "lenis and da transnission have made poral tec {rom emo records and the developmen Yea ie programe fo frat Ing Rods and ber water operation Micrcimpes tad pease sry =e ee sow provide many hyo wid nev computina convenience an omer ‘Tee croton of hyksope Knowiedge an mths Wigr soot conn Improvement inthe cope sed secur) of aun to hytlope problems, Tylon pblems diery aft te ie sad ates rg numbers of pope, An element of ik aye ese mw exe eet thy billy known cam orcr any in. A corespnding espns) est. ‘po te hyaoogie to pois the West sas hat Keowee ad at pei REFERENCES at, 3, ape ayn inf i ps ee infra oan ent on {Sib enonet ety: rehab Pot Boh 3S Fisk, i, nec new Stn Sindy on Teg 2 iat ec na Wage Bee ce a nag ch ee Spa 1 coat ne, a a 2 the iL, Or treme oun a fais Re, eh “ati Rett an oui ip, aC, rl Many. Ss On eo ring on Bonde a mang ceria of "tino ad a od ac spear ar Ce ida Ci eon iy Ag prs mediens PA Jnl of Sait pe es hts ey, maa pe a of a er me ey, Mir of Pcs, on of sem ie ty ong et, He A 1 ‘Sedaouct has ap ners ns OSS ater ce Eng tmnt mp Hg Vane Es hn Arion! Ss, MI Pr, Cae, Ma, BIBLIOGRAPHY ot tf ye a Met ee ek, rai th empresa, Ere Sete en Cong cn Ep Ege Bt, 1 Man 8 RE Nea ee tT Fa Ma 6 dae try han A of He, Nah nd ig Cony, Aan, 178, ‘Sow voi aim pr at ed i soe tat rns, te sa Rath, iy re tem ‘to A De iS: i th nine pins, coe NTE Me gS eC ngs 8.98898 1271 SUE tene roc en Bp SCL G. omen Sn Eagar a, New Ya 1 ‘Sipe Aan Pot, alo ey, Rg, PROBLEMS 4 Aiming le me es ted fe eee 112, Roig Sg te ote oes om es eee 1.1.3, Asin al pounder met oe tans cones of untae, ‘ine he sve rani hs woe LA. The wend popio 190 bse eid ao 4 bili, The sal ‘pce cue igh eg redewa ho pren Ae potato ac valley pete og nero ‘Thc ee we sow 68 ae 1600 ply pe in clng Jeti wa spn an eur wien fer atone ce. Ane ‘tdi ke eon eh rn sofort aly. 1.15, Cate lta serge psp nl tran C. A Caan tal verge espa deat Ce 1 te dee yalogs sytem ith wi you ea Po ah rw {oc tony ot ly pt ep ad outing ma 131, Theeqaon aan as ber aed oe he pa elton ‘tow nav dng sees eran ose) = Oe TCTs be Stat equates for Qa Od pt te eat oe ¢ ‘Shy peed f= Dds nd Gy = Wc 1.32. The eqion MdQl) + O10 = 10 atten el seb the respense ‘oscuniow tt cotati of pipanon iting init on Stara nh es, =I rt > Oral p= fort =. See Seat i pit i oer Pl 14k. Cty flowing bog herent 1 scr Retin acute win open chant (8) see of ly ‘tinge fw a acumen ee tml ia aes ly fw’ ee) engin proc of muerte Conf ely ow nt seam cue! ptm ie: (he ane ot wi oe faring dow mca) suns alin ae a Disses Se pete ahr nape in (ope ind Sots maa eae aaah 1.52, SXGts nar sues poet of elon e uranic. Exin fe pn he et sce a ee 1.53, Sete mp apace nour se tt ave loge eons nd ‘in what e sponies 1.54, Sets mar blog eet a ood up tocar i your Sern devine ese HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES cee ect ttt a tegen ssa te oret oe oermaceamnee caries Bo Bercianay Grae nat a mi Rete aeenacensinan gc taro Soetoro armas aes iri rm nb wate cng et Sen eee eee coroner sores 24 REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM. ‘ee Reynosa trem aes pyle the somal appt (0's dice mee snc and Spies tinted tos Ta Ag Scat tough «cent ome fer ie paper wo ype OB roe cn te ding ene propre nse vlc deel ot Se'smous of mass presen, an ncrte propria, Wc re ncepenet of tas Fray cncive poy Br Scored ince peers Bo Sindee gun of 8 po nef a te Babs Bee ‘ante sla ofvecor quate cpening onthe propery ting core. “The Reynols anspor them relies the tie te of change on tensive propery inte aka, tothe euemal cane prong te eer) ange, Conte id momentum: inhi te, B= mV and = dnd = {Vr te ud yeloiy, whee tld face pe indices