Next generations cloud computing:

New trends and research directions

Abstract
The landscape of cloud computing has significantly changed over the last decade. Not only
have more providers and service offerings crowded the space, but also cloud infrastructure
that was traditionally limited to single provider data centers is now evolving. In this research,
we firstly discuss the changing cloud infrastructure and consider the use of infrastructure
from multiple providers and the benefit of decentralising computing away from data centers.
We lay out a roadmap of challenges that will need to be addressed for realising the potential
of next generation cloud systems.
Introduction
Resources and services offered on the cloud have rapidly changed in the last decade.
This acts as a means to leverage cloud infrastructure by making use of heterogeneous
resources from multiple providers. This contrasts with how resources from a single cloud
provider or data center were used traditionally. We will consider ‘what future cloud
computing looks like’ by charting out trends and directions for pursuing meaningful research
in developing next generation computing systems. The remainder of this paper is organised as
follows.
1. A discussion of the evolving infrastructure on the cloud.
2. Highlights of the emerging computing architectures and their advantages.
3. A number of areas that future clouds will impact.
4. A number of challenges that will need to be addressed for developing
Trends and Directions

Changing Infrastructure
Using a single provider and a data center model passes a number of challenges. A lot of
energy is consumed by a large data center to keep it operational. Moreover, centralized cloud
data centers like any other centralized computing model are susceptible to single point
failures. Data centers may be geographically distant from its users, thereby requiring data to
be transferred from its source to resources that can process it in the data center.
This research has presented alternate models of using cloud infrastructure rather than using
data-centers from single providers such as:
1. Multi-cloud
2. MicroCloud and cloudlet
3. Ad-hoc cloud
4. Heterogeneous cloud
to demonstrate the trends in changing infrastructure of the cloud.

Multi-cloud
Multi-cloud is a cloud approach made up of more than 1 cloud service, from more than 1
cloud vendor, public or private.
MicroCloud
MicroCloud rack-mount SuperServer is a simple, affordable cloud computing platform that
allows you to do just that – to build your cloud smarter.
Adhoc-cloud
Ad hoc clouds harvest resources from existing sporadically available, non-exclusive (i.e.
Primarily used for some other purpose) and unreliable infrastructures.
Heterogeneous cloud
A heterogeneous cloud, on the other hand, integrates components by many different vendors,
either at different levels (a management tool from one vendor driving a hypervisor from
another) or even at the same level (multiple different hypervisors, all driven by the same
management tool).
Layers of abstraction

Emerging computing Architectures

Types of emerging computing architectures:
1. Volunteer computing
2. Fog and Edge computing
3. Serverless Computing
Volunteer computing: Volunteer computing is an arrangement in which people (volunteers)
provide computing resources to projects, which use the resources to do distributed computing
and /or storage.
Fog and Edge computing: Both Fog and Edge computing involve pushing intelligence and
processing capabilities down closer to where the data originates, at the network edge. The key
difference between the two architecture is exactly where that intelligence and computing
power is placed.
Serverless Computing: Serverless Computing is a cloud computing execution model in
which the cloud provider runs the server, and dynamically manages the allocation of machine
resources. Pricing is based on the actual amount of resources consumed by an application,
rather than on pre-purchased units of capacity.
Research directions
From the observation of changing infrastructure and emerging computing technologies:
1. Guaranteeing enhanced security
2. Achieving expressivity of applications for future clouds
 3. Developing a market place for emerging distributed architectures
4. Offering efficient management strategies in the computing ecosystem
5. Ensuring reliability of cloud systems
6. Building sustainable infrastructure for the future

Conclusion
The research shows how the cloud computing will look like in the next decade. The general
trend seems to be towards making use of infrastructure from multiple providers and
decentralizing computing away from resources currently concentrated in data centers. New
services, such as containers, acceleration and function, is anticipated become popular. Several
research areas will find convergence with next generation cloud systems to deliver self-
learning systems. We have considered directions in enhancing security, expressing
applications, managing efficiently and developing sustainable systems for next generation
cloud computing.
Literature Review

Methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
References
Appendices