Quick Reference FORMULA BOOK CHEMISTRY —. = 9 HashLearn On-Demand Nn OW Tutoring Vv| REVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY | Get free study help instantly. Connect to top tutors for instant 1-on-1 sessions to solve any doubt or problem. isin canyounop newt @ croose toric @ connect To tutor @ cetinstanr HELP For Classes 8 to 12 / PU. Covers School and Entrance Exams.REVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY = 1.0968 «107m! Rnvarata] Tenaya O ee © fatrine'| Moir TROT Lago? ae oR PaaS , © Molecular mass SOME BASIC © _ No.of spectral lines produced when an electron drops from CONCEPTS OF ) _ Average relative mass of one molecule i‘ en CHEMISTRY T mass of C-l2 atom n'*Jevel to ground level = “S— © _Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle (4x) (Ap)2 h/4x © Molecular mass=2*VD © _ Nodes (n— 1)= total nodes, / = angular nodes, © Eq.wt ofmetal (—/—1)=Radial nodes ‘wt. of metal 1008 Oftagar mons = FTI = TTA © © %ionic character i. of Hp displaced ____Wof metal © Fa wt ofmetal ~ of oxygen combined ~ = Actual dipole moment 49, CHEMICAL Calculated dipole moment =—_weof metal___ 55.5 ee (Dipole moment is helpful in Wt of chlorine combined predicting geometry and polarity © Molecular formula=(Empirical formula), ofmolecule. © Energy ofelectron in species with one ¢ Fajan’s Rule : Following factors are helpful in increasing electron. 1‘ covalent character in ionic compounds rome p= mez @Smaltcatin —— Gi)Biganion ooh (iii) High charge on cation/anion STRUCTURE] For encrayin System, (iv) Cation having pseudo inert gas configuration (ns2p°a!®) =2n?me!Z? eg. Cu’, Ag’, Zn'2, Ca"? QO MO.theory (@) Bondorder= (NN, (ii) Higher the bond order. higher is the bond dissociation ‘nergy, greateris the stability, shorteris the bond length. © _ Formal charge (F.C.) on an atom in a Lewis structure total number of valence electrons in the free atoms] ~ [total number of non-binding (lone pair) electrons} A 2 / 1 ~ 5 [total number of bonding (shared) electrons] @ _ Relative bond strength : sp'd? >dsp* >sp* >sp* >sp >p-p (Co-axial) > s-p>s-s> p -p(Corlateral) On-Demand TutoringREVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY © _VSEPR theory (O(LP-LP) repulsion > (LP-BP) > (BP-BP) (ii) NH, > Bond Angle 106° 45° because (LP-BP) repulsion > (BP-BP) HO > 104° 27°because (LP-LP) repulsion > (LP-LB)> (BP-BP) © Hybridisation: ‘umber of valence electrons of central atom + number of monovalent atoms attached t0 it + negative charge if any —positive charge if any. K+ KR" where An, (Free Energy Change(AG) @ IfAG~0 then reversiblereaction ‘would be in equilibrium, (©) 1f4G= (4) ve then equilibrium will be displaced in backward direction; K,<1 (©) 1F.AG = © ve then equilibrium will shift in forward direction; K,> 1 (2) Knit (molest), (©) Ky unit > (atmy™™ © Reaction Quotient and Equilibrium Constant ‘Consider the following reversible reaction App CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM ° A+B=C+D {CHD} e° [AIIB] Case 1: IfQ, [Products] then the system is not at equilibrium, Case Il: IfQ_=K, then : The system isat equilibrium. Case I: If, > K then : [Products] > [Reactants] The system is not at equilibrium. © _Arelationship between the equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient and Gibb's energy. a RT In © LeChatelier’sprinciple (Increase of reactant cone, ‘Shift reaction forward) (ii) Decrease of reactant cone. Shift reaction backward) ii) Increase of pressure (from more moles to less moles) (Gv) Decrease of pressure (from less moles to more moles) () For exothermic reaction decrease in temp. (Shift forward) (Gi) For endothermic inerease in temp. (Shift backward) © @ _LewisAcid (€ pair