a veer guy. By [owns second athe ie rt f change of moment salt te et Applied force on he fi r= stmV = 3 The extensive popes ‘Seca in hs bok rte mae, momentum, ad eery of ld Wate, Ge mam of war vapor "When Newtons second law rote pyscl laws we api 10 «sll ‘ey, th fous son mation ofthe Boy ad he aa follows the bay ‘thorverit moves. This she Lagrangion view of mon. Aug hs comet an be applied wo fas, more smmon to conser that ids form 8 enna wher the aon of niga pares tot acd. The focus ‘rope owls hed fan ce ooh wh he ad ac Intrnces onthe ls expeed by dba, tu vo components the te ee change of te extesive proper stored within the onal volume, and the ‘tout ofthe exendve propery ars he conrl suace. The Repos {Tne Gere is commonly wen fd mechanics (Whi, 1979: Stunes, {sed For and MacDorll, 1965 and Roberson snd Growe, 1985). Alou ‘as not teen widely wed in hytology up fo his ine it provides » content ‘meas fr spying psa nwo ydog ese. "To deve he. govering equ of the Crem, comer te cone! ‘lune shows in Fig. 21, whose tous defined by teased contol {rns Withn he cout vlome fee ra staded clement volume 4. Ifthe ‘eno he fi ip be mae of ud nthe leet is dm = pa, he tant ‘texesive propery 8 sonia Inthe fi clement 43 lm = Ba {etal umount of etensve propery within my volume engl af ese ‘Semen amounts over ht volume? += [Ife enn where nice iteration over volume id flows om oie ough the contol ome a Fig 2.1.1 bat 0 tid pases rou he oper or oes boundary. After sll eral of {ie be fd ae inet contl lume tte as moved fe HM ‘nd occupies the space Glued by ted lines, Tee regan a sac cat ‘fen be let: fepon Ite leh, whch the id maroc tine * ‘tot ats region the cen filed bythe id mss bt pois intine: and regio lon te ii, oie the cool volume, which he Nd Isr ocopes af Arbat oot tr For the urate fii as nly ‘iia he con! vlume, he ine rate of change ofthe etn prope a8 desaeeoy Oar where the saci ad + A ar usd dente the vale fhe bare (84+ Bivsae C+ BOA 12) “Nhe wmmccmtcent utes a hese to ine pois. Rearaging 21.2) 10 separate the extensive ‘oper remnng within te concol wore (8) om that sing cos oe ele (Ban (By) Yel Bo ym{ Moneta} Houdna-e}} a1 a rcpt, en conte wt elvis, tc hat Soest ane th oe ae 8 potent a fegitoneaal- tifa aro In is eqn, the ta derivative i we to scout for the ese wen thecal ole i deformable (changes nse and shape time passe) the contol volume fae a space atime, te tol derratve cn Feeplced by the paral dervaive a tees the fos one ine ate of ‘hago ofthe exemive pope sedate conel ole wibou fea For {since pial dstrbton "Fhe stond em Eq (21.3) ivlvng By aed By. epee he Now of the extnive propery scot te eat sua. Figure 1) shows # close: 4p view’ of region the eet fom he contol volume. An cles of wea ihe out con! surface i ted dA, an the element of wom Vi te Solano of there conning sl the fd ping hough at ene Ar The engi of be tutes = Vth engl f teow phn time The volume FS teri = Biome wher # he nln ey Yate Seer oepinns ware ae Teh outnte sieet ates ate beeen re oh ieee eal eee ere the date tga ff nies hat he ntgel is ver suc. "Ar approche 0, helm ofthe ato AAs the magne fhe id velo V7. Lathe norma area er GA be defined a vera of mapa dA ‘ih heson normal to he res dA plsting sured fom the cote! sre: ‘hen he nom Veo Oa canbe exes te cor dt prt VA So {G..) can be rewrion to piv he fw rte ofthe exes prety Teng "8 conel surface af [feoran aw 4 sine my eae i ang cn aan is ca, cond negave and oY = in epion Toe Fp 2 1-100). Siese ior “yak = "Acoso sot feu ny aaa -[ onan Sutoing (21.4), (21.6, and (2.1.1) to 21.3) ves For Mid emeing te contol volume, the angle between the veosiy vector ‘V poimting