Exam Review III NST 10 | Spring 2011

Nutrition and Pregnancy (4 April)

1. Fill in the blanks: The most important nutrient pre-conception is ________ . Additionally,
women should consume adequate intake of all important nutrients and maintain a healthy
__________. Appropriate exercise is also important to prevent _____________ ____________
and ______________, which is the onset of hypertension during pregnancy. Women should
also avoid intake of _______________, substances that affect the development of the fetus.

2. Describe the ideal pattern of weight gain and additional caloric intake over the course of a
pregnancy.

weight gain additional caloric

intake
1st trimester

2nd trimester

3rd trimester

Generally, a woman should gain between _____ and ______ pounds during her pregnancy. Why
is it important to limit weight gain within this range? What are some consequences of being
over or under this range?

Not enough weight gain:

Too much weight gain:

3. Fill in the blanks. Gestational diabetes results from insufficient production of __________ or
insulin resistance during pregnancy. This results in [increased/decreased] blood glucose levels
during pregnancy. If these glucose levels are not controlled properly, it may lead to
_____________. Gestational diabetes is also a risk factor for [Type 1 / Type 2 diabetes] for the
mother and the child later on.

4. What recommendations would you make for a woman who wanted to improve her diet during
her upcoming pregnancy? How would these recommendations change if she was a vegetarian?

 General:

 Vegetarian:
Exam Review III NST 10 | Spring 2011

Food Insecurity in the US (week of 4 April)

1. What are the two main programs implemented by the Food and Nutritional Service of the USDA
to combat food insecurity? What does each program entail?


2. How does one qualify for each?

3. Only about 45% of those eligible for these programs actually use them. Why might this be?

Minerals & Bone Health (6 April)

1a. What is the only hormone that can induce the intestine to absorb dietary Calcium?

1b. What is its precursor and where is it produced?

2. How does our body regulate plasma calcium levels?

a.
b.
c.

3. The endocrine system works to maintain levels of calcium in the ________, which is important
for blood clotting. The excess calcium is deposited in bone and acts as a reservoir for times
when dietary calcium is _____________. Calcium also functions to support the structure of
bone. When blood calcium levels drop, it is sensed by the ____________ gland, which begins to
secrete _____________ hormone. This signals enzymes in kidney to convert Vitamin D3 into
_____________. This hormone instructs the small intestine to absorb calcium. It also causes
bone to release calcium into blood. If you have enough circulating calcium, the excess will be
______________ in the bone.

4. Name three important functions of bone.

a.
b.
c.
Exam Review III NST 10 | Spring 2011

5. True or False: Because bone provides the structure for the body, it is not metabolically active.

6. The RDA for Vitamin D is between ____ and _____ micrograms, and most people [do/ do not]
get enough of this vitamin from sunlight exposure. Is the RDA for Vit D adequate?

7. How do rickets and osteoporosis differ?

Rickets Osteoporosis
Causes

Age of onset

Risk factors

Prevention

8. What role does Phosphorous play in bone structure? Are Americans likely to be deficient in
Phosphorous?

Iron & Health (11 April)

1. What are the functions of iron?

2. How do the food sources of heme and non-heme iron differ?

a. Heme iron

b. Non-heme iron

3. [Heme/Non-heme] iron is not absorbed as easily. What factors affect the absorption of this type
of iron?
Exam Review III NST 10 | Spring 2011

4. How are hemoglobin and myoglobin similar? How do they differ?

Similarities:

Differences:

5. In order to be absorbed into the blood stream, Iron must bind to ___________. Once in the
blood stream, it is transported bound to _____________. It can travel to the bone marrow to be
used for hemoglobin in RBC synthesis or it can be stored in the ________ bound to ferritin.