acceptor) > CO, BF,,AICI,, ZnCl, normal cation (i) Lewis Base (€~ pair donor) NF, ROH, ROR, H,0, RNH, normal anions {© Dissociation of Weak Acid and Weak Base Ionic EQUILIBIRIUM 2/(1-a)orK, Gx - sor, = C2 x<1 Buffer solution {Henderson equation} (Acidic, pH=pK, + log (Salt/Acia), For maximum butler action pH=pK, Range of buffer pH= pK, + | (i) Alkaline pOH=pK, + fog {SalvBase} for max. butler action pH= 14~pk,, Range pH=14—pKy #1 Moles lit of Acid or Base Mixed Change in pH Relation between ionisation constant (K;) and degree of | ionisation(c:- @_ we (av (a) Itis applicable to weak electrolytes for which a < ionic product then the solution is ‘unsaturated and more ofthe substance can be dissolved in it. i) ionic product > solubility product the solution is super saturated (principle of precipitation), Salt of weak acid and strong base [Ku Ku PH=05 (0K, +PK, Hoge) h= (k= (i= degree of hydrolysis) Salt of weak base and strong acid Kw pH=0.5(pK,~pKy—loge):h= x Salt of weak acid and weak base K, pH=0.5 (pK,,+ PK, PK): ht VK, xKy © Unitofrate constant: = mol! it? sect © Order of reaction It can be fraction, zero ot any whole number. Molecularity of reaction is always a ‘whole number. Itis never more than three. Itcannot be zero, 0.693 to Gay & tna [A], = [Ale Second Order Reactions: ‘When concentration of A and B taking same, 177 (we) When concentration of Aand Bare taking different - baa-x) 2.303REVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY ‘Zero Order Reaction : Mant ia ‘The rate of reaction is independent of the concentration of the reacting substance. Time of n fraction of first order process, srhenius equation : k= AcFa®T, slope = 53> Arrhenius equation : k= AeF®, slope = 5503 and Temperature Coefficient (i) Be (Bh ) ts } 2303 HT, thas been found that for a chemical reaction with rise in temperatire by 10°C the rateconstnt pes nearly doubled K=PZ aye t/t (© Onidant ists reduced (pives 03) Or Oxidant —-» € (9) Accept Reductant itselfis oxidised (gives H,) Or reductant ——> ¢ (s) Donor © (Strength ofacide ON {i Strength ofbase-* 1/ ON Q (i) Electrochemical Series:~ Li, K, Ba, ‘Sr, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Cd, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb, Hy, Cu, Ag, Pt, Au. (As we move from top to boon in this series (a) Standard Reduction Potential * (b) Standard Oxidation Potential Y (c) Reducing Capacity + OXIDATION - REDUCTION @pt (©) Reactivity + © First Lawof Thermodynamics AE=Q+W Expression for pressure volume work ‘THERMO- 7 DYNAMICS a Maximum work in a reversible expansion va W=-2,308n RT log > BY, ee © a= AT=, Enthapy changes during phase transformation @ — Enthalpy of Fusion j) Heat of Vapourisation (Gi) Heat of Sublimation Enthalpy : SH= AE +PAV=AE+An,RT Kirchoff’s equation : AE}, = AEs, +ACy (T,~T,) [constant V] AHy, = AHy, + ACp (T,—T,) [constant P] On-Demand Tutoring © _ Entropy): Measure of disorder or randomness AS= 38,25, v; B 303 nRog ¥=2.3031 Rlog © Freeenergy change: AG=AH—TAS, AG?=—nFE°,y) AG = Wmaximum) ~PAV, AG, syn =TAS at ws s Reaction characteristics “=F -Always negative Reaction Is spontaneous at all temperature. Reaction is nonspontancous at all temperature Spontaneous at low temp. & non spontaneous at high temperature + = Always positive Negative at low temperature but positive at high temperature + + Positive at low Non spontancous at low temp. but temp. & spontaneous at high negative at high — temp. temperature © m=z © Degree of dissociation : © Specific conductance =f 26x16 xcctteconstant (G*); z @ 1000 A M Kohlrausch’s law: A®, = xa’ + ya ‘Nernst Equation 1000 eo 10g, {Products} 210 [Reactants] nE® IE jy & AG? =-nFE? cell=-2.303 RTlogK, XG ah Calculation of pH of an electrolyte