ino he contol volume, andthe sen vector 4A, plang, is mide range 07 #'< 200" fr which con oop [ce Fig Lt (GO, Consequcmly. Vd i lwayr nope for ni: For id leigh Sel vlome cos postive, so VA i alms postive for out: At the imgemeate boundries, V and Aue pependcuar anette V-0A ~ (Thaw the ines n (18) over inlet Tanda beveled by 4 single imag ver the etic conralsarice epesetng he ouow mis into. ont eu, of exensve prope B~2 ff fovars | f povan ans) Bauaion (2.1.9) isthe govering equation ofthe Reynlds spon theorem. It ted mumber Of tines in this book, and i worth t ‘ew tc meaning of che. A scd previo. he union ll te ed {© foe amet er ne prea Iw toal Ppl o's Soe ‘na an aplyiag then nea! Cominaoady Towing fd, ln wor te Reynolds wnspo theorem ats ht te ttl rate of hang of wet property oa fd eal 1 the rte af change of etme propery sored ‘mie cont vale. 21) Bodh phe 0 chi of serpy ‘rouh he coal fc, Sfp aN, We Ug te ees Se {Troy ctied segue td ator pore ‘nthe flowing scons, the Reyes tans here i applied 12 seven cont. momentum, an cnr ean or ala pes, 2.2. CONTINUTTY EQUATIONS ‘The cmteretin of mas i he most wf pyscl principle in byélogic Anais and egied i anew all spied ines Coty putons an S| [Jovors [Joovans [Jovan 1 rome 25 coresing this principle can Ye develope fra aid volume, fr a fw cos ‘Eten and ors pout within flow. fs chape, ol the negra! equation {comin for aw volun i evloped. The eation fr comity att ‘ine wl be vv in Chip. +t dere flaw int pores mem and the ‘innit ent a cot tron wl be dete ia Cup. 9 esc Now fg ston, The ier equton of continu the bess for he eer Integral Equation of Continuity ‘The ity ation of contin apis to yume of id 1f mas isthe ‘ceive propery being consieed nthe Rejolds wasp ere, then B= ‘Seand B= alm = 1 By el of consrain of rus, de = d= 0 ‘enue mass cnt be created o esroyed, Suiting these valves into he Reynolds weap thar (21.9) gives Efffoars [fora aan ich eth otal equation of contin fora nea vale density fw: the flow bas Sonsane dna pcan be vided out of bah trms of 2 sffors Joanne aan “Te nega [4 ste vole of fad sored in eco volume, dead {Sesotho in 222) etme rt of change of storage dh The ‘feo ete et outow, can be slim inflow i?) sd utlow QU see ie eatin tot ne eter S+o0-m-0 a0 aa) sic th nga eqution of comin for a unsteady, constant ess How, ‘Sot exensly in he books Whon the Now say, a= 0, and (2.22), reser 26 amon, [fvar-o aay hich sey tthe volume alow rte and oaow ate are equ: at 1hy'= Qo. & tad fw ion a wih the velco ener pone ow ‘conta i tine. A singe ay of inking sbot tne ngie aking ‘supa of thew sows spun five esate bee ow see ‘he tw sapibot wil be etal the to acon of iow and ouow se eg, the syste sad to aoe Roles ea ‘Wen his contin doesnt bald, th system is oen. The hylagceyele ft closed system fr water, but he fall foc ont wrt ger sem, ecient al terial Becomes aot some etme snp touph evaporation, ‘The coniliy ation above are derived for singe ple ow, tai, liquid oa at, ut rot beth together In mips sao, chr wie ‘tri evaporating. te id aed suenas pass of watt mus Be coy Sisingsihed A comimaty equation oud be writen sparely for eck Py ‘lth flow: fr each phase dB the ate a which ms aad the rm ha pe 23, DISCRETE TIME CONTINUITY Because matt hytlogic data re avalible only dcr Gime itera, iis cesar 1 refomulte he conta equation (2.2.4) on «date tine bas. ‘Sopp at he ime horizon is ced no inva of leg is ned By 4 Beaton (2.2.4) can be wewiten st d8= Neh = QU) hod nee oe the hte eal to ge fale on Sosucb-O yaa aay se ade las flow nd nt fn a Saeed srs a patel ne ea SSRs Some ds BE a a Simei ead See ce ae ‘one writes AS, = J, ~ Q,, and a 5-5-1485, ass) seosewecnocust 2 ‘ie itil rage at ie Oi So, en Sy = S54 1)~ Qu S2~ $4 +12 Os and oon, BY sbstitaing for iterate sage values, eons, s=5+ 20-00 ao lc the icine comin equtin, Data Representation “Tae uncon Qt) and 1) ar defined On 8 conto tine mn: hat 2 sale ofthe fonction Is etoe at every las of the ie domi, and these “ales ‘can change fom one ns the sex (Fg: 23H). Fie 231 ‘hows wo metas by whieh contous ine anton an be epesetd on Sze time domain. The fs method (Fig. 2. 