6. Why is it important that iron is almost always bound to a protein in the body?

7. RBCs are broken down and recycled throughout life. What happens to the excess iron in the
RBCs?

8. True or False: Iron deficiency is the most common deficiency worldwide.

9. Why is it important NOT to attempt to treat yourself for iron deficiency?

Issues in Nutrition Research (week of 11 April)

1. Define the following study designs and give an example:

a. Case control Study:

b. Cohort Study:

c. Cross Sectional Study:

d. Ecological Study:

e. Randomized Control Trial:

Exam Review III NST 10 | Spring 2011

2. Which of the above is/are observational studies?

3. Which is/are experimental?

4. Experimental research differs from observational in that in experimental research, a/an

___________________ group that receives an intervention and a _____________ group that
does not. The groups are then followed to see who develops the __________ of interest
Individuals are usually assigned to the groups _____________.

5. Explain the pros and cons of using each of the following to measure dietary intake: 24-hour
recall, 72-hour food diary, and food frequency questionnaire.

 24-hour recall:

 72-hour diary:

 FFQ:

6. Describe the ecologic fallacy:

Nutrition & Physical Activity (13 April)

1. What are the three main components of physical fitness?





2. Describe the different sources of ATP the body uses for fuel and when each is used (in what
order):

3. ATP:
 Glucose can be used anaerobically or aerobically. Which generates more ATP?
Exam Review III NST 10 | Spring 2011

 How do sprinters get enough ATP anaerobically ?

 Do our muscles store enough ATP to go for a 5 minute jog?

 Which generates more ATP, glucose or fatty acid chains?

4. As duration of activity increases (such as when running a marathon) the major contributor of
energy sources shifts from _________ to _ ______ .

5. TRUE or FALSE: In order for an athlete to consume enough protein (1.2-1.6 g/kg body weight),
they will have to consume a high protein diet (i.e. greater than 12-15% of total calories).

6. Explain why it is important for athletes to consume carbohydrates. What is a disadvantage of

excess protein?

7. Why must fluid intake be increased with exercise? What happens if it is not increased?

8. What are the benefits of regular physical activity?

Alcohol & Health (18 April)

1. Acute overconsumption of alcohol may be referred to as ____________ ____________. What

are the consequences of this condition? How is it treated?

2. Chronic overconsumption of alcohol is often referred to as ______________. What are the

symptoms of this condition? What warning signs might you notice in someone you suspect is
overconsuming alcohol? What are some of the long-term consequences of overconsuming
alcohol?
Exam Review III NST 10 | Spring 2011

3. Besides a small amount absorbed in the mouth, alcohol absorption begins in the __________
and continues in the ________ _____________. Absorption in either organ occurs via
____________ ___ _________ through the cell membranes. Alcohol is soluble in [ water /
lipid] and it is [EASY / HARD] for the body to absorb alcohol.

4. Describe the metabolism of alcohol.

5. What factors affect alcohol dehydrogenase activity?

6. What are the consequences for a child with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

Eating Disorders (20 April)

1. Name the four main classes of eating disorders and describe their characteristics.


2. True or False:
 Eating disorders occur equally in women and men.
 Eating disorders only occur in developed nations like the US and Europe.
 The majority of affected individuals do NOT seek treatment.
 Eating disorders are not hereditary.
 About 10% of clinical eating disorders occur in males.

3. Explain the 3 main factors effecting the development of eating disorders




Exam Review III NST 10 | Spring 2011

4. What are the consequences of eating disorders?

 In anorexic females, fertility is (increased / decreased).
 Excessive vomiting/purging can result in ____________ _____________.
 Individuals can rebound from severe dietary restriction to binge eating. Binge eating
disorder can result in ___________ .

5. What is meant by the “cycle” of disordered eating? How does Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
(CBT) attempt to break this cycle? With which eating disorders does CBT seem to be effective?

Food Safety (25 April)

1. TRUE OR FALSE: Only about 1% of the US population experiences food-borne illness each year.

2. What government agencies regulate food safety?

3. Distinguish between food infections and food intoxication and give an example of each.

Food infection:

Food intoxication:

4. The three most common factors behind food spoilage are ___________ , __________ , and
___________.
Exam Review III NST 10 | Spring 2011

5. What steps should be taken to prevent food-borne illnesses?

6. What are the body’s defense mechanisms against food-borne illnesses?

7. Describe some benefits and potential risks of food additives, including preservatives.

Benefits:

Risks/drawbacks:

8. What is a “GRAS”?