by using a calomel Bg -0.2415 0.0591 ‘Thermodynamic efficiency of fuel cells TAG _ =F a8. aH AH For H,-O, fuel cellsit is 95%, wc & Ipax= *FE? & AG= AH+ T ( electrode: pH ° PHKy.x Normalty(Q) = BUMS oF equivalents volume of the solution in litres ‘number of moles, Molasity (Mg ‘volume of the solution in litresREVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY Raoult’ law Popa *Pa=P'aXatP'nXp Characteristics of an ideal solution: SOLUTIONAND (i) Ay Gi) sy COLLIGATVE } Relative lowering of vapour pressure PROPERTIES PoP, i Pia y 2 Me Pe atm, © Colligative x Number of particles! ions/ moles of solute properties Depression of freezing point, AT, = Eitan in toting pea with lav lwerng of vapour pressure © _ Osmotic pressure (P) with depression in freezing point AT, Pat; xT 100K; © Relation between Osmotic pressure and other colligative properties: 7-[AS* Pg, Relatvelovering of apr presse art fi) t= AT, ation in boiling poin i) *=ATV TFG, evation in boiling point art aT; Depression in freezing point "T00K, : [Normal molar mass _ Observed coliaive propery Observed molar mass ~ Normal colligative property © deal gasequation: PV=nRT (()R=0.0821 liter atm. deg" mole t ()R=2cals. deg—tmole- GASEOUS Gi) R=8.314JK T mole! STATE ](Q _ Velocities related to gaseous state most VEE Average speed = 0.9213 « RMS speed RMS speed = 1.085 » Average speed MPS = 816 RMS; RMS = 1.224 MPS MPS: A.V. spoed: RMS= 1 1,128: 1.224 [density oF gas © van der Waal’s equation © Rate of diffusion (V—nb) = ORT for n mol wz) for n moles. On-Demand Tutoring 2 (compressibility factor)= “Pez :Z= | for ideal gas 8a a a Te- Vo =3b,T, = aap Pe aye ET og © Available space filled up by hard spheres (packing fraction): SOLID AND _} simpiecubie= * =0.52 LIQUID STATE 6 0.74 diamon =034 © _Radiusratio and co-ordination number (CN) Timiting radius ratio] CR] Geomenry 10155-0235] 3 | [Plane triangle] (0255-0414) 4 | (Tetahedral] (014-0732) 6 | [Octahedral] (0732-1) 8 | tec) “Atomic radius rand the edge of the unit cell: Pure elements, Simple cubic © Relationship between radius of void (7) and the radius of the sphere (R) :r (tetrahedral) = 0.225 R ; (octahedral) =0414R © _ Paramagnetic: Presence of unpaired electrons [attracted by ‘magnetic field] Ferromagnetic : Permanent magnetism [ * 1] ‘Antiferromagnetic : Net magnetic moment is zero[t 44 4] © Ferrimagnetie : Net magnetic moment isthree[* V1 4] © _ Emulsion : Colloidal soln. of two immiscible liquids [OW emulsion, W/O emulsion] © Emulsifier : Long chain hydrocarbons are added to stabilize emulsion, SURFACE CHEMISTRY & ‘COLLOIDAL ‘STATE © _Lyophitic colloid : Starchy gum, gelatin have greater affinity for solvent © _Lyophobie colloid : No affinity for solvent, special methods are used to prepare sol. [e.2. As,S3, Fe(OH), sol] © _ Preparation of colloidal solution (i) Dispersion methods (i) Condensation method. 1 ‘Coagulating power «¢ ——_1_ ° =F Fleceulating value © _ Properties of colloidal solution : (i) Tyndall effet (ii) Brownian movement it) Coagulation (i) FiltrabiityREVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY INORGANIC CHEMISTRY © General electronic configuration (of outer orbits) s-block ns! ? p-block _ns*np'-§ d-block —(n-1)d!! ns? Fblock — (n-2)f!M4s%p6a!? (o-1)s*p 6? | ns? ° Property Pr(LToR) — Gr(T10B) @ Atomic radius t + Gi) Tonisation potential t 4 ii) Electron affinity t + (iv) Electronegativity t t (v) Metallic character or 4 t clectropostive character (vi) Alkaline character ‘ ‘of hydroxides, (ii) Acidie character t t (iid Reducing property 4 ' () Oxidising property t 4 () Nonmetallic character + 1 L Metallic character “ Reducing character O Px ° 1 EAs S cenuclear charge, Second electron affinity is always