3.10) wes sample de facto Ss wtic the valve of fncuon Qt i thine ner eves sy by he nstananoue valu of 0 at ie 2) = 4) = evan ass) ‘The dimensions of Q() an Q, ae he sme, eter [LYN] (LT. "The second meied wes apie de incon Fg. 2.3.1, a Wh salu of the art tne faction O given Py he ea nite conus ime foc a= f* ove a36 i os ness aL rn neon Lo UT. tees Aan, Set Oy et Gest ne Once w oe owege oer be eo ak ane aon Re tm mci wie of rot indy, emf sd pe cit, ene pi nd pus an tipcvey Whan ‘er of meant spin aed yee a en ta ‘ice ie war ina Secs “a coma! ep of preitation wich Stoel wp Sinan The mesanve fecncs of ie tentement of ecumaled pe. ane fom pte dt ts ie) When ed tine al Sr sete by 9s he wang fw rn tty che ota cnet or ea Te ok tah pd cy wes vn che ted ramp 23:1, Cael he ngs of wae on ated 8 onion of Seen the sin coon tote or mre eae = = see eee eee eee ee ee wl #1 dlllthe o |B) Sapte das representation " ee §] ers NUth Oe ‘Sse anc ton ce tn ety gd ‘tench mth ga sees ee ee Scarce eon need cote Th i age Ney 3425 1901 The wed wes 7.8 Ate ei Sa Saiton The rptio inp is eda ple da ence eu 3: See use cena ep re peng aera Zi teeny 039m, te pp ning Sey te ue show t= 1h 08 mt nomen ep veoitooe mics 29 ‘tal spec: ve hon amma erg eaitow med Mecratr= 0328 ce te tnd). gy ‘Se dua tne coma egaton 3.8, he sreamflow mabe cover © ‘pk aa ounce Th ae irl a= 03 803300 = 80 ech Sher, volume of anow se! ni ‘Sesnow see he dt reat mepig by Te eee ‘SZtocanow yrcoe by he waceed wea wich 75 m= 9.8 Sa Beige ioe ; Farernple dre fe enol teres and 0, he ren: ow {Ge GO) 5 ces GOS) ae cw inc rte aoe 20012 Bk 2455 TO m4 ‘cue dpe wands Q, = 8x WHS Tot = 208% STC SS T= 02 nth ane 5. ‘helmet cin or Oe en ca 0.15%, 0h ‘ncreal cage see fd Eg 3.3 8) = rovery 1 show in clan 6 Te came song ca he weed sod eon G35yoim Ted tl some Se = Sim S485, ‘mae emt ward ea igh hus sir precios {eps meaning 06a wer nadia ge ihe wend In clene Sind 6 cm nim th shat pespnon cas sean ws eee Sty rm se heen ose sod wanton, hnge a soe, sd camuive nouge te pated hig 2.3 The oa mes f= 33, Shen tgs Sow eet 2h prep exe sei Thin rp ser 2.3 oe everest te oa 2.4 MOMENTUM EQUATIONS ‘When te Reynold tanspon hove i apple fd momentum, he extesire ‘pert isn. and = dim = By Newton's sored aw, he me {Fchange of amet sequal othe et foce apple in en dein, 0 aBiah = dimvjar = ZF Subsiuig no be Reyols esp eer B19) rene ear metcoy ‘The tint 'dserbaton of storage on a watered called sing the dares contin equation (Example 2.31) Eee Gf lovers [froran ean ‘einer momentum equation fo an ese, nonuniform low. A nomen, ‘esi ihe oy Ss ry ce: ns mln owe ons Now sendy i me he ne drvtive in Ba (2.4.1) tas See ffvman ea For steady unfor flow the slaty the same at al poet on the contol ‘face, nd therefore the integral ver he onl arte Rr td the oes ‘pied othe syste negra De-o aay prcnereceis Tea -aetamaenaay he er home = See ‘Steady Uniform Flow in an Open Channel In tis section, the momentum equation i pple to sendy wife low na ‘fen chaae."The more comple case of etaly oso wi ete Sec. 9.1- gue 21 shows a esy flow int ifr chanel hat ‘hans woe eos sector slope, and boundary roughses So nt change ng seg Te crn. ont, od ecg ns an ed Coninty. For seat Now. 4.22.5) held nd Qs = 0 fr wir fom, ‘he sly the sme every ae flowy s0 Vis Vs coe cremations trea As = Qi = Oo¥s= Ayu he Gann ont fellows at ‘he dip ne hn Sw, Enemy, The ccc fia esi Rte sd Cre, 1985) no tn + URE = ea tn ig thy asa wher x he bed elevation, gi the acceleration de ogra, an hy i the ea ss between the tus Head oui the ney lo ef iio fects peru weight of id. Wah V;= Vs and yy "yx 44) educeeo wean ny Ding bath ies by Lhe th the chan, the towing sot Yeung yenee aan, ‘The ted slope Sy = tn @ whee ste angle of inctnation ofthe chanel ed 18 is small (= 1) ten tn B= sin @= oye To tees he Sc wna pn raexaoc cons 3 ‘sion slope, Sy =I, ego ote bed sage Ss aed in hi nai ‘Sate ony source of energy os ton between he low at he eh ‘all In ener, energy can lobe st ecause f sch face as wid seat on {be surface and eddy motion arsing rom abrupt changes inte cael geomet. ‘these flocs wl nx be ics nl Cap. 9. When wal feton Is be nly source of ener fs the slope a he energy gre Une egal the {ton spe 5.0 Shown ia Fig 24 ‘Moments There ar ree forces acting on the Mid con vlue: ion, _paviy, and pres Of hse, he peste ces a he wo ends fh ston ‘Seq an eamel ach ter fr nor fa este yx = 33) Sot fon En gst forces mut be lane ecu, wth he fw way sd ior, Ey. (283) apie LE =O). The ron force Fy egal oh pct fe Dermcer othe eros secon: tat Fy ~ ~rP, where Be teesive sign ewes ha the ton force as oppose ote secon of flow The eit ‘tain the contl vom yA wreath spect wight of te sd ‘eg grunt volume: the gravy force on he i, Fy he compet of the weight cing ine dieston of low, tha nF, = yAL nn, Here SPs 0e nee + yatsin aan ‘When Bis mal in Sythe apron made tat 245 is ean =H ere R= AUP te dal ras Fa ay worn Baw, Sa 550 nets, 24s) By snr analysis, Henderson (1966) sbowed at (2.4.9) i a va for stator lo, tisegh te bed slope Se ad ion ope $j Iengr eal Bquan (2.49) expen kage ete he meat ed ‘tetey piesa tt elec of tcson se peste fm th nomen ‘epost Walser Sess nd om the energy wep state of aera dsp 5; 2.8 OPEN CHANNEL FLOW (pen cana! fw i chanel Dow with ence ch aa in Her i's paral ful pipe In th eto he Mansng ego odie te ‘soit of open cunt! fered. theta ofthe Dory Weach ‘yan for head las Sf wall on id mechanics. te head Toss over a ength Lf pipe of Suet D for wow wih velo Vis given bythe Daey-Wesbachequon whore f isthe Dury. Weisuch (con factor and gis the acceleration doe 1 gy ten td Crowe, 985) Ug te tion of icon spe, 5) = yen esd foe ¥ ve |, asa ‘The hyd ris faecal pipe i R= AIP = (RD?UV=D = DI 0 the ppe ameter D can be replaced (23. by Dow esa 1 give the Dae Weichequt AG7F: sing his symbol, 2.5.4 is ewe Va VIS ass) ‘hich Che's equation fr open chase flow, Maaning's equation proce fom Chay’ qntion by seing C=, when tte Benya The Chey Cis defined a C = se = 236) ‘er second (5 is dimensiones). Valucs of Manning's mfr various surfaces se Weta in Tbe 28.1" For Vint pr scsoad a fs Mani eqetion va Benge esr e-0.2 1. By comparing Eas (2.5.4 and 2.5.6), Manning's can te xpesied ates of the Dae Neath ton fas malas ase) wth vals in toni. Manning's eqution is va fc fly abuen lw which te Dey Westach ion factor fi independ of he Reynolds number Re. Henderson {09er ges he flowing een fly ttn owe rmecacnicans 35 Een ote fr ror pn ama a eae “Stn ap em ‘Se al en Tit tt RG = 19% 107? wih ot I= 1.11078 with Rin meters same 251. sem x Sheil tw and ely he Row ye oh Manag us te Sao, The weed pit in nl P= 290+ 2% = 210. The Sie tear 30 Sato 476 Teflon cy en (paming eens wih = 01Sund y= 35 or ontar fom) = 38 = ve eg

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