negative. Electron affinity of chlorine is greater than fluorine (small atomic size). © The first element ofa group has similar properties with the second element of the next group. This is called diagonal relationship. The diagonal relationship disappears after 1V group. Atomic radii: LiNa>K>Rb>Cs © Firstionization potential: Li>Na> K> Rb>Cs © Melting point Li >Cs © Colour of the flame Li - Red, Na- Golden, K - Violet, Rb-Red, Cs- Blue, Ca- Brick red, Sr- Blood red, Ba-Apple green Rb and Cs show photoelectric effect. Stability ofhydrides : LiHl > NaH > KH> RbH > CsH Basic nature of hydroxides : LiOH K>Rb > Na>K>Rb>Cs 1Li> Cs>Rb> K>Na © Stability of +3 oxidation state B>Al>Ga>In>T © Stability of +1 oxidation state GaAlIn SiO, > GeO, > Sn0,> PLO, Weaker acidic (amphoteric) © Reducing nature of hydrides CH, SiC, > GeC,> SnCl,> POC, Oxidising character of M' species GeCI, P:0; > As,0; Acidic strength of pentoxides N,0,>P,0,> As,0, > $b,0, > Bi;0, Acidic strength of oxides of nitrogen N,O PH, > AsH, > SH, > BiH, Stability of trihatides of nitrogen : NF > NCI, > NBr, Lewis base strength : NF,NBr, PCI,> AsCl, > SbCl, > BiCl, Lewis acid strength of trihalides of P, As and Sb PCI,> AsCl,> SbCl, Lewis acid strength among phosphorus trihalides PF, > PCI, >PBr,> Pl, Nitrogen displays a great tendeney to form px —px multiple ‘bonds with itself as well as with carbon and oxygen. The basic strength of the hydrides NH, > PH, > AsH,> SbH, The thermal stability ofthe hydrides decreases as the atomic FAMILY eo°9o ° ° ° e999 8 990 (© Melting and boiling point of hydrides H,0> HyTe> H,Se>H,S © Volatility hydrides HO SeO, > TeO, > POO, ; SO, > SeO,>TeO, Acidic character of oxide of a particular element (e.g. S) S0Te0,> SeO, > PoO,REVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY Bond energy of C1>Br,> Fy Ip © Solubility of halogen in water F,>Cl,>Br.>1, © Oxidising power >I, © Enihalpy of hydration of X- ion : F-> Cr>Br > Reactivity ofhalogens : F> C1> Br>I Tonic character of M- X bond in halides M-F>M-Cl>M-Br>M-I Reducing character of X~ion : -> Br-> Cl-> F Acidic strength of halogen acids : HI > HBr > HCL> HF Conjugate base strength of halogen acids r C10, >Cl,0,> C0, Acidic character of oxyatid of chlorite HCIO HCIO, > HCIO, > HCIO, © Xek + PF, [XeF |" [PF] Xe, + SbF —> [Xek I" [Sb] halogens F) > Cly > Bry 9 09 8 8 900 90 Xe, +0 —> XeOK, +2HF Xefig +2H;0—> XeO.F + 4HF 2XeF, +3H,0—> Xe+XeO; +4HF +) XeFi, +3Hj0—> XeO, + 6HF The clement with exceptional ° Transmon \\ couiurtionate ; CreL Ar] 3°48) Cy Ag ag As ELEMENTS.) fot inr 4g35t, Palle) tg!050° Mo*/ Pd* [Kr] ASTRr] alls xe] asa! © Inner Transition Elements @ Electronic Configuration - [Xe]4r°Msa" 65? (ii) Magnetic properties - Magnetic moment is given by the formula ye = J 4S(S+1)+ L(+ ‘where L= Orbital quantum number, S~Spin quantum nenber Coordination numbers the number of the nearest atoms or groups in the coordination sphere Ligand is a Lewis base donor of electrons that bonds toa central metal atom in a coordination compound. Q _ Paramagnetic substance is one that is altracted to the magnetic field, this results ‘on account of unpaired electrons present in the atommoleculelion. Effective atomic number EAN = (Z~ Oxidation number) + 2 Coordination number) Factors affecting stability of complex (i) Greater the charge on the central mefal ion, greater isthe stability, Gi) Greater the ability ofthe ligand to donate electron pai (base strength) greater isthe stabi (ii) Formation of chelate rings increases the stability. Isomerism in coordination compounds @_ Structural Isomerism (ii) Ionization Isomerism (i), Hydration Isomerism (iy) Linkage Isomerism (ii) Polymerisation Isomerism (vii) Valence Isomerism (Coordination Position Isomerism (d-and BLOCK ELEMENTS. () Stereo Isomerism IXefs +Si0y —> 2XeOF, + Sify (@ Geomerrical 2IXOF, +Si0; —> 2XeOgF, +SiFy (0 Space ler comple afte pe 2XeO2F, + SiO) —> 2Xe0, + Sify @) Octaictiral of the type : MA,XY, MA,X, MA,X; MA,X,Y,, M(AA)3X, and MABCBEF), (©) Optiafisdmerism ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Q The order of decreasing Elcetrophiles : Electron deficient clectronegativity of hybrid orbitals is ‘Two types : (i) Cations (ii) Neutral molecules with vacant sp> sp" > sp’. orbitals (Lewis acids). GENERAL Conformational isomers are those ORGANIC) isomers which arise due to rotation around cHEmisTRY / a single bond. ‘A meso compound is optically inactive, even though it has asymmetric centres (due to internal compensation of rotation of plane polarised light) ‘An equimolar mixture of enantiomers is called racemic mixture, which is optically inactive Reaction intermediates and reagents Homalyticfission > Frec radicals Heterolytic fission —> Ions (Carbonium ions, carbanions ete) Nucleophiles— Electron rich Two types : (i) Anions (ii) Neutral molecules with lone par of electrons (Lewis bases) © Inductive effect is duc to o clectron displacement along a chain and is permanent effect. © + inductive effect increases basicity, ~ 1 effect increases acidity of compounds. © _ Resonanceisa phenomenon in which two ormore structures can be written for the same compound but none of them actually exists. © Pyrolstic cracking isa process in which alkane decomposes toa mixture of smaller hydrocarbons, when it isheated strongly, in the absence of oxygen. (© Ethane can existin an infinite number of conformations. They areREVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY aH 18 un ss t nv fen 7 Yn 7 OD Fined «0-6 Sage 0 < 0070 Sew © Conformations of Cyclohexane : It exists in twononplanar, strainless forms, the boat and the chair form [~Jo—]- Ci form all Chair Most Stable Twist Boat Boat form (Least Siuble) em dehydration and dehydrohalogenation the preferential order for removal of hydrogen is 3° > 2° > 1° Gayvzef’srule). © The lower the AH, (heat of hydrogenation) the more stable the alkene © Alkenes undergo anti-Markonikov addition only with HBr in the presence of peroxides. © Alkynes add water molecule in presence of mercuric sulphate and dil. H,SO, and form carbonyl compounds. © _ Terminal atkyneshave acidic H-atoms, so they form metal alkynides with Na, ammonical cuprous chloride solution and ammoniacal silver nitrate solution, Akynes are acidic because of H-atoms which are attached to sp ‘C’ atom which has more electronegativity and ‘s’ character than sp? and sp3 *C’ atoms. © Alloand p-directing groups are ring activating groups (except=X) ‘Theyare : -OH,—NH,,~X,-R,-OR, ete. © All m-directing groups are ring deactivating groups. ‘They are: CHO, -COOH,—NO,,-CN, — NR; etc. © The order of reactivity is (RI> RBe> RCI> RF (i)Allythalide> Alkyl halide> Vinyl HALOGEN halide COMPOUNDS (Gi) AlkyInaide> Aryl halide QSq1 reaction : Mainly 3° alky! halides ‘undergo this reaction and form racemic ‘mixture. Sy is favoured by polar solvent and low concentration of nucleophile On-Demand Tutoring Sy2 reaction : Mainly 1° alkyl halides undergo this substitution. Walden inversion takes place. $3.2 reaction is preferred by non-polar solvents and high concentration of nucleophile, Reaction with metals: © R-X+Mg—2™ 5 R—Mg-x ‘Ally Grid Faget (a) Wurtz reaction: a R Best RR 4 DNAX ‘ane @_Alkenes are converted to alcohol in diferent ways as fllows Reagent ‘Typesof addition dilH,SO, ——-Markovnikov Hzand ——_Anti-Markovnikov 1,03, OH" Oxymercuration ~Markovnikov demercuration Oxidation of 1° alcohol —> aldehyde —> carboxylicacid (vith same no, (with same no. of of C atom) Catom) 2 alcohol —> ketone —> carboxylicacid (vith same no, (with less no. of of C atom) Catom) 3° alcohol ——+ ketone —+ carboxylic acid (with lessno. (with [ess no. of ofCatom) Cato) © Phenol HOH" Phenolic aldehyde (Reimer-Tieman reaction) Phenol he Phenolic carboxylic acid (Kolbe's reaction) © Acidity of phenols (i Inereases by electron withdravving substituents like —NO,,—CN,—CHO,—COOH,-X, -NR; i) decreases bycletron releasing substituents like —R,—OH,—NH,,—NRs,— on by “NRy © 2KoH 824 R-0-RIO (© RONa+-X-R'—pROR' NaX (Williamsoe's syeabesis) ETHERS © ROR+H,0 HS 5 ROH Formation ofaleools using RMEX ig RMg: (a) Formaldehyde = RMX —Hatebsis_, 1° alcohol (b) Aldehyde +RMex —Heiviss 2° aleohol (osher than HCHO) (© Ketone + RMgx —Hsinis_, 3° alcoholREVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY © _ Cannizzaro reaction (Disproportionation) Hot one Aldehyde —#S%* Aleohol+ Salt ofacid (no. H-atom) © _ Aldol condensation Carbonyl compound + dil. alkali—> B-hydroxy carbonyl (vith ce F-atom) ‘compound © _Benzoin condensation Benzaldehyde "© Benzoin Nuc © _ Therclative reactivities of different acid derivatives towards nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction follow the order: ee | i R-C-Cl> R-C-O-C-R'> R-C-OR'> R-C-NH ‘eid horde Aide Ese ‘Aide ‘The rate of esterfication decreases when alcohol, acid or both have branched substituents, CARBOXYLIC } ( Ortho effect : All ortho substituted ‘Acips —_/ benzoic acids (irrespective of type of substituent) are stronger than benzoic acid 0 Order of basicity (R=—CH, or CH) 2°>19>3°>NH, Posie © Hofinann degradation Amides _Be/KOH , 1°amine © The basicity of amines is (0) decreased by electron withdrawing ‘groups (i) increased by electron releasing groups © _ Reduction of nitrobenzene in different media gives different products Medium Product Acidic Aniline Basic ‘Azoxy, Azo and finally hydrazobenzene Neutral Phenyl hydroxylamine Carbohydrates are aldehydes or ketones. Monosaccharides are simple sugars, ‘caraonvorstes) © containing thee to nine carbon atoms. polyhydroxy POLYMERS © Characteristic reactions Homologous series (i) Alkanes ‘Type of reactions Substitution Mostly fice radical Electrophillic addition Electrophillic substitution Nucleophillic substitution Nucleophillic addition (i) Alkenes and alkynes (Gi) Arenes, (Gv) Alkyl halides (v) Aldehyde and ketones On-Demand Tutoring eo ° ‘Tests to differentiate 1°, 2° and 3° alcohols Lucas test Gi) Vietor meyer’s test Hinsberg test ‘Test with HNO, and KOH ‘Test with AgNO, solution Tollen’s test/Fehling’s test Fehing’s test 1°, 2° and 3° amines 1°, 2° and 3° nitro compounds ‘Aryl aides and alkyl halides Aldehydes and ketones ‘Aromatic aldehydes and Aliphatic aldehydes © Dil. H,80, for Cone. H,S0,+H0] Use > Hydrating agent (+HOH) ‘Ale. KOH or NaNH,(Use > -HX) CH,CH,CI__#£X0H_, CH=CH, Lucas Reagent ZnCl, + Cone. HCL Use -> For distinction between 1°, & Pale Tilden Reagent NOCI (Nitrosyl chloride) CH NH, POC, CHC Alkaline KMnO (Strong oxidant) ‘Toluene — Benzoie acid Bayer’s Reagent : 1% alkaline KMnO (Weak oxidant) Use: — For test of> C=C Cis-2-butene (onain product) Ziegler “Natta Catalyst (CpH,)sAl + TiCl, Use —pIn Addition polymerisation IDENTIFICATIONTESTS: @ «i «iy wy) w wi) (vit) ‘Unsaturated compound (Bayer’s reagent) Decolourising the reagent Alcohols (Cerie ammonium nitrate solution) Red colouration Phenols (Neutral FeCl, solution) Violetidegp blue colouration Aldehydes and ketones (2, 4-D.NP) Orange precipitate ‘Acids (NaHCO, solution) Brisk effervescence (CO, is evolved) 1 amine (CHCI,+ KOH) Fou! smell (isoeyanide) 2°amine (NaNO, +11C)) ‘Yellow oily liquid (Nitrosoamine)